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34-572: Its main headwaters are in Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park , in Uruapan , Michoacán . Near its source are two waterfalls, the larger Tzararacua and the smaller Tzararacuita (little Tzararacua). After flowing some distance in the highlands ("Altiplano") of western-central Michoacan state, the river takes a course mainly towards the south. It drains into the Balsas River which, in turn, empties into

68-459: A fee of 25 Mexican pesos per visitor. The park is centered on a ravine formed by the emergence of the Cupatitzio River , whose name means “river that sings” in the indigenous Purépecha language . This area has soft, wet ground and a temperate climate, and its flora is mainly broad-leafed plants. The river begins here as a natural convergence of a number of small streams and springs, and

102-609: A people dwelling in the same region of Michoacán they live in now as early as the 13th century. According to the Relación de Michoacán , the communities around Lake Pátzcuaro were gathered into the strong Purépecha State by the leader of the Uacúsecha group of Purépecha speakers, Tariácuri . Around 1300, he undertook the first conquests of other and installed his nephews Hiripan and Tangáxoan as lords of Ihuatzio and Tzintzuntzan respectively while he himself ruled from Pátzcuaro City . By

136-469: A small ravine as the water begins to flow. The park is known for its abundant streams and springs, many of which cascade down the sides of the ravine to form small waterfalls. Barranca del Cupatitzio was declared a federally protected area in 1938, after the land was bought by the Mexican government to create a recreation area. Most of the park is located in the northwest part of the municipality of Uruapan, with

170-510: A western highland language, spoken by 135,000 speakers (2005) around Zamora , Los Reyes de Salgado , Paracho de Verduzco , and Pamatácuaro , all of which are in the vicinity of the volcano Parícutin . Recent migration has formed communities of speakers in the cities of Guadalajara , Tijuana and Mexico City and in the United States . The total population of speakers is rising (from 58,000 in 1960 to 96,000 in 1990 and 120,000 in 2000 ), but

204-410: Is double-marking in the typology of Johanna Nichols , as it marks grammatical relations on both the dependent phrases and phrasal heads. The language has both grammatical case and postpositions . The case system distinguishes nominative , accusative , genitive , comitative , instrumental , and locative cases, but there are also many nominal derivational affixes. Word order is flexible, and

238-481: Is an agglutinative language , but sound change has led to a certain degree of fusion. It is sometimes considered a polysynthetic language because of its complex morphology and frequent long words. Unlike most other languages that are considered polysynthetic, it has no noun compounding or incorporation . The language is exclusively suffixing and has a large number of suffixes (as many as 160 ) and clitics . The verb distinguishes 13 aspects and 6 modes. The language

272-447: Is at the very beginning of the river, called La Rodilla del Diablo ("The Devil’s Knee"), after a small indentation in the rock next to the pool formed by the spring. According to local myth, the indentation was formed by the Devil falling to his knees, but there are competing versions as to why he did. The first states that he was forced to his knees by a crucifix held by Juan de San Miguel ,

306-431: Is badly deteriorated. At certain points where the water in the river is deep enough, young divers perform for tips. Pur%C3%A9pecha language Purépecha (also Pʼurhépecha [pʰuˈɽepet͡ʃa] , Purepecha : Phorhé or Phorhépecha ), often called Tarascan ( Spanish : Tarasco ), a term coined by Spanish settlers that can be seen as pejorative, is a language isolate or small language family that

340-459: Is located 5 kilometers within and immediately to the west of the city of Uruapan in Michoacán, approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) southwest of the state's capital of Morelia and 400 kilometres (250 mi) west of Mexico City . It is divided into two main sections: the 19.66-hectare (48.6-acre) eastern section, designated the Área de Río , is located within the city of Uruapan and provides

374-625: Is repeated in Lyle Campbell's authoritative classification. Joseph Greenberg assigned it to the Chibchan language family , but like the rest of his American classification, that proposal is rejected by specialists. There are a number of dialects, which SIL International divides into two languages, but Campbell (1997) considers Purépecha to be a single language. The government of Mexico recognizes 3 dialectal variants: Lacustrine (spoken in areas close to lake Patzcuaro ), Sierran or Meseta (spoken in

