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40-614: Culzean Castle ( / k ʌ ˈ l eɪ n / kul- AYN , see yogh ; Scots : Culzean, Culȝean, Colean ) is a castle overlooking the Firth of Clyde , near Maybole , Carrick , in South Ayrshire , on the west coast of Scotland. It is the former home of the Marquess of Ailsa , the chief of Clan Kennedy , but is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland . The clifftop castle lies within

80-572: A /ɡ/ sound before front vowels, notably in the form of loanwords from the Old Norse (such as gere from Norse gervi , Modern English gear ), this orthographical state of affairs became a source of confusion, and a distinction of "real g " ( /ɡ/ ) from "palatalized g " ( /j/ ) became desirable. In the Old English period, ᵹ was simply the way Latin g was written in the Insular script introduced at

120-552: A German airship north of London in 1916. To the north of the castle is a bay containing the Gas House , which provided town gas for the castle up until 1940. This group of buildings consists of the gas manager's house (now containing an exhibition on William Murdoch ), the Retort House and the remains of the gasometer . There are sea caves beneath the castle which are currently not open generally, but are open for tours throughout

160-489: A gift in the will of American millionaire William Lindsay to the National Trust for Scotland . Lindsay, who had never visited Scotland, requested that a significant portion of his $ 4 million go towards Culzean. Lindsay was reportedly interested in Eisenhower's holidays at the castle. Culzean Castle received 333,965 visitors in 2019. The armoury contains a propeller from a plane flown by Leefe Robinson when he shot down

200-830: A noted philanthropist. In 1945, the Kennedy family gave the castle and its grounds to the National Trust for Scotland (thus avoiding inheritance tax ). In doing so, they stipulated that the apartment at the top of the castle be given to General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower in recognition of his role as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during the Second World War. The General first visited Culzean Castle in 1946 and stayed there four times, including once while President of

240-499: A previous, but more basic, structure into a fine country house to be the seat of his earldom . The castle was built in stages between 1777 and 1792. It incorporates a large drum tower with a circular saloon inside (which overlooks the sea), a grand oval staircase and a suite of well-appointed apartments. The castle was the venue, on 14 November 1817, when the 1st Marquess of Ailsa 's daughter, Margaret Radclyffe Livingstone Eyre , married Thomas, Viscount Kynnaird. Margaret would become

280-499: Is an excerpt from Nicol Burne's anti-reformation pamphlet Of the praying in Latine (1581): Thair be tua kynd of prayeris in the kirk, the ane is priuat, quhilk euerie man sayis be him self, the vthir is publik, quhilk the preistis sayis in the name of the hail kirk. As to the priuate prayeris, na Catholik denyis bot it is verie expedient that euerie man pray in his auin toung, to the end he vndirstand that quhilk he sayis, and that thairbie

320-476: Is aneuche that thay assist be deuotione liftand vp thair myndis to God or saying thair auin priuate oraisonis, and that be thair deuotione thay may be maid participant of the kirk. As in the synagogue of the Ieuis, the peopill kneu not quhat all thay cerimonies signifeit, quhilk vas keipit be the preistis and vtheris in offering of thair sacrifices and vther vorshipping of god, and yit thay did assist vnto thame; ye, sum of

360-401: Is institute for the remembrance of Christis death and passione. Albeit thay vndirstand nocht the Latine toung, yit thay ar not destitut of the vtilitie and fruit thairof. And it is nocht vithout greit caus that as in the inscrptione and titil quhilk pilat fixed vpone the croce of Christ Iesus thir thre toungis var vritt in, Latine, Greik, and Hebreu, sua in the sacrifice and the publik prayeris of

400-653: The Christianisation of England by the Hiberno-Scottish mission . It only came to be used as a letter distinct from g in the Middle English period, where it evolved in appearance into ȝ, now considered a separate character. In the 14th century, the digraph gh arose as an alternative to yogh for /x/, and eventually overtook yogh in popularity; still, the variety of pronunciations persisted, as evidenced by cough , taught , and though . The process of replacing

