Cunimund (died 567) was the last king of the Gepids , falling in the Lombard–Gepid War (567) against the Lombards and Pannonian Avars .
51-555: The Gepids had held the important city of Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica , Serbia ) since 536, after taking it from the Byzantine emperor Justinian I . By 549, the Gepids were at war with the Lombards. The Lombards requested and received help from Justinian I in the form of 15,000 troops. This was a relatively large force, and the Gepids quickly came to a truce with the Lombards, but only while
102-424: A humid subtropical climate bordering very closely on a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ) as well as an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ). The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018): Ten Roman emperors were born in the city and its environs: The last emperor of
153-722: A scala or patera . But, Lombards were forced going to Italy by Avars in 568. Thus, territories of Gepid Kingdom were ruled by them. After the Gepids’ defeat, Alboin forced Cunimund’s daughter Rosamund into marrying him. Paul the Deacon reports that, during a feast in Verona , Alboin asked Rosamund to have a drink with her father, actually forcing her to drink from his skull. Humiliated, Rosamund later got her revenge by having Alboin murdered in his sleep. Cunimund's grim end and Rosamund are mentioned in J. R. R. Tolkien 's story "The Lost Road" , when
204-451: A Roman army dispatched by Manuel I Komnenos decisively defeated the forces of Hungary, turning the latter into a satellite state. Ten Roman emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings: Herennius Etruscus (251), Hostilian (251), Decius (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximian (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383). The last emperor of
255-402: A few Sirmium publicly accessible archeological sites). The presence of the arena has clearly affected the layout of the present town (Sremska Mitrovica is today about 2–4m above the ground line of the former Sirmium settlement). Recently announced cultural and archeological projects for preserving and popularising Sirmium sites haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to
306-563: A population of 72,580 inhabitants. As Sirmium , it was a capital of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy of 4th century CE. Ten Roman emperors were born in or near this city, Emperors Herennius Etruscus (251), Hostilian (251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius Gothicus (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximian (285–310), Constantius II (337–361) and Gratian (367–383). The modern town name
357-631: A site of much controversy. Between 347 and 358 there were four synods held in Sirmium . A fifth took place in 375 or 378. All dealt with the Arian controversy. At Glac near Sirmium a palace is being excavated, indicated by the luxurious construction materials coming from all over the Mediterranean, such as red and green porphyry from Egypt and the Peloponnese, and marble from Tunisia, Greece and Italy. Some say it
408-574: A subject of a dispute between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary , until 1180 when the Byzantine Empire gave up Sirmium, surrendering it to the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 11th century, a Byzantine province named Theme of Sirmium had its capital in this city. Emperor Basil II (976–1025) created administrative system in which Sirmium was a seat of strategos Serbias . For a while, about 1451,
459-510: Is Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian : Сремска Митровица ). The Hungarian name was Szávaszentdemeter while in Croatian it is referred to as Srijemska Mitrovica . Mitrovica stems from Saint Demetrius or "Sveti Dimitrije" in Serbian. Sremska Mitrovica means Mitrovica of Syrmia with Sremska distinguishing it from Kosovska Mitrovica . The name of the city during the reign of the Roman Empire
510-678: Is in the urban area of the city. The ethnic composition of the city: In 2002, the population of city of Sremska Mitrovica included 76,290 Orthodox Christians , 3,935 Roman Catholics , 252 Protestants and 106 Muslims . Orthodox Christians in Sremska Mitrovica are belonging to the Eparchy of Syrmia of the Serbian Orthodox Church . Catholics belong to the Diocese of Syrmia , which has its seat in Sremska Mitrovica. Sremska Mitrovica has
561-656: Is that of Emperor Maximian and according to Aurelius Victor built on the place where his parents worked as laborers on the estate. During the construction of the hospital in 1971, more than eighty altars were found in a monumental sanctuary to Jupiter, which is the second largest in Europe. Sirmium had two bridges that bridged the river Sava, Ad Basanti, and Artemida's bridges according to historical sources. After 313 Sirmium became an important Christian center. So far revealed are eight early Christian churches dedicated to St. Irenaeus, St. Demetrius, and Sv. Sinenot. During work on
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#1733085929233612-741: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). Between 1918 and 1922, Sremska Mitrovica was part of the Syrmia County, between 1922 and 1929 part of the Syrmia Oblast, between 1929 and 1931 part of the Drina Banovina , and, between 1931 and 1941, part of the Danube Banovina . During World War II , the city was occupied by Axis troops and was attached to the Independent State of Croatia . During that time its name
