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112-628: Cumberland School of Law is an ABA -accredited law school at Samford University in Homewood, Alabama , United States. It was founded in 1847 at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee and is the 11th oldest law school in the United States. The school offers two degree programs: the 90-hour Juris Doctor (J.D.), and the Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), which is designed to educate foreign lawyers in

224-509: A Napoleon , have already been licked into that high-eddying Flame, and like moths consumed there. Still also have we to fear that incautious beards will get singed. For the rest, in what year of grace such Phoenix-cremation will be completed, you need not ask. The law of Perseverance is among the deepest in man: by nature he hates change; seldom will he quit his old house till it has actually fallen about his ears. Thus have I seen Solemnities linger as Ceremonies, sacred Symbols as idle Pageants, to

336-546: A 677-line 9th-century alliterative poem consisting of a paraphrase and abbreviation of Lactantius, followed by an explication of the Phoenix as an allegory for the resurrection of Christ . Þisses fugles gecynd   fela gelices bi þam gecornum   Cristes þegnum; beacnað in burgum   hu hi beorhtne gefean þurh fæder fultum   on þas frecnan tid healdaþ under heofonum   ond him heanna blæd in þam uplican   eðle gestrynaþ. This bird's nature  

448-406: A Confederate General and Union colonel, enemies only a few months earlier. Nathan Green Jr. kept the school together until Henry Cooper, a circuit judge, Andrew B. Martin, and Robert L. Caruthers , brother of deceased founder Abraham Caruthers, joined the faculty. Robert Caruthers had previously served as the state attorney general and had been elected Governor of Tennessee during the war in 1863, but

560-571: A Living Society, and no longer fighting but working,—were it not perhaps prudent in Mankind to strike the bargain? Phoenixes are present and relatively common in European heraldry , which developed during the High Middle Ages . They most often appear as crests , and more rarely as charges . The heraldic phoenix is depicted as the head, chest and wings of an eagle rising from a fire; the entire creature

672-533: A beautiful 20-acre (81,000 m) campus, picturesque trees and fences, and fine architecture. Cumberland's first graduate Paine Page Prim ultimately became chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court . Students were taught through reading treatises, approximately two hours worth of recitations each morning, and a mandatory moot court program. Caruthers considered the law a science and the Socratic Method

784-486: A crest of feathers on its head, and Ezekiel the Dramatist compared it to a rooster. The phoenix came to be associated with specific colors over time. Although the phoenix was generally believed to be colorful and vibrant, sources provide no clear consensus about its coloration. Tacitus says that its color made it stand out from all other birds. Some said that the bird had peacock-like coloring, and Herodotus 's claim of

896-474: A diverse student body, evidenced by graduates such as George W. Harkins , a Choctaw chief, who received a law degree from Cumberland and became a judge in 1834. Prior to the founding of the United States' first law schools, the primary means for a legal education was apprenticeship . Establishing law schools was difficult in the early 19th century. Harvard was only able to reestablish its law school in 1829 and Yale in 1826. By 1859, Cumberland, Harvard , and

1008-427: A fair or impartial arbiter of merit." Senator Ben Sasse also criticized the organization for taking liberal stances on issues then proclaiming to be neutral when evaluating judicial nominees. The ABA said "evaluation of these candidates does not consider the nominees' politics, their ideology or their party affiliation and has found unqualified candidates put forth by both political parties." Throughout its history,

1120-529: A flaming aureole enriches its head. Its crest shines with the sun's own light and shatters the darkness with its calm brilliance. Its legs are of Tyrian purple ; swifter than those of the Zephyrs are its wings of flower-like blue dappled with rich gold. According to Pliny the Elder, a senator Manilius ( Marcus Manilius ?) had written that the phoenix appeared at the end of each Great Year , which he wrote of "in

1232-576: A gleam of gold round its neck and all the rest of it is purple, but the tail blue picked out with rosecoloured feathers and the throat picked out with tufts, and a feathered crest adorning its head. According to Claudian 's poem "The Phoenix", arcanum radiant oculi iubar. igneus ora cingit honos. rutilo cognatum vertice sidus attollit cristatus apex tenebrasque serena luce secat. Tyrio pinguntur crura veneno. antevolant Zephyros pinnae, quas caerulus ambit flore color sparsoque super ditescit in auro. A mysterious fire flashes from its eye, and

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1344-489: A human right to be free from discrimination, threats, and violence based on their LGBT status," and called on the governments of countries where such discriminatory laws exist to repeal them. A hearing in 2009 heard testimony from the ABA which stated that "Sentencing by mandatory minimums is the antithesis of rational sentencing policy". In 2004 the association called for the repeal of mandatory minimum sentences, stating that "there

1456-587: A long-term plan for the school. One call of the plan is to gradually downsize the number of students in order to provide smaller classes and closer individual attention to students. In 1995 the entering class was 212 and by 2023 that number had been reduced to 152. Today the law school is known for its emphasis on trial advocacy and is building a biotechnology emphasis through its Biotechnology Center . The law school emphasizes practical skills and integrity. Former dean , former federal judge John L. Carroll (class of '74), has stated that: The prevailing philosophy