440-833: The Early Scots palatal consonant / ɲ / had become /nj/ or in some cases /ŋj/ , and the palatal consonant / ʎ / had become /lj/ by the Middle Scots period. Those were variously written nȝ(h)e , ngȝe , ny(h)e or ny(i)e , and lȝ(h)e , ly(i)e or lyhe (cf. gn and gli in Italian ). By the Modern Scots period the yogh had been replaced by the character z , in particular for /ŋj/ , /nj/ ( n ȝ ) and /lj/ ( l ȝ ), written nz and lz . The original /hj/ and /çj/ developed into /ʃ(j)/ in some words such as Ȝetland or Zetland for Shetland . Yogh

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480-423: The voiced velar fricative [ɣ] —as well as the phoneme / j / ( ⟨y⟩ in modern English orthography ). In Middle English , it also stood for the phoneme /x/ and its allophone [ç] as in ⟨ niȝt ⟩ ("night", in an early Middle English way still often pronounced as spelled so: [niçt] ), and also represented the phonemes /j/ and /dʒ/. Sometimes, yogh stood for /j/ or /w/ , as in

520-473: The y in "yet". Doubled, it represented /i/ , so he ended his spelling of "may" with two yoghs. Finally, the digraph of ȝh represented /ɣ/ . In the late Middle English period, yogh was no longer used : niȝt came to be spelled night . Middle English re-imported G in its French form for /ɡ/ (As a further side note, French also used ⟨y⟩ to represent /j/ in words like voyage and yeux ). In words of French and Gaelic origin,

560-677: The 17th century when printers began to adopt imported English conventions. Middle Scots used a number of now obsolete letters and letter combinations: The development of Middle Scots vowels: The Scottish Vowel Length Rule is assumed to have come into fruition between the early Middle Scots and late Middle Scots period. Here vowel length is conditioned by phonetic and morphemic environment. The affected vowels tended to be realised fully long in end-stressed syllables before voiced oral continuants except /l/ , in hiatus , before word or morpheme boundaries and before /rd/ and /dʒ/ . The major differences to contemporary southern English were

600-528: The Culzean Castle Country Park and is opened to the public. From 1972 until 2015, an illustration of the castle was featured on the reverse side of five pound notes issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland . As of 2021, the castle was available for rent. Culzean Castle was constructed as an L-plan castle by order of the 10th Earl of Cassilis . He instructed the architect Robert Adam to rebuild

640-549: The United States. The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry , a British Yeomanry cavalry regiment , was formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle in about 1794. On 24 June 1961, the regiment returned to the castle to be presented with its first guidon by General Sir Horatius Murray , KBE , CB , DSO . The castle re-opened in April 2011 after a refurbishment funded by

680-408: The auin propir langage; as ye may se be experience, gif ye vald confer the prayeris of your deformit kirkis, togidder vith the innumerabil translationis of the psalmes, quihlk ar chaingit according to euerie langage in the quhilk thay ar turnit. It is not than vithout greit caus, and ane special instinctione of the halie Ghaist, that thir toungis foirspokin hes bene, as thay vil be retenit to the end of

720-711: The character in online reference works. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. Capital Ȝ is represented in Unicode by code point U+021C Ȝ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER YOGH , and lower case ȝ by code point U+021D ȝ LATIN SMALL LETTER YOGH . In Modern English yogh is pronounced / j ɒ ɡ / , / j ɒ x / using short o or / j oʊ ɡ / , / j oʊ k / , / j oʊ x / , using long o. It stood for / ɡ / and its various allophones—including [ɡ] and

760-509: The character yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts. Consequently, some Modern Scots words have a z in place of a yogh—the common surname Menzies was originally written Menȝies (pronounced mingis ). Yogh is shaped similarly to the Cyrillic letter З and the Arabic numeral 3, which are sometimes substituted for

800-458: The character yogh was mistakenly unified with the quite different character ezh (Ʒ ʒ), and yogh itself was not added to Unicode until version 3.0. These are examples of Middle English words that contain the letter yogh in their spellings. See also: See also: A Unicode-based transliteration system adopted by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale suggested the use of

