Misplaced Pages

#551448

35-631: The shallow mangroves of the waterbody is the natural habitat of the Indian Mugger crocodile as well as exotic birds and flying fish . Wildlife boating tours are now a common tourist activity. The Banastarim Wetlands , a large swamp and biosphere reserve on the Ilhas de Goa , is fed by the Cumbarjua Canal. In order of people to commute across the islands, bridges have been constructed and ferry services have been made available. This method of transport

70-666: A clutch of 20 Siamese crocodiles. These eggs were then incubated at the Laos Zoo . This project represents a new effort by WCS to conserve the biodiversity and habitat of Laos’ Savannakhet Province , promotes conservation of biodiversity for the whole landscape, and relies on community involvement from local residents. In September 2021, eight hatchlings were found in a wildlife sanctuary in eastern Cambodia. In Cambodia 's Southern Cardamom National Park , sixty Siamese crocodiles from five distinct nests successfully hatched in July 2024. This marks

105-668: A massive dam in the river. During the heavy monsoon period of June–November, Siamese crocodiles take advantage of the increase in water levels to move out of the river and onto large lakes and other local bodies of water, returning to their original habitat once water levels start receding back to their usual levels. The Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme conducted DNA analysis of 69 crocodiles in Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre in Cambodia 2009, and found 35 of them were purebred C. siamensis . Conservationists from

140-421: A project to reintroduce Siamese crocodile into the wild. A number of young crocodiles have been released into a small and remote river in the park, not accessible to visitors. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) is working with the government of Laos on a new programme to save this critically endangered crocodile and its wetland habitat. In August, 2011, a press release announced the successful hatching of

175-627: A symbol for the fructifying and destructive powers of the rivers since the Vedic period . It was first scientifically described in 1831 and is protected by law in Iran, India and Sri Lanka. Since 1982, it has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . Outside protected areas , it is threatened by conversion of natural habitats, gets entangled in fishing nets and is killed in human–wildlife conflict situations and in traffic accidents. Crocodilus palustris

210-636: A tiny population in Thailand (possibly as few as two individuals, discounting recent reintroductions ), a small population in Vietnam (possibly fewer than 100 individuals), Cat Tien National Park has about 200, and a more sizeable population in Laos . In March 2005, conservationists found a nest containing juvenile Siamese crocodiles in the southern Lao province of Savannakhet . There are no recent records from Malaysia , Burma or Brunei . A small but important population of

245-412: A weight of 40 to 120 kg (88 to 265 lb) as an adult. Three individuals measuring 2.12 to 2.63 m (6 ft 11 in – 8 ft 8 in) and weighing 40–87 kg (88–192 lb) had bite force of 2,073–4,577  N (466–1,029  lb f ). Large male individuals reach 4 m (13 ft 1 in) and 350 kg (770 lb) in weight. Siamese crocodiles occur in

280-402: A wide range of freshwater habitats, including slow-moving rivers and streams , lakes , seasonal oxbow lakes , marshes and swamps . Despite conservation concerns, many aspects of C. siamensis life history in the wild remain unknown, particularly regarding its reproductive biology. Adults feed mainly on fish and snakes , but also eat amphibians and small mammals . Very little

315-565: Is a medium-sized freshwater crocodile native to Indonesia ( Borneo and possibly Java ), Brunei , East Malaysia , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , Thailand and Vietnam . The species is critically endangered and already extirpated from many regions. Its other common names include Siamese freshwater crocodile, Singapore small-grain, and soft-belly. Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological , molecular ( DNA sequencing ), and stratigraphic ( fossil age) data, as revised by

350-436: Is a medium-sized, freshwater crocodilian , with a relatively broad, smooth snout and an elevated, bony crest behind each eye. Overall, it is olive-green, with some variation to dark-green. Young individuals measure 1.2 to 1.5 m (3 ft 11 in – 4 ft 11 in) and weigh 6 to 12 kg (13 to 26 lb), growing to a length of 2.1 to 3 m (6 ft 11 in – 9 ft 10 in) and

385-485: Is an ongoing threat, as well as incidental capture/drowning in fishing nets and traps. The Siamese crocodile currently has extremely low and fragmented remaining populations with little proven reproduction in the wild. Siamese crocodiles have historically been captured for skins and to stock commercial crocodile farms. In 1945, skin hunting for commercial farms was banned by the French colonial administration of Cambodia. In