1568-524: A necessity. The cost was $ 50 a session and a $ 5 "contingent fee". After the Civil War, this treatise method, the legal formalism of the school's approach, and Nathan Green Jr.'s unwillingness to make changes, were all considered reasons for Cumberland's drift out of the mainstream. At the start of the American Civil War , the campus split within a week; some students joined the northern army; many joined

1680-425: A one-year curriculum when other schools moved toward longer terms, and it was entrenched with legal formalism , which had reached its peak in the 1870s and would soon be on the decline. In 1876, for instance, Harvard Law School began to encourage a three-year curriculum. Through 1919, Cumberland did not adapt to the shift in legal education. Historian Lewis L. Laska observed that: Cumberland, which had once marked

1792-480: A rating ranging from "not qualified" to "well qualified". According to a compendium of those ratings, the ABA's Committee on the Federal Judiciary began rating Supreme Court nominees in 1956, but: "At various points in its history, the committee altered its ratings categories, making comparisons across time difficult." The committee consists of two members from the ninth judicial circuit, one member from each of

1904-451: A result and the organization was finally integrated. The ABA appointed Jill Wine-Banks as its first woman executive director, who served from 1987 to 1990. Roberta Cooper Ramo was the first female president of the ABA from 1995 to 1996. In 2016 ABA introduced a new ethics rule prohibiting attorneys from using sexist , racist and condescending terms. The rule also prohibits attorneys from engaging in discrimination based on age in

2016-445: A similarly qualified candidate nominated by a Republican president. Supporters of the rating system argue that nominees rated 'not qualified' will not perform as well as judges, however, a 2010 study found "a review of tens of thousands of dispositions does not provide generally persuasive evidence that judges rated by the ABA as Well Qualified perform better." The ABA judicial nominee rating process drew additional attention during

2128-427: A system of apprenticeship. There was no national code of ethics; there was no national organization to serve as a forum for discussion of the increasingly intricate issues involved in legal practice. The purpose of the original organization, as set forth in its first constitution, was "the advancement of the science of jurisprudence, the promotion of the administration of justice and a uniformity of legislation throughout

2240-520: A variety of heraldic emblem (15th century), and the name of a constellation (17th century). The Latin word comes from Greek φοῖνιξ ( phoinix ). The Greek word is first attested in the Mycenaean Greek po-ni-ke , which probably meant " griffin ", though it might have meant " palm tree ". That word is probably a borrowing from a West Semitic word for madder , a red dye made from Rubia tinctorum . The word Phoenician appears to be from

2352-679: A variety of newsletters and magazines for its members (such as Law Practice Magazine published by the Law Practice Division; GPSolo Magazine published by the Solo, Small Firm and General Practice Division and Probate and Property Magazine published by the Real Property, Trust and Estate Law) ). Some of these magazines, such as the Business Law Section's "Business Law Today", are available on-line to non-members. The first such journal

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2464-439: A young hero Achilles the following, describing the phoenix's lifetime as 972 times the length of a long-lived human's: A chattering crow lives now nine generations of aged men, but a stag's life is four time a crow's, and a raven's life makes three stags old, while the phoenix outlives nine ravens, but we, the rich-haired Nymphs daughters of Zeus the aegis -holder, outlive ten phoenixes. Classical discourse on

2576-686: Is $ 238,529. In 2007, student teams from Cumberland won both the Criminal Justice Trial Competition held in Hamden, Connecticut and the Lone Star Classic Mock Trial Competition in San Antonio, Texas . American Bar Association The American Bar Association ( ABA ) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students; it is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. Founded in 1878,

2688-474: Is 19.3%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2022 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation. The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Samford for the 2022-2023 academic year is $ 65,900. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years

2800-479: Is described as a: splendid structure, built after the latest architectural style, is nearly one hundred feet from base to spire, and contains two recitation rooms for the Law Department, two Society Halls, a Library, and a chapel whose seating capacity is about seven hundred. Despite the heroic efforts to keep the school alive, Cumberland was falling into the minority at the turn of the 20th century. It maintained

2912-744: Is important not only because it affects the recognition of the law schools involved, but it also affects a graduate's ability to practice law in a particular state. Specifically, in most U.S. jurisdictions, graduation from an ABA-accredited law school is prerequisite towards being allowed to sit for that state's bar exam, and even for existing lawyers to be admitted to the bar of another state upon motion. Even states which recognize unaccredited schools within their borders will generally not recognize such schools from other jurisdictions for purposes of bar admission. For law students attending ABA-accredited schools, memberships are available for free. Students attending non-ABA accredited law schools are permitted to join

3024-796: Is much like to the chosen   servants of Christ; pointeth out to men   how they bright joy through the Father's aid   in this perilous time may under heaven possess,   and exalted happiness in the celestial   country may gain. In the 14th century, Italian poet Dante Alighieri refers to the phoenix in Canto XXIV of the Divine Comedy 's Inferno : Così per li gran savi si confessa che la fenice more e poi rinasce, quando al cinquecentesimo anno appressa; erba né biado in sua vita non pasce, ma sol d'incenso lagrime e d'amomo, e nardo e mirra son l'ultime fasce. Even thus by

