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63-548: The origins of Cuccù lie in the French card game of Mécontent ( Malcontent ) whose first references date to the early 16th century. The game, which is still played today, was also known as Hère but eventually the name Coucou ("Cuckoo") prevailed. The game migrated to Italy, where the earliest mention of "Malcontento" dates to 1547, but it was in the early 18th century that the first dedicated decks for what became known as Cuccù ( Cuccù, Cucco, Cucu ' or Stu ) appeared;

126-448: A deck or pack of playing cards which are identical in size and shape. Each card has two sides, the face and the back . Normally the backs of the cards are indistinguishable. The faces of the cards may all be unique, or there can be duplicates. The composition of a deck is known to each player. In some cases several decks are shuffled together to form a single pack or shoe . Modern card games usually have bespoke decks, often with

189-453: A card ranking from XI to XV, the following actions occur: Talking and bluffing are allowed. Once all have had a chance to exchange, the players expose their cards and the lowest one loses a counter. If players tie, each loses a counter. If one player has the Fool it is equal to the lowest card other card in play (unless the lowest is a Cuckoo), so both the holder of the Fool and the player(s) with

252-467: A descendant of Noddy , and Whist , a development of English Trump or Ruff ('ruff' then meaning 'rob') in which four players were dealt 12 cards each and the dealer 'robbed' from the remaining stock of 4 cards. Piquet was a two-player, trick-taking game that originated in France, probably in the 16th century and was initially played with 36 cards before, around 1690, the pack reduced to the 32 cards that gives

315-487: A lack of detail. In the 1721 edition of La Plus Nouvelle Académie Universelle des Jeux , the card game called Hère does not correspond in any way to Coucou, but rather to a game of combinations possibly similar to modern poker. This Hère disappears in the 1725 edition of the Académie universelle des jeux , and Coucou makes its appearance there. On the other hand, the fourth edition of the same dictionary, in 1762, partly removes

378-557: A move if possible or desired, and then discard a card to a discard pile . Almost all the games of this group are in the rummy family, but Golf is a non-rummy example. As the name might suggest, players exchange hand cards with a common pool of cards on the table. Examples include Schwimmen , Kemps , James Bond and Whisky Poker. They originated in the old European games of Thirty-One and Commerce . A very old round game played in different forms in different countries. Players are dealt just one card and may try and swap it with

441-452: A neighbor to avoid having the lowest card or, sometimes, certain penalty cards. The old French game is Coucou and its later English cousin is Ranter Go Round , also called Chase the Ace and Screw Your Neighbour. A family of such games played with special cards includes Italian Cucù , Scandinavian Gnav , Austrian Hexenspiel and German Vogelspiel . Games involving collecting sets of cards,

504-545: A new sequence. This concept spread to other 17th and 18th century games including Poque , Comete , Emprunt , Manille , Nain Jaune and Lindor , all except Emprunt being still played in some form today. It was the 17th century that saw the second of the two great innovations being introduced into trick-taking games: the concept of bidding. This first emerged in the Spanish game of Ombre , an evolution of Triomphe that "in its time,

567-661: A player receives a King instead of saying "Cuckoo!", announces "Her!" Card game A card game is any game that uses playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, whether the cards are of a traditional design or specifically created for the game (proprietary). Countless card games exist, including families of related games (such as poker ). A small number of card games played with traditional decks have formally standardized rules with international tournaments being held, but most are folk games whose rules may vary by region, culture, location or from circle to circle. Traditional card games are played with

630-536: A regular 52-card pack, or a smaller 32-card deck (with 2s through 6s absent) if fewer than seven are playing. Suits are not relevant; only the card ranks are important. Regardless of whether the 32 or 52 cards is used, the lowest card is always the Ace and the highest the King . The first dealer of the game is determined by lots as agreed between the players. The dealer deals in an anti-clockwise direction starting with first hand ,

693-578: A requirement to follow suit . Today, the only cardmaker of Cuccù cards is Masenghini , whose pack comes with a set of instructions in Italian for the usual comparing game. In modern Italy, the game is played with original rules only in the small Abruzzi towns of Campli and Montorio al Vomano , both in the Teramo province. The same cards are also used in Brescia and Bergamo provinces but with different rules from

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756-494: A vast amount of cards, and can include number or action cards. This type of game is generally regarded as part of the board game hobby. Games using playing cards exploit the fact that cards are individually identifiable from one side only, so that each player knows only the cards they hold and not those held by anyone else. For this reason card games are often characterized as games of chance or "imperfect information"—as distinct from games of strategy or perfect information , where

819-474: Is François Rabelais , whose fictional character Gargantua played no less than 30 card games, many of which are recognisable. They include: Aluette , Bête , Cent, Coquimbert , Coucou , Flush or Flux, Gé (Pairs), Gleek , Lansquenet , Piquet , Post and Pair , Primero , Ronfa , Triomphe , Sequence, Speculation , Tarot and Trente-et-Un ; possibly Rams , Mouche and Brandeln as well. Girolamo Cardano also provides invaluable information including