840-621: The division of Scotland into two parts, the Gaelic Highlands and the Anglic Lowlands . The adherence of many Highlanders to the Catholic faith during the Reformation led to the 1609 Statutes of Iona forcing clan chiefs to establish Protestant churches, send their sons to Lowland schools and withdraw their patronage from the hereditary guardians of Gaelic culture – the bards . This

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880-431: The interior prayer of the hairt may be the mair valkinnit, and conseruit the bettir; and gif, onie man pray in ane vther toung, it is also expedient that he vnderstand the mening of the vordis at the lest. For the quhilk caus in the catholik kirk the parentis or godfatheris ar obleist to learne thame quhom thay hald in baptisme the formes of prayeris and beleif, and instruct thame sufficiently thairin, sua that thay vndirstand

920-651: The kirk thay ar cheiflie retenit for the conseruatione of vnitie in the kirk and nationis amang thame selfis; for, gif al thingis var turnit in the propir langage of euerie cuntrey, na man vald studie to the Latine toung, and thairbie al communicatione amangis Christiane pepil vald schortlie be tane auay, and thairbie eftir greit barbaritie inseu. Mairatour sik publique prayeris and seruice ar keipit mair perfytlie in thair auin integritie vithout al corruptione; for gif ane natione vald eik or pair onie thing, that vald be incontinent remarkt and reprouit be vther nationis, quhilk culd not be, gif euerie natione had al thai thingis turnit in

960-476: The national language of the Stewart kingdom. The term Erse ( Irish ) was used instead for Gaelic, while Inglis (which previously referred to their own language) was increasingly used to refer only to the language south of the border. The first known instance of this shift in terminology was by an unknown man in 1494. In 1559, William Nudrye was granted a monopoly by the court to produce school textbooks, with two of

1000-546: The north of Ireland, taking what were to become the Ulster Scots dialects with them. Later in the period southern influence on the language increased, owing to the new political and social relations with England prior to and following the accession of James VI to the English throne. By the time of the Union of Parliaments in 1707 southern Modern English was generally adopted as the literary language though Modern Scots remained

1040-488: The now well established early merger of /ei/ with /e/ ( dey 'die', ley 'lie'), early 15th century l-vocalisation where /al/ (except intervocalically and before /d/ ), /ol/ and usually /ul/ merged with /au/ , /ou/ and /uː/ , medial and final /v/ was lost ( deil 'devil', ser 'serve'). The Great Vowel Shift occurred partially, /u/ and /øː/ remained unaffected, /ɔː/ became /oː/ , /iː , eː , ɛː/ and /aː/ became /ɛi , iː , eː/ and /ɛː/ . This

1080-461: The preistis thame selfis miskneu the significatione of thir cerimoneis Than gif it vas aneuche to the pepill to vndirstand that in sik ane sacrifice consisted the vorshipping of God, suppois thay had not sua cleir ane vndirstanding of euerie thing that vas done thairin, sua in the catholik kirk, quhen the people assistis to the sacrifice of the Mess, thay acknaulege that thairbie God is vorshippit, and that it

1120-414: The same: Albeit the principal thing quhilk God requiris is the hairt, that suppois he quha prayis vndirstand nocht perfytlie the vordis quhilk he spekis, yit God quha lukis in the hairt, vill nocht lat his prayer be in vane. As to the publik prayeris of the kirk, it is not necessar that the pepill vndirstand thame, becaus it is nocht the pepill quha prayis, bot the preistis in the name of the hail kirk, and it

1160-490: The summer. The castle grounds include a walled garden, which is built on the site of the home of a former slave owned by the Kennedy family, Scipio Kennedy . The castle is reputed to be home to at least seven ghosts, including a piper and a servant girl. 55°21′16″N 4°47′22″W  /  55.3544°N 4.7895°W  / 55.3544; -4.7895 Yogh#Scots In Middle English writing, tailed z came to be indistinguishable from yogh. In Middle Scots ,