3136-771: Is never depicted. Scholars have observed analogues to the phoenix in a variety of cultures. These analogues include the Hindu garuda (गरुड) and bherunda (भेरुण्ड), the Russian firebird (жар-птица), the Persian simorgh (سیمرغ), the Georgian paskunji (ფასკუნჯი), the Arabian anqa (عنقاء), the Turkish Konrul , also called Zümrüdü Anka ("emerald anqa"), the Tibetan Me byi karmo ,

3248-596: Is no longer a part of Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. This summary is based on From Maverick to Mainstream , a review of Cumberland's history and the development of the American legal education system. Langum and Walthall summarize the history of Cumberland Law School as: From its very local, Tennessee origins in 1847, Cumberland...emerged as a premier law school with a national status. It excelled in faculty, teaching methodology, and numbers of students. Following

3360-476: Is no need for mandatory minimum sentences in a guided sentencing system." In July 2006, an ABA task force under ABA president, then Michael S. Greco , released a report that concluded that George W. Bush 's use of " signing statements " violates the Constitution. These are documents attached by the president when signing bills, in which the president expresses an opinion that newly created legal restrictions on

3472-521: Is on the research and study of the ethical and legal issues arising from the biotechnology industry, which is important to the City of Birmingham. Each year the Center sponsors a major symposium which attracts nationally known experts. The 2007 Symposium, entitled "The United States Health-Care System: Access, Equity and Efficiency", focused on the issues of health care delivery in the United States, particularly to

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3584-521: Is simple: Practical skill outweighs raw knowledge, and application transcends erudition. If the goal were to produce great law students, the tenets might be exactly the opposite. Our goal is to produce exceptional lawyers. That's why Cumberland’s curriculum emphasizes the core competencies of legal practice: research, writing and persuasion. The first-year required classes are Civil Procedure , Contracts , Property , Torts , Criminal Law , and Evidence . Students are divided into one of three sections, where

3696-561: Is spiritual, the second is by fire, the third is by water. Just as the phoenix appears as a witness concerning the angels , so the case of the water hydri in Egypt, which has been a witness to those going down into the baptism of a true man. The two bulls in Egypt posses a mystery, the Sun and the Moon, being a witness to Sabaoth : namely, that over them Sophia received the universe; from the day that she made

3808-414: The American Civil War , Cumberland rebuilt itself and ultimately succeeded on a grand scale with its single-year curriculum. Cumberland School of Law was founded on July 29, 1847 in Lebanon, Tennessee at Cumberland University . At the end of 1847, there were 15 law schools in the United States. Prior to the law school's official founding, Cumberland University facilitated the study of law and admitted

3920-505: The Choctaw Nation enrolled at Cumberland. But there were few students from outside of the defeated Southern states, which Langum and Walthall claim underscored "how terribly the Civil War blighted Cumberland." Robert Caruthers persisted, despite the setbacks, and in 1878 Caruthers Hall was dedicated in his honor. This new school replaced Corona Hall, which had limitations. The new hall apparently had "excellent acoustics and hard seats" and

4032-569: The English language from Latin , later reinforced by French . The word first entered the English language by way of a borrowing of Latin phoenīx into Old English ( fenix ). This borrowing was later reinforced by French influence, which had also borrowed the Latin noun. In time, the word developed specialized use in the English language: For example, the term could refer to an "excellent person" (12th century),

4144-769: The MPRE , an exam that is required to practice in addition to the bar exam. Students are taught using the Socratic method , typical of law school pedagogy. The library building is 42,500 square feet (3,950 m) with 13 conference rooms, 474 study spaces, carrels equipped with electrical and data connections, and three computer labs. The collection consists of approximately 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents. The library also offers electronic and audiovisual resources. There are seven full-time librarians, eight full-time support staff members, and four part-time support staff members. The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics focus

4256-699: The Model Code of Professional Responsibility (1969) — has been adopted in 49 states , along with the District of Columbia and four territories ( Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , and the United States Virgin Islands ). The one state that has not adopted the ABA's code is California, and Puerto Rico is the sole territory that has not adopted the ABA's code. However, parts of the State Bar of California 's California Rules of Professional Conduct were drawn from

4368-607: The National Bar Association at a time when the ABA would not allow them to be members. In 2024, the National Bar Association has about 67,000 members and 84 chapters. In recent years, the ABA has also drawn some criticism, mainly from the conservative side of the political spectrum, for taking positions on controversial public policy topics such as abortion , gun control , and same-sex marriage . The ABA's official position in favor of abortion rights led to

4480-535: The University of Virginia School of Law were the three largest law schools in the United States. A year later, in 1860, only 21 university law schools existed in the country, and, in no school did the curriculum extend beyond two years. During the Antebellum years, Cumberland enjoyed success. Nathan Green Jr. , son of then professor Nathan Green Sr., stated that Cumberland enjoyed "the highest degree of prosperity", with

4592-405: The 19th-century novel Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle , Diogenes Teufelsdröckh uses the phoenix as a metaphor for the cyclical pattern of history, remarking upon the "burning of a World-Phoenix" and the " Palingenesia , or Newbirth of Society " from its ashes: When the Phoenix is fanning her funeral pyre, will there not be sparks flying! Alas, some millions of men, and among them such as

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4704-454: The 2013 annual meeting, the ABA's House of Delegates passed a resolution that made it harder for criminal defense lawyers to use the LGBT panic defense, which argues that a crime victim's sexual orientation or gender identity should mitigate the defendant's guilt. At the 2014 annual meeting, the ABA passed Resolution 114B, which stated that "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people have