663-769: The 1765 data, the population of the city numbered 809 people, of whom 514 were Serbs and 290 Catholics. Sremska Mitrovica was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier ( Slavonian Krajina ). In 1848–49, it was part of the Serbian Voivodship , a Serb autonomous region within Austrian Empire, but in 1849, it was returned under administration of the Military Frontier. With the abolition of the Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881, Sremska Mitrovica
714-613: The 4th century, the city was an important Christian centre, and was a seat of the Episcopate of Sirmium. Four Christian councils were held in Sirmium. At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium was brought under the sway of the Goths , and later, was again annexed to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 441, Sirmium was conquered by the Huns , and after this conquest, it remained for more than a century in
765-521: The 6th century was excavated in the vicinity. For the next two centuries Sirmium was a place of little importance. At the end of the 8th century, Sirmium belonged to the Frankish State. The historical role of Sirmium increased again in the 9th century, when it was part of the Bulgarian Empire . Pope Adrian II gave St Methodius the title of Archbishop of Sirmium. After having adopted Christianity,
816-634: The Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and the Syrmia region first became a part of the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , and then, on 24 November 1918, the assembly of Syrmia in Ruma decided most of Syrmia (including Mitrovica) would join the Kingdom of Serbia . Subsequently, on 1 December 1918, Kingdom of Serbia united with the Kingdom of Montenegro and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form
867-634: The Bulgarians restored in Sirmium the Christian Episcopate, having in mind old Christian traditions and the reputation this city had in the ancient world. In the 11th century, Sirmium was a residence of Sermon , a duke of Syrmia , who was a vassal of the Bulgarian Samuil . After 1018, the city was again included into the Byzantine Empire , and since the end of the 11th century, Sirmium was
918-492: The Byzantine soldiers were in the area. There was, more or less, a long feud between the peoples of Thurisind and Audoin , then king of the Lombards. Cunimund succeeded Thurisind as king. According to multiple sources, the former king had been Cunimund's own father, and the enmity that both had for the Lombards was allegedly partly a result of Alboin 's murder of Cunimund's brother (Thurisind's son), Turismod . Open war with
969-628: The Celtic tribe of Scordisci as allies, the Roman proconsul Marcus Vinicius took Sirmium in around 14 BC. In the 1st century AD, Sirmium gained the status of a Roman colony, and became an important military and strategic center of the Pannonia province. The Roman emperors Trajan , Marcus Aurelius , and Claudius II prepared war expeditions in Sirmium. In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior ; Sirmium became
1020-554: The Gepid king handed Sirmium over to the Byzantines. As it turned out, however, the Byzantine troops neglected to join the Gepids in their fight but kept Sirmium, and although the Avars did not show up either, the Lombards soundly defeated Cunimund's forces in 567. According to the writings of Paul the Deacon , Alboin killed the defeated king and had his skull converted into a drinking cup known as
1071-563: The Great took Sirmium. For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the Kingdom of the Gepids , and king Cunimund ( r. c. 560 – 567 ) minted gold coins there. After 567, Sirmium was returned to the East Roman Empire. The Pannonian Avars conquered and destroyed the city in 582. The city was also the location of the Battle of Sirmium that took place in 1167, where
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#17330859292331122-469: The Lombards, now led by Alboin, began again in 565. Cunimund appealed to the new Byzantine emperor, Justin II , for help and promising Sirmium in return. Justin accepted, and the Gepids had a temporary advantage, even though Cunimund failed to release Sirmium after all. The Lombards later formed an alliance with the Avars. Cunimund made the same offer to Justin II as he had before, and this time when Justin accepted,
1173-458: The Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium emerged as one of the four capital cities (along with Trier , Mediolanum , and Nicomedia ), and was the capital of emperor Galerius . With the establishment of Praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium, remaining so until 379, when the westernmost Diocese of Illyricum, Pannonia (including Sirmium),
1224-402: The capital city of the latter. In 296, Diocletian reorganized Pannonia into four provinces: Pannonia Prima , Pannonia Valeria , Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda , with Sirmium becoming the capital of Pannonia Secunda. He joined them with Noricum and Dalmatia to establish the Diocese of Pannonia , with Sirmium as its capital also. In 293, with the establishment of the Tetrarchy ,
1275-415: The capital city of the latter. In 296, Diocletian implemented a new territorial division of Pannonia. Instead of previous two provinces, there were four new provinces established in former territory of original Pannonia: Pannonia Prima , Pannonia Valeria , Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda . Capital city of Pannonia Secunda was Sirmium. In 293, with the establishment of tetrarchy , the Roman Empire
1326-534: The capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior . In 293 AD, Sirmium was proclaimed one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire. It was also the capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and of Pannonia Secunda . The site is protected as an archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance . The modern region of Syrmia (Srem or Srijem) was named after the city. Sirmium purportedly had 100,000 inhabitants and