1200-682: The titles listed as Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung and Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin , but there is no evidence that the books were ever printed. From 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster , some 200,000 Scots settled in

1240-507: The use of yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts. The yogh glyph can be found in surnames that start with a Y in Scotland and Ireland; for example the surname Yeoman, which would have been spelled Ȝeman . Sometimes, the yogh would be replaced by the letter z , because the shape of the yogh was identical to some forms of handwritten z . In Unicode 1.0,

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1280-423: The vernacular. On the whole Middle Scots scribes never managed to establish a single standardised spelling for every word, but operated a system of free variation based on a number of spelling variants. Some scribes used their own variants, but this was relatively rare. The least variation occurred in the later 16th century as printers moved towards fixed spellings . Use of Middle Scots spelling variants ended in

1320-480: The word ⟨ ȝoȝelinge ⟩ [ˈjowəlɪŋɡə] , "yowling". In Middle Scots , it represented the sound /j/ in the clusters /lj/ , /ŋj/ and /nj/ written l ȝ and n ȝ . Yogh was generally used for /j/ rather than y . In medieval Cornish manuscripts, yogh was used to represent the voiced dental fricative [ð] , as in its ⟨ ȝoȝo ⟩ , now written ⟨dhodho⟩ , pronounced [ðoðo] . The original Germanic g sound

1360-599: The yogh with gh was slow, and was not completed until the arrival of printing presses (which lacked yogh) in England around the end of the fifteenth century. Not every English word that contains a gh was originally spelled with a yogh: for example, spaghetti is Italian , where the h makes the g hard (i.e., [ɡ] instead of [dʒ] ); ghoul is Arabic , in which the gh was /ɣ/ . The medieval author Orm used this letter in three ways when writing Early Middle English. By itself, it represented /j/ , so he used this letter for

1400-557: The yogh ȝ character as the transliteration of the Ancient Egyptian " aleph " glyph: The symbol actually used in Egyptology is [REDACTED] , two half-rings opening to the left. Since Unicode 5.1, it has been assigned its own codepoints (uppercase U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF , lowercase U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF ); a fallback is the numeral 3 . Middle Scots Middle Scots

1440-542: Was also used to represent /j/ in words such as ȝe , ȝhistirday (yesterday) and ȝoung but by the Modern Scots period y had replaced yogh. The pronunciation of MacKenzie (and its variant spellings) (from Scottish Gaelic MacCoinnich [maxˈkʰɤɲɪç] ), originally pronounced [məˈkɛŋjiː] in Scots, shows where yogh became z. Menzies Campbell is another example. In Middle Scots orthography,

1480-474: Was being used in England . Middle Scots was fairly uniform throughout its many texts, albeit with some variation due to the use of Romance forms in translations from Latin or French, turns of phrases and grammar in recensions of southern texts influenced by southern forms, misunderstandings and mistakes made by foreign printers. The now established Stewart identification with the lowland language had finally secured

1520-476: Was expressed by the gyfu rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc (which is itself sometimes rendered as ȝ in modern transliteration ). Following palatalization, both gyfu and Latin g in Old English expressed the /j/ sound before front vowels. For example, "year" was written as gear , even though the word had never had a g sound (deriving from Proto-Germanic *jērą ). With the re-introduced possibility of

1560-721: Was followed in 1616 by an act establishing parish schools in the Highlands with the aim of extirpating the Gaelic language. The Danish dependency of Orkney and Shetland had been held by Scottish magnates from the late 14th century. These had introduced the Lowland tongue which then began to replace Norn . In 1467 the islands became part of Scotland. By the early 16th century the name Scottis (previously used to describe Gaelic in Ireland as well as Scotland) had been adopted for what had become

1600-471: Was the Anglic language of Lowland Scotland in the period from 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 15th century, its phonology , orthography , accidence , syntax and vocabulary had diverged markedly from Early Scots , which was virtually indistinguishable from early Northumbrian Middle English . Subsequently, the orthography of Middle Scots differed from that of the emerging Early Modern English standard that

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