4816-489: The A.B.A.'s highest rating compared to 17 percent of Bush nominees.'" In 2012, a study was released in Political Research Quarterly showing that from 1977 to 2008 there was a distinct bias in favor of judicial candidates nominated by a Democratic president, with all other factors being equal. Candidates nominated by a Democratic president were 15 percent more likely to receive a "well qualified" ranking than

4928-524: The ABA Section of International Law and SMU Dedman School of Law ); (3) newsletters, such as The International Law News (published by the ABA Section of International Law); (4) e-publications, such as a monthly message from the section chair, or updates on substantive law developments; and (5) committee publications, such as a committee newsletter published by one of the substantive law committees. The ABA's Commission on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

5040-723: The ABA Sections and the profession at large. In addition to its own distribution, the ABA-CLE is also delivered via private, non-profit CLE organizations, such as Practising Law Institute and for-profit organizations, such as West LegalEdCenter. The association publishes a monthly general magazine circulated to all members, the ABA Journal (since 1984, formerly American Bar Association Journal , 1915–1983), now also online. ABA members may also join practice setting or subject-specific "sections", "divisions", or "forums", and each entity publishes

5152-513: The ABA advanced notice of judicial nominees. Seven of George W. Bush's nominees received a 'not qualified' ranking, four of Clinton's nominees, zero of Obama's nominees, and, through December 2018, six of Trump's nominees were rated 'not qualified'. For recent U.S. Supreme Court nominees, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr ., Justice Samuel Alito , Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Justice Elena Kagan , Justice Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh , Amy Coney Barrett , and Ketanji Brown Jackson all received

5264-720: The ABA as associate members. In November 2022, the ABA Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar Council voted to eliminate its accreditation requirement that law schools in the United States require prospective students submit results on the LSAT or an alternative valid and reliable standardized admissions test (while continuing to permit law schools to require them of their own accord). The ABA’s House of Delegates rejected that proposal in 2023 over concerns it would make admissions offices more dependent on subjective measures such as

5376-542: The ABA continued to approve new law schools. Since 2014, the ABA has required law schools to disclose more information about their applicants and graduates. Required information now includes such information as admissions data, tuition and fees, living costs, conditional scholarships, enrollment data, numbers of full-time and part-time faculty, class sizes for first-year and upper-class courses, employment outcomes and bar passage data. The 205 ABA-approved law schools reported that, 10 months after graduation, 28,029 graduates of

5488-592: The ABA gave Bill Clinton judicial nominees with similar resumes "well qualified" ratings. In 2001, the George W. Bush administration announced that it would cease submitting names to the ABA in advance of judicial nominations. The ABA continued to rate nominees, just not before the names were released publicly. During the Obama administration, the ABA was once again given advance notice of judicial nominees for rating. President Trump returned to George W. Bush's policy of not giving

5600-615: The ABA has faced a range of criticism for different issues, including for their past stances regarding race, their diversity (or lack thereof), and for their policy positions. The ABA has been criticized for racism . In 1911, William H. Lewis , who was the Assistant Attorney General of the United States at that time, was initially admitted to the ABA, but his admission was rescinded in 1912 due to his race. This policy only changed in 1943, but no African American lawyers joined until 1950. In 1925, African-American lawyers formed

5712-519: The ABA models. The United States Department of Education recognises the Council of the ABA Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar as a professional accrediting agency for law schools in the U.S. American law schools that are accredited by the council are termed "approved" by the ABA, which indicates the law school was found to be in compliance with ABA accreditation standards. ABA accreditation

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5824-598: The ABA of violating Section 1 of the Sherman Act in its law school accreditation proceedings. The case was resolved with a consent decree . In 2006, the ABA acknowledged that it violated the consent decree and paid DOJ a $ 185,000 fine. The American Bar Association Center for Continuing Legal Education (ABA-CLE) serves as the central CLE resource for the ABA. It is overseen by the ABA Standing Committee on Continuing Legal Education and works closely with experts from

5936-469: The ABA staff in 1988 and rose through the ranks at the association before being named deputy executive director in 2022. One function of the ABA is its creation and maintenance of a code of ethical standards for lawyers. Its first ethics code was created in 1908, and the code has undergone substantial revisions since. This code, called the Model Rules of Professional Conduct (1983), — or, in its older form,

6048-478: The ABA updated its accreditation process to include penalties and possible loss of accreditation for schools that misrepresented their graduates' employment data, as well as, greatly expanded the information required from accredited laws schools regarding student bar-passage rates and post-graduate employment. Despite the ongoing controversy surrounding law school accreditation standards and inability of law school graduates to effectively service their educational debt,

6160-506: The ABA's Commission on Women in the Profession released "A Current Glance at Women in the Law", providing research about the status of women in the American legal profession. The report showed a 6 percent increase in women attorneys over the last decade, with women currently making up 36 percent of the legal profession. Law schools award 47.3 percent of J.D.s to women, which has been consistent for

6272-408: The ABA's stated activities are the setting of academic standards for law schools , and the formulation of model ethical codes related to the legal profession. As of fiscal year 2017, the ABA had 194,000 dues-paying members, constituting approximately 14.4% of American attorneys. In 1979, half of all lawyers in the U.S. were members of the ABA. In 2016, less than one third of the 1.3 million lawyers in