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408-428: Is spoken by some 140,000 Purépecha in the highlands of Michoacán , Mexico . Purépecha was the main language of the pre-Columbian Purépecha Empire and became widespread in the region during its heyday in the late post-Classic period . The small town of Purepero got its name from the indigenous people who lived there. Even though it is spoken within the boundaries of Mesoamerica , Purépecha does not share many of

442-814: The Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP). The area was previously privately owned and called the Quinta Hurtado, after the family that owned it (Hurtado). In the mid-20th century, the area was bought by the government to convert it into a recreation center. At the northern entrance, there is the former hacienda house, now the Hotel Mansion de Cupatitzio. The park attracts thousands of visitors per year (255,200 in 2013) due to its natural plant and bird life, scenic waterfalls and fountains, and opportunities for recreation. Locals are not charged admission fees; adults from elsewhere typically must pay

476-747: The Congress of the Union of Mexico approved the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples in 2003, giving Purépecha and Mexico's other indigenous languages official status as "national languages." The official alphabet is the Pʼ;URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA (Purépecha Alphabet): The letters b, d, g occur in spelling only after m, n : mb, nd, ng , which reflects the pronunciation of p, t, k after nasal consonants. In all dialects of Purépecha,

510-513: The Franciscan friar who founded modern Uruapan. Another version of the story states that the impression was made by the knee when the Devil tripped and fell fleeing from the same person. There are a number of stone bridges to allow visitors to cross back and forth between the two banks of the river, with names such as Los Recién Casados and Los Enamorados. The area also contains a mural named Eréndira by local artist Manuel Pérez Coronado, which

544-596: The Pacific Ocean . This article related to a river in Mexico is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Barranca del Cupatitzio ) is a national park in the Mexican state of Michoacán , centered around the headwaters of the Cupatitzio River . The river emerges from an underground spring, carving

578-617: The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the Purépecha State was at first peacefully incorporated into the realm of New Spain , but with the killing of Cazonci Tangaxuán II by Nuño de Guzmán , the relation became one of Spanish dominance by force. Exceptions were the hospital communities of Vasco de Quiroga , such as Santa Fé de la Laguna , where Purépecha could live with a degree of protection from Spanish domination. Through Spanish friars,

612-581: The stress accent is phonemic. As in Spanish orthography , a stressed syllable is indicated by the acute accent . Minimal pairs are formed: Usually, the second syllable of the word is stressed, but occasionally, it is the first. The phonemic inventory of the Tarécuato dialect is presented below. It differs from other dialects in having a velar nasal phoneme. The table of phonemes uses the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and also gives

646-629: The 15th century, the Purépecha state was at war with the Aztecs. Many Nahua peoples who had lived side by side with Purépecha-speakers were relocated outside of the Tarascan frontiers, and Otomi -speakers fleeing the Aztec expansion resettled on the border between the two polities. That created a fairly homogeneous area of Purépecha speakers, with no other languages spoken in the core area around Lake Pátzcuaro. During

680-611: The Highlands of northwestern Michoacan) and Cañada(spoken in the Cañada de los Once Pueblos region). The language is spoken mostly in rural communities in the highlands of Michoacán. The former center of the Tarascan State was around Lake Pátzcuaro and remains an important center of the Purépecha community. Ethnologue counts Purépecha as two languages: a central language, spoken by approximately 40,000 people (2005) around Pátzcuaro, and

714-503: The Purépecha learned to write in the Latin script , and Purépecha became a literary language in the early colonial period. There is a body of written sources in Purépecha from the period, including several dictionaries, confessionaries, and land titles. Among the most important colonial works are the grammar (1558) and dictionary (1559) of Fray Maturino Gilberti , and the grammar and dictionary (1574) by Juan Baptista de Lagunas From ca. 1700,

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748-454: The alphabet equivalents, enclosed in angle brackets, if it is not obvious. The two mid vowels /e, o/ are uncommon, especially the latter. The high central vowel is almost always after /s/ or /ts/ and is then almost an allophone of /i/ . The final vowel of a word is usually voiceless (whispered) or deleted except before a pause. Vowel clusters are very rare except for sequences that are generated by adding grammatical suffixes like