882-408: Is also each given the same number of chips for scoring; for example, five. Players view their cards; then the eldest hand (the player to the right of the dealer) starts play. Beginning with eldest, each player may decide to keep the card dealt if its value is reckoned to be high enough. In this case, the player announces: "I'm keeping", and play passes to the right. If, on the other hand, the value

945-410: Is also popular. Most patience or card solitaire games are designed to be played by one player, but some are designed for two or more players to compete. Patience games originated in northern Europe and were designed for a single player, hence its subsequent North American name of solitaire. Most games begin with a specific layout of cards, called a tableau , and the object is then either to construct

1008-615: Is considered one of the national card games of Italy. Cassino is the only fishing game to be widely played in English-speaking countries. Zwicker has been described as a "simpler and jollier version of Cassino", played in Germany. Tablanet (tablić) is a fishing-style game popular in Balkans . The object of a matching (or sometimes "melding") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy , this

1071-418: Is considered too low, the card may be exchanged with the neighbour's to the right, announcing: "I'm exchanging". The neighbour cannot refuse the exchange, unless they are holding a King, in which case they announce (without revealing the card) "Cuckoo!" to the first player, and no exchange takes place. If the neighbour does not say "Cuckoo", the two players must exchange cards. Each player, in turn, exchanges to

1134-413: Is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles instead of cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the "fishing" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid . In games of the war group, also called "catch and collect games" or "accumulating games", the object is to acquire all cards in

1197-428: Is first mentioned in a French translation of a 1440 sermon by the Italian, Saint Bernadine , the name actually referring to two different card games: one like Pontoon and one like Commerce . In the 16th century printed documents replace handwritten sources and card games become a popular topic with preachers, autobiographists and writers in general. A key source of the games in vogue in France and Europe at that time

1260-447: Is mention of a game lasting three quarters of an hour. The name 'As Qui Court' ("Running Ace", lit. "the Ace that Runs") is later than Coucou and only appears in the literature around the middle of the 18th century. It is so named because the Ace, as the lowest card, is passed from hand to hand until it returns to the talon unless a King blocks it on the way. According to Méry (1847), the only difference between As Qui Court and Coucou

1323-424: Is played by five to twenty players. It is unusual for being played with only a single card in hand. As a shedding game, there is only one winner who may claim the stakes, if there are any. The game has also been called As Qui Court or Hère . The earliest references to the game date to the early 16th century in France where it was known by the name of Mécontent (also Méscontent , Maucontent or Malcontent ) and

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1386-505: Is that a player who holds a King in hand may refuse the exchange as in Coucou, but instead of announcing "Cuckoo!", reveals the King. However, Méry's rules for As Qui Court also contain the following three significant differences from the rules of Coucou given in L'Académie des jeux compendia published during the 18th century and the rules according to Lacombe (1792): While the name Coucou remains

1449-408: Is the game of President , which is probably derived from an Asian game. Card exchange games form another large category in which players exchange a card or cards from their hands with table cards or with other players with the aim, typically, of collecting specific cards or card combinations. Games of the rummy family are the best known. In these games players draw a card from stock , make

1512-509: The Piquet pack its name. Reversis is a reverse game in which players avoid taking tricks and appears to be an Italian invention that came to France around 1600 and spread rapidly to other countries in Europe. In the mid-17th century, a certain game named after Cardinal Mazarin , prime minister to King Louis XIV , became very popular at the French royal court. Called Hoc Mazarin , it had three phases,

1575-441: The stamp tax . Cuccù was popular among sailors and mercenaries in the eighteenth century, allowing the game to spread to other parts of Europe and several local variants arose. As it migrated north, the number of cards and the name of the game changed. In Germany , Bavaria , and Austria , for example, it became Hexenspiel ("Witch") or Vogelspiel ("Bird"). The game had reached Denmark-Norway as Gniao , later Gnav , by

1638-561: The 18th century and another ban on gambling card games led to it following the Italian example and being reinvented as a game with pieces. The game also reached the Netherlands , as Slabberjan , and Sweden , as Cambio (Italian for "exchange") and, later, Kille . By 1824, a trick-taking game played with Cuccù cards had emerged in Lombardy , which regarded the pack as comprising two suits – numerals and 'figures' (picture cards) – there being

1701-709: The 18th century and is mentioned several times, for example, in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . The first rules of any game in the German language were those for Rümpffen published in 1608 and later expanded in several subsequent editions. In addition, the first German games compendium, Palamedes Redivivus appeared in 1678, containing the rules for Hoick ( Hoc ), Ombre, Picquet (sic), Rümpffen and Thurnspiel. The evolution of card games continued apace, with notable national games emerging like Briscola and Tressette (Italy), Schafkopf (Bavaria), Jass (Switzerland), Mariage ,

1764-522: The actual cards. In point-trick games, the number of tricks is immaterial; what counts is the value, in points, of the cards captured. Many common Anglo-American games fall into the category of plain-trick games . The usual objective is to take the most tricks, but variations taking all tricks, making as few tricks (or penalty cards) as possible or taking an exact number of tricks. Bridge , Whist and Spades are popular examples. Hearts , Black Lady and Black Maria are examples of reverse games in which