SECTION 10

#1732890806552

420-1092: Is from a tip dating study, for which morphological , molecular DNA sequencing and stratigraphic fossil age data were simultaneously used to establish the inter-relationships within Crocodylidae . This cladogram was revised in a paleogenomics study. West African slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops cataphractus Euthecodon † Brochuchus † Rimasuchus † Osborn’s dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus osborni Dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus tetraspis Voay † Crocodylus anthropophagus † Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni † Crocodylus palaeindicus † Crocodylus Tirari Desert † Freshwater crocodile [REDACTED] New Guinea crocodile Philippine crocodile Saltwater crocodile [REDACTED] Siamese crocodile [REDACTED] Mugger crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus checchiai † Crocodylus falconensis † West African crocodile C. suchus Siamese crocodile The Siamese crocodile ( Crocodylus siamensis )

455-401: Is known about the natural history of this species in the wild, but females build mound-nests constructed from scraped-up plant debris mixed with mud. In captivity, these crocodiles breed during the wet season (April to May), laying between 15 and 50 eggs, which are then guarded until they hatch. After incubation , the female will assist her young as they break out of their eggs and then carry

490-403: Is more traditional. Most (if not all) of the bridges on this list have been constructed in the post-1961 era. 15°30′40″N 73°56′37″E  /  15.5110°N 73.9436°E  / 15.5110; 73.9436 Mugger crocodile The mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) is a medium-sized broad- snouted crocodile , also known as mugger and marsh crocodile . It

525-458: Is native to freshwater habitats from southern Iran to the Indian subcontinent , where it inhabits marshes , lakes , rivers and artificial ponds . It rarely reaches a body length of 5 m (16 ft 5 in) and is a powerful swimmer, but also walks on land in search of suitable waterbodies during the hot season. Both young and adult mugger crocodiles dig burrows to which they retreat when

560-613: Is thought to have been the first species that genetically diverged from the common ancestor of the genus about 12.45 to 7.17 million years ago . The sister group comprising saltwater crocodile ( C. porosus ), Siamese crocodile ( C. siamensis ) and mugger crocodile diverged about 11.65 to 6.52 million years ago . The latter diverged from this group about 8.91 to 4.19 million years ago . A paleogenomics analysis indicated that Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated towards Southeast Asia and

595-1016: The 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay . Voay † Crocodylus anthropophagus † Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni † Crocodylus palaeindicus † Crocodylus Tirari Desert † Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus checchiai † Crocodylus falconensis † Crocodylus suchus West African crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile [REDACTED] Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus acutus American crocodile [REDACTED] The Siamese crocodile

630-668: The Americas, diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar , around 25  million years ago near the Oligocene / Miocene boundary. Within Crocodylus , the mugger crocodile's closest living relatives are the Siamese crocodile and the saltwater crocodile. Fossil crocodile specimens excavated in the Sivalik Hills closely resemble the mugger crocodile in

665-530: The Forestry Administration and Fauna and Flora International subsequently launched a conservation breeding program at the Centre. Since 2012, approximately 50 purebred Cambodian Siamese crocodiles have been released into community-protected areas to reinforce the depleted wild populations. Poaching is a severe threat to this species, with the value of wild Siamese crocodiles reaching hundreds of dollars in

700-479: The ambient temperature drops below 5 °C (41 °F) or exceeds 38 °C (100 °F). Females dig holes in the sand as nesting sites and lay up to 46 eggs during the dry season. The sex of hatchlings depends on temperature during incubation . Both parents protect the young for up to one year. They feed on insects , and adults prey on fish , reptiles , birds and mammals . The mugger crocodile evolved at least 4.19  million years ago and has been

735-523: The black market, where they are illegally taken into crocodile farms and hybridized with other, larger species. The total wild population is unknown, since most groups are in isolated areas where access is extremely complicated. A number of captively held individuals are the result of hybridization with the saltwater crocodile , but several thousand "pure" individuals do exist in captivity, and are regularly bred at crocodile farms, especially in Thailand. Pang Sida National Park in Thailand, near Cambodia, has

SECTION 20

#1732890806552

770-687: The crocodiles is also known to live in East Kalimantan , Indonesia. Factors causing loss of habitat include: conversion of wetlands for agriculture, chemical fertilisers use, use of pesticides in rice production, and an increase in the population of cattle. The effects of warfare stemming from the conflicts in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia during the Vietnam War (from land mines to aerial bombardment) have also been factored. Many river systems, including those in protected areas, have hydroelectric power dams approved or proposed, which are likely to cause

805-409: The hatchlings to the water in her jaws. Pure, unhybridised examples of this species are generally unaggressive towards humans, and there are only four confirmed attacks, none of them fatal. One was defending its young, another was probably defending itself, one was provoked, and the reason for the last is unclear. A fifth attack in 1928 that was probably done by a Siamese crocodile was fatal, with

840-490: The largest wild breeding record of the species this century and significantly enhances the survival prospects of this critically endangered reptile. High priority projects include: Other projects include: A Malay folktale features a crocodile that is outwitted by a mouse-deer and buffaloes. A Siamese crocodile has been cited in the Thai folklore of Central Thailand 's Krai Thong ("ไกรทอง") tales have known as well, and