6384-403: The Dramatist both claim that the phoenix was larger, with Lactantius declaring that it was even larger than an ostrich . According to Pliny's Natural History , aquilae narratur magnitudine, auri fulgore circa colla, cetero purpureus, caeruleam roseis caudam pinnis distinguentibus, cristis fauces, caputque plumeo apice honestante. The story is that it is as large as an eagle, and has

6496-504: The Egyptian texts may have been influenced by classical folklore. Over time, the phoenix motif spread and gained a variety of new associations; Herodotus , Lucan , Pliny the Elder , Pope Clement I , Lactantius , Ovid , and Isidore of Seville are among those who have contributed to the retelling and transmission of the phoenix motif. Over time, extending beyond its origins, the phoenix could variously "symbolize renewal in general as well as

6608-420: The Federal Judiciary have allowed their personal liberal political leanings to influence their ratings under the category of judicial temperament. Members of the committee were accused of asking inappropriate questions of a nominee regarding abortion and negatively referring to Republicans as "you people." Senator Ted Cruz stated that the ABA is a liberal advocacy group and, as such, "should not be treated as

6720-500: The Phoenix being red and yellow is popular in many versions of the story on record. Ezekiel the Tragedian declared that the phoenix had red legs and striking yellow eyes, but Lactantius said that its eyes were blue like sapphires and that its legs were covered in yellow-gold scales with rose-colored talons. Herodotus, Pliny, Solinus , and Philostratus describe the phoenix as similar in size to an eagle, but Lactantius and Ezekiel

6832-403: The Sun , and there buries the body. In order to bring him, they say, he first forms a ball of myrrh as big as he finds that he can carry; then he hollows out the ball and puts his parent inside, after which he covers over the opening with fresh myrrh, and the ball is then of exactly the same weight as at first; so he brings it to Egypt, plastered over as I have said, and deposits it in the temple of

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6944-428: The Sun and Moon, she put a seal upon her heaven, unto eternity. And the worm that has been born out of the phoenix is a human being as well. It is written concerning it, "the just man will blossom like a phoenix". And the phoenix first appears in a living state, and dies, and rises again, being a sign of what has become apparent at the consummation of the age. The anonymous 10th century Old English Exeter Book contains

7056-605: The Sun. Such is the story they tell of the doings of this bird. In the 19th century, scholastic suspicions appeared to be confirmed by the discovery that Egyptians in Heliopolis had venerated the Bennu , a solar bird similar in some respects to the Greek phoenix. However, the Egyptian sources regarding the bennu are often problematic and open to a variety of interpretations. Some of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of

7168-555: The Trump administration. Through June 2019, six of President Trump's nominees were rated "not qualified." Three of those were ranked unanimously not qualified, which had only occurred twice previously since the George H. W. Bush administration.  These ratings added further fuel to conservatives' arguments of bias in the nominee rating process. Republicans argued that members of the Committee on

7280-722: The U.S. were included in the ABA membership of 400,000, with figures largely unchanged in 2024. The organization's national headquarters are in Chicago , Illinois , with a branch office in Washington, D.C. The ABA was founded on August 21, 1878, in Saratoga Springs, New York , by 75 lawyers from 20 states and the District of Columbia. According to the ABA website: The legal profession as we know it today barely existed at that time. Lawyers were generally sole practitioners who trained under

7392-536: The University buildings, apparently because a Confederate major was offended that Black Union soldiers had used them as barracks. The law school began the slow process of rebuilding. In July 1866, Cumberland adopted the image of the phoenix , the mythological Egyptian bird that is reborn from its own ashes. The new motto was E Cineribus Resurgo or "I rise from the ashes." In September 1865 classes resumed with 11 students, which soon grew to 20. The 1865 class included

7504-502: The University of Chicago researcher Mandy Sha) on the experiences of Hispanic, African-American, Native American, and Asian American women in the legal profession and produced a toolkit in 2014 to assist bar associations, law firms, and corporations. In 2011, the ABA's House of Delegates passed an anti-bullying resolution that included sexual orientation and gender identity among characteristics that should be protected, along with race, religion, national origin, sex, and disability. At

7616-515: The authority to act for the ABA, consistent with previous action of the House of Delegates, when the House is not in session. The ABA president, elected to a one-year term, is chief executive officer of the association, while the appointed, longer-serving executive director works as chief operating officer. The conclusion of the ABA annual meeting, in August, is when a new president takes office, as well as when

7728-507: The basic legal principles of the United States. The school also offers eight dual-degree programs and a Master of Laws (LL.M) program with concentrations in financial service regulatory compliance, health law and policy, higher education law and compliance, and legal project management. Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, Kentucky , and

7840-591: The changing times, moving from Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee , to Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama in 1961. It is one of a few law schools in the United States to have been sold from one university to another (others include the University of Puget Sound selling its law school to Seattle University and the Quinnipiac University School of Law , formerly part of the University of Bridgeport ). In December 2005 Cumberland adopted