1377-517: The character Alboin asks his father, Oswin Errol, about the origin of his name: …and Oswin told his son the tale of Alboin son of Audoin, the Lombard king; and of the great battle of the Lombards and the Gepids, remembered as terrible even in the grim sixth century; and of the kings Thurisind and Cunimund, and of Rosamunda. 'Not a good story for near bed-time,' he said, ending suddenly with Alboin's drinking from
1428-480: The city in the 1st century BC, Sirmium already was a settlement with a long tradition. In the 1st century, Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of Rome , and became a very important military and strategic location in Pannonia province. The war expeditions of Roman emperors Trajan , Marcus Aurelius , and Claudius II , were prepared in Sirmium. In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior , and Sirmium became
1479-514: The city was in possession of the Serbian despot Đurađ Branković . In 1521 the city came into Ottoman hands and it remained under the Ottoman rule for almost two centuries. According to Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi , Mitrovica had been conquered by the Bosnian sanjak bey Husrev-bey . It was renamed as "Dimitrofça". The name of the mayor of the city was Dimitar and since the middle of the 16th century,
1530-462: The city was mostly populated with Muslims . According to the 1566/69 data, the population of the city was composed of 592 Muslim and 30 Christian houses, while according to the 1572 data, it was composed of 598 Muslim and 18 Christian houses. According to the 1573 data, the city had 17 mosques and no Christian church. During the Ottoman rule, Sremska Mitrovica was the largest settlement in Syrmia , and
1581-657: The destruction of 83% of Serbian Jewry . In the Yugoslav wars in Sremska Mitrovica Prison , some Croatian prisoners of war were kept in this prison. The main prison facility; the largest known in Serbia, was open from November 1991 to August 1992 and was a scene where many prisoners were killed, tortured , abused and raped . Beginning in 1944, the town was part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina within
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1632-539: The extent of the large arena — the entire present town center might have to be excavated. Sremska Mitrovica Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian pronunciation: [srêːmskaː mîtroʋitsa] ; Serbian Cyrillic : Сремска Митровица , Latin : Sirmium ) is a city in Serbia . It is situated on the left bank of the Sava river . As of 2022 , the city has a total population of 40,144 inhabitants, while its administrative area has
1683-518: The hands of various Germanic tribes, such were Eastern Goths and Gepids . For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the Gepide State and the king Cunimund minted golden coins in it. After 567, Sirmium was again incorporated into Eastern Roman Empire . The city was conquered and destroyed by Avars in 582. This event marked the end of the period of late Antiquity in the history of Sirmium. 11 luxurious golden belts of Avar handicraft dating to
1734-642: The historian Aurelius Victor recounts that Marcus Aurelius died in Vindobona (province of Pannonia Superior , modern Vienna in Austria ). The city had a Christian community by the third century. By the end of the century, it had a bishop, who was probably the metropolitan of all the Pannonian bishops. The first known bishop was Irenaeus , who was martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution in 304. For
1785-501: The jewelled skull of Cunimund… Sirmium Sirmium was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia , located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in the Vojvodina autonomous province of Serbia . First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyrians and Celts , it was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC and subsequently became
1836-502: The most valuable examples from the late Roman Empire of the fourth century AD. Ironically, the worker's name was Zlatenko (meaning Golden , or Golden Man in Serbian , Aurelius in Latin). Sirmium also had a Roman Hippodrome . A colossal building about 150m wide and 450m long lies directly under the Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old Sirmium Emperor's Palace (one of just
1887-563: The new Socialist Yugoslavia and, from 1945, within the Socialist Republic of Serbia. From 1992 to 2003 it was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , which was then transformed into the state union of Serbia and Montenegro . Since the 2006 independence of Montenegro , Sremska Mitrovica is part of an independent Serbia . The city of Sremska Mitrovica includes the town of Mačvanska Mitrovica , and several villages. Villages on
1938-424: The new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in 1972, a worker accidentally broke into an old Roman pot, about 2m deep, over the site of an old Sirmium settlement. 33 gold Roman coins enclosed in a leather pouch were found inside a Roman house wall, probably the hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family stashed centuries ago. Of this extraordinary rare find of Sirmium minted coins were 4 Constantius II era coins, considered
1989-465: The next century, the sequence of bishops is known, but in the fifth and sixth centuries, the see falls into obscurity. An unnamed bishop is mentioned in 448. The last known bishop is mentioned in a papal letter of 594, after which the city itself is rarely mentioned and the see probably went into abeyance. From the time of the first synod of Tyre in 335, Sirmium became a stronghold of the Arian movement and