782-610: The basic word order has been described as either SVO or SOV . However, most authors note that other word orders are frequently used for pragmatic purposes such as focus or topic tracking . Nouns are inflected by the basic formula Noun + Number + Case. The language distinguishes between plural and unspecified numbers, with no dedicated singular form. Plurals formed by the suffix -echa/-icha or -cha . warhít icha women- PL tephar icha fat- PL maru some warhít icha tephar icha maru women- PL fat- PL some 'some fat women' The nominative case

816-488: The letter ⟨i⟩ for both /i, j/ and the letter ⟨u⟩ for both /u, w/ , but both semivowels are fairly rare. When ⟨k⟩ or ⟨k'⟩ is followed by ⟨u⟩ and another vowel letter, the sequence virtually always represents the labio-velar phonemes. Intervocally, aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated . After nasals, aspirated consonants lose their aspiration and unaspirated consonants become voiced. Purépecha

850-460: The origin of the Cupatitzio River and open to the public. The entrance to the park is accessible by public transportation, and there is a permanent handcraft market, or Mercado de Artesanías , which sells wares from the region. The main walking trails are along the ravine, and the river area can be walked in half a day. The park has five official guides certified by its administrative body,

884-433: The percentage of speakers relative to non-speakers is falling, and the degree of bilingualism is rising, which makes it an endangered language . Fewer than 10% of speakers are now monolingual. The Purépecha are known to have migrated from elsewhere to their current location, as their tradition includes stories of having traveled from the Pacific Ocean to their current locations. Ethnohistorical accounts mention them as

918-516: The plural - echa or - icha , the copula - i , or the genitive - iri . Vowel clusters are usually not the first two sounds of a word. Purépecha is one of the few languages in the Mesoamerica without a phonemic glottal stop (a distinction shared by the Huave language and by some Nahuan languages ). It lacks any laterals ('l'-sounds). However, in the speech of many young Spanish-Purépecha bilinguals ,

952-676: The primary recreational access for the public; the much larger and less accessible western section, designated the Área de Montaña , covers 438.55 hectares (1,083.7 acres) of dense highland forest between Uruapan proper and the town of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro to the west. Established on November 2, 1938, the park is officially named the Eduardo Ruiz National Park, after a local writer and historian who dedicated himself to recompiling local legends. The park protects more than 450 hectares (1.7 sq mi) of forest and river valley, about 20 hectares of which are centered around

986-515: The rest located in the neighboring municipality of Nuevo Parangaricutiro. The park is largely urban, with the most popular section entirely surrounded by the city of Uruapan . Inside, the ground is soft and wet, with broad-leafed temperate and tropical vegetation, various walking paths near the river, and a number of artificial fountains built on the sides of the ravine to take advantage of natural water flows. The park attracts tens of thousands of visitors each year. Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park

1020-440: The retroflex rhotic has been replaced by [ l ] under the influence of Spanish. There are distinct series of non-aspirated and aspirated consonants and affricate consonants ; in the spelling aspiration is noted by an apostrophe. There are two rhotics ('r'-sounds, one of them being retroflex ). The official orthography does not have distinct representations for the four phonemes /kʷ/ , /kʷʰ/ , /w/ , /j/ . It uses

1054-404: The status of Purépecha changed, and throughout the 20th century, the Mexican government pursued a policy of Hispanicization . Speakers of indigenous languages were actively encouraged to abandon their languages in favor of Spanish. However, in accord with international changes in favor of recognizing the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples and promoting multiculturalism in colonial states,

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1088-516: The time of the death of Taríacuri , in around 1350, his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Pátzcuaro. His nephew Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo . In 1460 the Purépecha State reached the Pacific Coast at Zacatula , advanced into the Toluca Valley , and also, on the northern rim, reached into the present-day state of Guanajuato . In

1122-481: The traits defining the Mesoamerican language area , suggesting that the language is a remnant of an indigenous substrate that existed several thousands of years ago before the migration of speakers that contributed to the formation of the sprachbund , or alternatively is a relatively new arrival to the area. Purépecha has long been classified as a language isolate unrelated to any other known language. That judgement

1156-399: The water here is clean. The water falling down the sides of the ravine creates small natural waterfalls or is taken advantage of to create natural fountains, which makes the park unique in Mexico. Notable waterfalls include Camelina, La Yerbabuena, El Golgota, and Tzararácua. Fountains include La Copa de Oro, Cutzi – La Luna-, Arcoiris, Velo de Novia and Janintzizic. The best known spring

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