7952-499: The class has an LSAT score of 157 and 3.79 GPA, and the bottom 25th percentile has an LSAT score of 152 and 3.37 GPA. The entering group had 61 male students, 89 female, and two that did not report a sex. There were 37 students of color and 23 students identifying as African American. U.S. News & World Report in its 2024 ranking places Cumberland tied at #103 in Best Law Schools out of 196 ABA accredited schools. In 2023,

8064-606: The class of 2015, or 70 percent, were employed in long-term, full-time positions where bar passage is required or a J.D. is preferred. In May 2019, the ABA Council of the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar changed the requirement for graduate bar passage rates. Previously, to remain accredited, schools had to have a 75% bar passage rate for students within 5 years of graduation, with various ways to meet this standard and no law schools having ever been found in violation of

8176-634: The conduct of bar association activities. On May 1, 2019, the ABA launched a new membership model aimed at reversing declining membership and revenue. As mentioned in "Criticisms", below, and despite ABA's own rule against age-discriminatory conduct, the "experience-based" component of the ABA dues structure is a proxy for age discrimination, imposing significantly higher dues on lawyers as their years in practice increase. The ABA adopts "policy" (organizational positions) on certain legislative and national issues, as voted on by its elected, 589-member House of Delegates. Its board of governors, with 44 members, has

8288-399: The consulship of Gnaeus Cornelius and Publius Licinius ", that is, in 96 BC, that a cycle was 540 years, and that it was 215 into the cycle (i.e. it began in 311 BC). Another of Pliny's sources, Cornelius Valerianus, is cited for an appearance of the phoenix in 36 AD "in the consulship of Quintus Plautius and Sextus Papinius ". Pliny states that a purported phoenix seen in Egypt in 47 AD

8400-410: The consummation of the age. There are [...] three men, and also his posterities, unto the consummation of the world: the spirit-endowed of eternity, and the soul-endowed, and the earthly. Likewise, there are three phoenixes in paradise—the first is immortal, the second lives 1,000 years; as for the third, it is written in the sacred book that it is consumed. So, too, there are three baptisms—the first

8512-478: The country...." In 1918, the first women were admitted to the ABA – Judge Mary Belle Grossman of Cleveland and Mary Florence Lathrop of Denver. Prior to 1943, the ABA did not admit any African-American members and its discrimination led to the formation in 1937 of the National Lawyers Guild . The ABA denied admittance to Francis E. Rivers in 1943 and several prominent members threatened to quit as

8624-572: The cycle was either 500 years or 1461 years (which was the Great Year based on the Egyptian Sothic cycle ), and that it had previously been seen in the reigns first of Sesosis, then of Amasis, and finally of Ptolemy (third of the Macedonian dynasty). A third recording was made by Cassius Dio , who also said that the phoenix was seen in the consulship of Quintus Plautus and Sextus Papinius. In time,

8736-570: The delivery of health care services. Other research centers include the Center for Law & Church, and the Alabama Center for Law and Civic Education For the Fall 2023 entering class, the school offered admission to 55.67% of applicants, with 38.14% of accepted students enrolling. The class consisted of 152 students with an average LSAT score of 155 and average GPA of 3.61. The top 75th percentile of

8848-450: The diploma privilege, which granted the right to practice law without taking a bar exam , saying that according to custom, we members of the graduating class, the moment we received our diplomas, took them to the courthouse, where a district judge awaited us. He swore us in as members of the bar. I was not 20 years old. Cordell Hull is today honored at Cumberland with a Moot Court room bearing his name. Cumberland eventually did adapt to

8960-454: The executive branch or president are not binding and need not be enforced or obeyed as written. At the 2010 annual meeting, the ABA passed Resolution 111 urging every state, territorial, and tribal government to eliminate legal barriers to civil marriage between two persons of the same sex who are otherwise eligible to marry. For decades, the ABA has participated in the federal judicial nomination process by vetting nominees and giving them

9072-468: The extent of three hundred years and more after all life and sacredness had evaporated out of them. And then, finally, what time the Phoenix Death-Birth itself will require, depends on unseen contingencies.—Meanwhile, would Destiny offer Mankind, that after, say two centuries of convulsion and conflagration, more or less vivid, the fire-creation should be accomplished, and we to find ourselves again in

9184-457: The first heaven with full power, she chased those rulers out of their heavens and cast them into the sinful world, so that there they should dwell, in the form of evil spirits upon the earth. [...], so that in their world it might pass the thousand years in paradise—a soul-endowed living creature called "phoenix". It kills itself and brings itself back to life as a witness to the judgement against them, for they did wrong to Adam and his race, unto

9296-578: The formation of an alternative organization for lawyers in 1993, the National Lawyers for Life, now the National Lawyers Association. The Federalist Society previously sponsored a twice-a-year publication called "ABA Watch" that reports on the political activities of the ABA. Phoenix (mythology) The origin of the phoenix has been attributed to Ancient Egypt by Herodotus and later 19th-century scholars, but other scholars think

9408-421: The glut of fresh non-top-tier law graduates without work, and the continued expansion of law schools raised questions on whether the ABA has been too lenient in its accreditation process. A non-profit organization, Law School Transparency , called upon the ABA to provide meaningful statistics regarding the employment prospects and salary information of graduates of ABA accredited institutions. In 2011 and 2012,