2040-448: The northern bank of the river Sava , in the region of Syrmia : Villages on the southern bank of the river Sava , in the region of Mačva : According to the 2011 census results, the city administrative area has a population of 79,940 inhabitants. Most of the settlements in the city have an ethnic Serb majority. Stara Bingula is an ethnically mixed settlement with a relative Serbian majority. The main concentration of ethnic minorities
2091-516: The united Roman Empire, Theodosius I (378–395), became emperor in Sirmium. The usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus also declared themselves emperors in this city (in 260) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium, including Marcus Aurelius , who might have written parts of his famous work Meditations in the city. According to Tertullian Sirmium was also the site of the death of Marcus Aurelius, of smallpox, in March of 180 CE, although
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2142-455: Was Sirmium . Beginning in 1180 AD the name changed from "Civitas Sancti Demetrii" to "Dmitrovica", "Mitrovica", and finally to the present form - "Sremska Mitrovica". Sremska Mitrovica is one of the oldest cities in Europe. Archaeologists have found a trace of organized human life dating from 5000 BC onwards. Ionian jewellery dating to 500BC was excavated in the city. When the Romans conquered
2193-642: Was changed to Hrvatska Mitrovica (meaning Croatian Mitrovica ). One of the largest Nazi concentration/death camps in the Independent State of Croatia existed in Sremska Mitrovica and as many as 10,000 victims (Serbs, Jews, and antifascists) were killed here. The Serbian Jewish population was to be interned in a concentration camp built first in Jarak and then at Zasavica. However, both locations proved to be too flooded for construction. The Germans had to abandon these locations and use Sajmište , which resulted in
2244-637: Was connected with the mint in Salona and silver mines in the Dinaric Alps through the Via Argentaria . At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium came under the sway of the Goths , and later, was again annexed to the East Roman Empire. In 441 the Huns conquered Sirmium; for more than a century it was held by various other tribes, such as the Ostrogoths and Gepids . In 504, Ostrogothic Count Pitzas under Theoderic
2295-640: Was detached and joined to the prefecture of Italia assuming the name of Diocese of Illyricum . The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture under the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire with its new capital in Thessalonica . The city also had an imperial palace, a horse-racing arena, a mint , an arena theatre, and a theatre, as well as many workshops, public baths, temples, public palaces, and luxury villas. Ancient historian Ammianus Marcellinus called it "the glorious mother of cities". The mint in Sirmium
2346-657: Was included into Syrmia County , which was part of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within Austria-Hungary . According to the 1910 census, the population of the city numbered 12,909 people, of which 8,793 spoke the Serbo-Croatian language (4,878 of those spoke Serbian and 3,915 spoke Croatian) and 2,341 German. The administrative area of the city (which did not included the city itself) had 32,012 inhabitants, of which 28,093 spoke Serbo-Croatian (27,022 of those spoke Serbian and 1,071 spoke Croatian) and 2,324 German. In 1918,
2397-404: Was located 30 km (19 mi) west of Bassianae and 145 km (90 mi) of Viminacium , 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Cusum , 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Cuccium and 70 km (43 mi) southwest of Cibalae . Archaeologists have found traces of organized human life on the site of Sirmium dating from 5,000;BC. The city was first mentioned in the 4th century BC and
2448-516: Was one of the largest cities of its time. Colin McEvedy , whose estimates for ancient cities are much lower than the general consensus, put the population at only 7,000, based on the size of the archaeological site. The amount of grain imported between 1 AD and 400 AD was enough to feed 700,000 to 1 million people. Remains of Sirmium stand on the site of the modern-day Sremska Mitrovica , 55 km (34 mi) west of Belgrade (Roman Singidunum ). It
2499-598: Was originally inhabited by the Illyrians and Celts (by the Pannonian-Illyrian Amantini and the Celtic Scordisci ). The Triballi king Syrmus was later considered the eponymous founder of Sirmium, but the roots are different, and the two words only became conflated later. The name Sirmium by itself means "flow, flowing water, wetland", referring to its close river position on the nearby Sava . With
2550-451: Was split into four parts; Sirmium became one of the four capital cities of the Empire, the other three being Augusta Treverorum , Mediolanum , and Nicomedia (modern Trier , Milan and Izmit ). During the tetrarchy, Sirmium was the capital of emperor Galerius . With the establishment of praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium. Beginning in
2601-426: Was the administrative center of the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia . It was temporarily occupied by Austrian troops between 1688 and 1690. They finally took it in 1717 and took possession of it after signing Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. With the establishment of the Habsburg administration in 1718, the Muslim population fled from the city and was replaced with Serbian , Croatian , and German settlers. According to
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