875-633: The late 1940s, populations spurred the development of farms and harvesting wild crocodiles for stocking these farms. Protection was abolished by the Khmer Rouge (1975–79) but later reinstated under Article 18 of the Fishery Law of 1987, which "forbids the catching, selling, and transportation of...[wild] crocodiles..." Crocodile farming now has a huge economic impact in the provinces surrounding Tonle Sap, where 396 farms held over 20,000 crocodiles in 1998. Also, many crocodiles were exported from Cambodia since

910-470: The loss of about half of the remaining breeding colonies within the next ten years. One cause for habitat degradation via hydrological changes, for the Siamese crocodile, is the implementation of dams on the upper Mekong River and its major tributaries. Potential impacts of dam construction include wetland loss and altered flooding cycle with a dry season flow 50% greater than under natural conditions. Illegal capture of wild crocodiles for supply to farms

945-408: The mid-1980s to stock commercial farms in Thailand, Vietnam, and China. Despite legal protection, a profitable market exists for the capture and sale of crocodiles to farms since the early 1980s. Chronic hunting has led to the decline of the wild Siamese crocodile. This crocodile is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List , and is listed on Appendix I of CITES . It is one of

980-578: The most endangered crocodiles in the wild, although it is extensively bred in captivity. Yayasan Ulin (The Ironwood Foundation) ran a small project to conserve an important wetland habitat in the area of East Kalimantan which is known to contain the crocodiles. In Cambodia Fauna and Flora International and the Government of Cambodia's Forestry Administration have established the Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme for

1015-520: The protection and recovery of Siamese crocodiles. This programme works with a network of indigenous villages who are helping to protect key sites such as Veal Veng Marsh (Veal Veng District), the Tatai River (Thmar Bang District) and the Araeng River. The latter is considered to have the second largest population of Siamese crocodiles in the world, but is currently threatened by the proposed construction of

1050-530: The shortness of the premaxillae and in the form of the nasal openings. In Andhra Pradesh ’s Prakasam district , a 30.6 cm (12.0 in) long fossilized skull of a mugger crocodile was found in a volcanic ash bed that probably dates to the late Pleistocene . Crocodylus palaeindicus from late Pliocene sediments in the Sivalik Hills is thought to be an ancestor of the mugger crocodile. Fossil remains of C. palaeindicus were also excavated in

1085-717: The vicinity of Bagan in central Myanmar . American crocodile ( C. acutus ) Orinoco crocodile ( C. intermedius ) Cuban crocodile ( C. rhombifer ) Morelet's crocodile ( C. moreletii ) Nile crocodile ( C. niloticus ) Saltwater crocodile ( C. porosus ) Mugger crocodile Siamese crocodile ( C. siamensis ) New Guinea crocodile ( C. novaeguineae ) Philippine crocodile ( C. mindorensis ) Freshwater crocodile ( C. johnstoni ) Orinoco crocodile American crocodile Cuban crocodile Morelet's crocodile Nile crocodile Mugger crocodile Siamese crocodile Saltwater crocodile New Guinea crocodile Philippine crocodile Freshwater crocodile Below cladogram

Cumbarjua Canal - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-550: The victim being a child. Siamese crocodiles are under threat from human disturbance and habitat occupation, which is forcing remaining populations to the edges of their former range. Extinct from 99% of its original range, the Siamese crocodile is considered one of the least studied and most critically endangered crocodilians in the world. Although few wild populations remain, more than 700,000 C. siamensis are held on commercial crocodile farms in Southeast Asia. In 1992, it

1155-588: Was believed to be extremely close to or fully extinct in the wild until 2000 when scientists from Fauna and Flora International and the Government of Cambodia's Forestry Administration confirmed the presence of Siamese crocodiles in the Cardamom Mountains in Southwest Cambodia. Since then, surveys have identified around 30 sites in Cambodia that contain wild Siamese crocodiles (conservatively estimated to number between 200 and 400 individuals in total),

1190-480: Was taken to create a television series and movies several times. In Vietnam a major literary juncture occurred in 1282 when a troublesome crocodile came to inhabit a stretch of the Red River . The scholar Nguyễn Thuyên wrote "Ode to the crocodile" and threw it into the river as an appeal to the beast whereupon the crocodile departed. It was remarkable as historians recorded it as one of the first pieces ever written in

1225-617: Was the scientific name proposed by René Lesson in 1831 who described the type specimen from the Gangetic plains. In subsequent years, several naturalists and curators of natural history museums described zoological specimens and proposed different names, including: Phylogenetic analysis of 23 crocodilian species indicated that the genus Crocodylus most likely originated in Australasia about 13.72 to 8.28 million years ago . The freshwater crocodile ( C. johnstoni )

#551448