9520-499: The great sages 'tis confessed The phoenix dies, and then is born again, When it approaches its five-hundredth year; On herb or grain it feeds not in its life, But only on tears of incense and amomum , And nard and myrrh are its last winding-sheet . In the 17th-century play Henry VIII by English playwrights William Shakespeare and John Fletcher , Archbishop Cranmer says in Act V, Scene v in reference to Elizabeth (who

9632-411: The high point of professional education, had become a captive of its own success. Unwilling to adopt modern techniques such as the case method , or to expand and deepen its curriculum by opting for the three-year standard, Cumberland became the symbol of the democratic bar. In 1903 Nathan Green Jr. became the first dean of the law school. For the prior 57 years the school did not have this position, which

9744-569: The main sessions of the House of Delegates take place. The annual meeting also gives the general membership the opportunity to participate in educational programs and hear speakers address many issues. In 2010, Jack L. Rives , formerly TJAG (The Judge Advocate General of the Air Force), was appointed executive director and chief operating officer (COO). Alpha M. Brady was named ABA Executive Director/COO after Rives' retirement in March 2023. She joined

9856-637: The motif and concept of the phoenix extended from its origins in ancient Greek folklore. For example, the classical motif of the phoenix continues into the Gnostic manuscript On the Origin of the World from the Nag Hammadi Library collection in Egypt generally dated to the 4th century: Thus when Sophia Zoe saw that the rulers of darkness had laid a curse upon her counterparts, she was indignant. And coming out of

9968-557: The new plan, 14 schools will be at risk of losing their accreditation if their bar-passage rates do not improve within two years. At the time of the rule change, three law schools were currently in the process of closing, and another school was under probation. In June 2019, the ABA voted to revoke the accreditation of Thomas Jefferson School of Law in San Diego, California. In 1995 the United States Department of Justice accused

10080-407: The old phoenix dies. Its size and appearance, if it is like the pictures, are as follow: The plumage is partly red, partly golden, while the general make and size are almost exactly that of the eagle . They tell a story of what this bird does, which does not seem to me to be credible: that he comes all the way from Arabia , and brings the parent bird, all plastered over with myrrh , to the temple of

10192-665: The other federal judicial circuits and the chair of the committee. The ABA's board of governors, House of Delegates and officers are not involved with the work of the committee, and it is completely insulated from the rest of the ABA's activities, including its policies. Although the committee rates prospective nominees, it does not propose, recommend or endorse candidates for nomination to the federal judiciary, as that would compromise its independent evaluative function. The committee works in strictly-enforced confidentiality, typically evaluating around 60 nominees per year. Nominees are rated as "well qualified", "qualified" or "not qualified". If

10304-594: The overall bar examination passage rate for the law school’s first-time examination takers was 78.36%. The Ultimate Bar Pass Rate, which the ABA defines as the passage rate for graduates who sat for bar examinations within two years of graduating, was 93.80% for the class of 2021. According to Samford's official 2022 ABA-required disclosures, 80.7% of the Class of 2022 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. The largest number of students were employed in law firms of 1 – 10 attorneys. Samford's Law School Transparency under-employment score

10416-588: The past 10 years. In private practice law firms , women make up less than 22 percent of partners, a 4.2 percent increase over the last 10 years. In the last decade, there has been a significant growth rate of women in the role of general counsel in Fortune 500 companies, but still women only represent 24.8 percent of Fortune 500 general counsels. Since 2003, the Commission on Women in the Profession also supported quantitative and qualitative research (conducted by NORC at

10528-496: The phoenix, rather than the other way around. The phoenix is sometimes pictured in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art as endowed with a halo , which emphasizes the bird's connection with the Sun . In the oldest images of phoenixes on record these nimbuses often have seven rays, like Helios (the Greek personification of the Sun). Pliny the Elder also describes the bird as having

10640-543: The poor, the problems that exist and potential solutions to those problems. The symposium brought together experts from the University of Minnesota , the Saint Louis University School of Law and Texas A & M University and Cumberland. The keynote address, which was also the Thurgood Marshall Lecture, was presented by United States Congressman Artur Davis , a leader on issues relating to

10752-428: The post-graduate job market, especially in light of ever-growing student loan debt.  There are heated debates over requirements placed on law schools by the ABA. Many states and practitioners believe ABA requirements to be unnecessary, costly, outdated and lacking innovation. Some legal professionals and academics feel these requirements promote the rising cost of tuition. The collision of attorney layoffs in 2009,

10864-507: The president has submitted a nomination. Also, there is added scrutiny with Supreme Court nominees, such as teams of law professors examining the legal writings of the prospective justice. The process has been alleged by some (including the Federalist Society ) to have a liberal bias. For example, the ABA gave Ronald Reagan 's judicial nominees Richard Posner and Frank H. Easterbrook low "qualified/not qualified" ratings; later,

10976-592: The president selects a prospective nominee, the committee chair notifies the White House, the Department of Justice, the members of the Senate Judiciary Committee and the nominee of the committee's rating. There are several procedural differences between the committee's investigations of Supreme Court nominees and those of lower courts, notably that investigations of Supreme Court nominees are conducted after

11088-562: The prestige of an applicant’s college, potentially putting minority applicants at a disadvantage. In 2024, the council create a new variance process by which individual law schools may apply for permission to bypass the existing admission test requirement. This new process does not require approval from the House of Delegates as it is not part of accreditation standards. The ABA accreditation process has been widely criticized for failing to ensure that law schools are disclosing accurate post-graduate statistics which may mislead students regarding

11200-722: The rule. The new rule requires the 75% bar passage rate be achieved within 2 years with no exceptions.  The change was passed by the Section despite failing a vote in the ABA House of Delegates twice. Proponents of the change say the increased standard will ensure students are better prepared for passing the bar and for legal practice in general with less students acquiring large student debt without reasonable job opportunities. Opponents claim this will adversely affect diversity in law schools, which will be forced to increase their admissions standards and required LSAT scores, which in turn will disproportionately affect minority applicants. Under

11312-409: The same "well qualified" rating. In 2001 a study "found that nominees confirmed to the federal appeals courts with prior judicial experience fared about the same before the bar association whether they were nominated by the first President George Bush or President Bill Clinton. But ... 'among those without prior judicial experience, the differences were stark: 65 percent of Clinton nominees received

11424-567: The same root, meaning "those who work with red dyes". So phoenix may mean "the Phoenician bird" or "the purplish-red bird". Apart from the Linear B mention above from Mycenaean Greece , the earliest clear mention of the phoenix in ancient Greek literature occurs in a fragment of the Precepts of Chiron , attributed to 8th-century BC Greek poet Hesiod . In the fragment, the wise centaur Chiron tells

11536-404: The southern. Nathan Green Jr.'s father, a law professor, went home, but in fear of arrest, Abraham Caruthers fled to Marietta, Georgia , where he died a year later. During the war, professors John Carter and Nathan Green Jr. fought as Confederate officers. Carter was killed, but Green survived. The campus did not. The trees were cut down and fences destroyed and burned. The Confederate Army burned

11648-688: The students remain together in their respective classes for the entire first year. First-year students are also enrolled in smaller sections for Lawyering and Legal Reasoning, a class that focuses on honing the students' ability to think and write like a lawyer. Second- and third-year courses allow students more choices and some degree of specialization. Cumberland offers a balance of traditional courses, such as Criminal Procedure, Family Law, and Basic Federal Income Tax, and practical courses, such as Basic and Advanced Trial Skills, Business Drafting, Real Estate Transactions, and Law Office Practice and Management. Students must also take Professional Responsibility and

11760-453: The subject of the phoenix attributes a potential origin of the phoenix to Ancient Egypt . Herodotus , writing in the 5th century BC, provides the following account of the phoenix: [The Egyptians] have also another sacred bird called the phoenix which I myself have never seen, except in pictures. Indeed it is a great rarity, even in Egypt, only coming there (according to the accounts of the people of Heliopolis) once in five hundred years, when

11872-454: The sun, time, the Roman Empire , metempsychosis , consecration , resurrection , life in the heavenly Paradise , Christ , Mary , virginity , the exceptional man, and certain aspects of Christian life". Some scholars have claimed that the poem De ave phoenice may present the mythological phoenix motif as a symbol of Christ's resurrection . The modern English word phoenix entered

11984-552: Was becoming more and more popular among law schools. Cumberland first admitted women in 1901, and the library grew from 600 volumes in 1869 to 3000 in 1878. Today, the Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library contains 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents. In 1915 Cumberland refurbished its halls with an $ 8000 grant from the U.S. government as reparation for federal occupancy during the Civil War. When Cordell Hull graduated from Cumberland, he commented on

12096-450: Was brought to the capital and exhibited in the Comitium in time for the 800th anniversary of the foundation of Rome by Romulus , though he added that "nobody would doubt that this phoenix was a fabrication". A second recording of the phoenix was made by Tacitus , who said that the phoenix had appeared instead in 34 AD "in the consulship of Paulus Fabius and Lucius Vitellius " and that

12208-612: Was established in 2007. The ABA's Criminal Justice Section, specifically the Corrections Committee, focuses on the United States Criminal Justice System and its surrounding laws, policies, and structure. The Corrections Committee "is pushing to provide greater assistance ... for those reentering society" from prison by pushing law schools and state bar associations to provide opportunities for law students to represent prisoners reentering society. In 2017,

12320-514: Was never inaugurated. In 1873 Robert Caruthers purchased Corona Hall from the Corona Institute for Women for $ 10,000, which he immediately donated to the University for use by the law school. The destruction of the campus and the devastation of war had impoverished the school, and it was almost 15 years before it saw students enter from outside the South, when a student from Illinois and a member of

12432-672: Was the Annual Bulletin of the Comparative Law Bureau , the first comparative law journal in the U.S. (1908–1914). The entities also hold their own meetings, such as the annual Solo Day. Each entity typically has a publication program that includes (1) books, usually oriented toward practitioners; (2) scholarly journals, such as Administrative Law Review (published by the ABA Section of Administrative Law & Regulatory Practice and The American University Washington College of Law ) and The International Lawyer (published by

12544-442: Was to become Queen Elizabeth I ): ... Nor shall this peace sleep with her; but as when The bird of wonder dies, the maiden phoenix, Her ashes new create another heir As great in admiration as herself; So shall she leave her blessedness to one, When heaven shall call her from this cloud of darkness, Who from the sacred ashes of her honour Shall star-like rise as great in fame as she was, And so stand fix'd ... In

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