1827-468: The aim is to avoid certain cards. Plain-trick games may be divided into the following 11 groups: Point-trick games are all European or of European origin and include the Tarot card games . Individual cards have specific point values and the objective is usually to amass the majority of points by taking tricks, especially those with higher value cards. There are around nine main groups: In beating games

1890-412: The ambiguity by specifying that Hère refers to a card game where only one of the players wins. The fifth edition of 1798, taking up the previous definition, says "This game is also called As Qui Court." Meanwhile Furétiere, in the 1690 edition of Dictionnaire Universel , gives a brief description of Here as a game in which each person is given only one card and may exchange it with his or her neighbour;

1953-457: The ancestor of Austria's Schnapsen and Germany's Sixty-Six , and Tapp Tarock , the progenitor of most modern central European Tarot games . Whist spread to the continent becoming very popular in the north and west. In France, Comet appeared, a game that later evolved into Nain Jaune and the Victorian game of Pope Joan . Card games may be classified in different ways: by their objective, by

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2016-440: The best known of which is Happy Families . Highly successful is its German equivalent, Quartett, which may be played with a Skat pack , but is much more commonly played with proprietary packs. Games involving passing cards to your neighbors. The classic game is Old Maid which may, however, be derived from German Black Peter and related to the French game of Vieux Garçon . Pig , with its variations of Donkey and Spoons ,

2079-411: The bottom of the pack . As each card is dealt, the dealer pauses while the player decides whether to keep the card by saying "fine" ( sto bene ) or exchange it by saying "pass" ( passo ). If the player opts to exchange the card with the next player to the right (the 'holder' of the wanted card), the dealer deals the holder a card and, if it is a ten (X) or lower, the exchange goes ahead. If the holder gets

2142-514: The current position is fully visible to all players throughout the game. Many games that are not generally placed in the family of card games do in fact use cards for some aspect of their play. Some games that are placed in the card game genre involve a board. The distinction is that the play in a card game chiefly depends on the use of the cards by players (the board is a guide for scorekeeping or for card placement), while board games (the principal non-card game genre to use cards) generally focus on

2205-399: The deck. Examples include most War type games, and games involving slapping a discard pile such as Slapjack . Egyptian Ratscrew has both of these features. Climbing games are an Oriental family in which the idea is to play a higher card or combination of cards that the one just played. Alternatively a player must pass or may choose to pass even if able to beat. The sole Western example

2268-509: The earliest rules of Trappola . Among the most popular were the games of Flusso and Primiera, which originated in Italy and spread throughout Europe, becoming known in England as Flush and Primero . In Britain the earliest known European fishing game was recorded in 1522. Another first was Losing Loadum , noted by Florio in 1591, which is the earliest known English point-trick game . In Scotland,

2331-400: The equipment used (e.g. number of cards and type of suits), by country of origin or by mechanism (how the game is played). Parlett and McLeod predominantly group cards games by mechanism of which there are five categories: outplay, card exchange, hand comparison, layout and a miscellaneous category that includes combat and compendium games. These are described in the following sections. Easily

2394-462: The far more interesting games of Costly Colours and Cribbage . Players play in turn and add the values of the cards as they go. The aim is to reach or avoid certain totals and also to score for certain combinations. In fishing games, cards from the hand are played against cards in a layout on the table, capturing table cards if they match. Fishing games are popular in many nations, including China, where there are many diverse fishing games. Scopa

2457-409: The final one of which evolved into a much simpler game called Manille that was renamed Comète on the appearance of Halley's Comet in 1682. In Comète the aim is to be first to shed all one's hand cards to sequences laid out in rows on the table. However, there are certain cards known as ' stops ' or hocs : cards that end a sequence and give the one who played it the advantage of being able to start

2520-423: The first sets of rules, those for Piquet appearing in 1632 and Reversis in 1634. The first French games compendium, La Maison Académique , appeared in 1654 and it was followed in 1674 by Charles Cotton 's The Compleat Gamester , although an earlier manuscript of games by Francis Willughby was written sometime between 1665 and 1670. Cotton records the first rules for the classic English games of Cribbage ,

2583-446: The game of Mawe , testified in the 1550s, evolved from a country game into one played at the royal Scottish court, becoming a favorite of James VI . The ancestor of Cribbage – a game called Noddy – is mentioned for the first time in 1589, "Noddy" being the Knave turned for trump at the start of play. The 17th century saw an upsurge in the number of new games being reported as well as

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2646-400: The game, all the others having been eliminated. That player wins the game and sweeps the agreed stake. If the game is played for stakes, each player at the beginning of the game antes an agreed stake in a basket. The pool thus formed becomes the stake that the winner will win. The larger the number of players at the start of the game, the higher the amount at stake, which means that in "Cuckoo"

2709-430: The idea is to beat the card just played if possible, otherwise it must be picked up, either alone or together with other cards, and added to the hand. In many beating games the objective is to shed all one's cards, in which case they are also "shedding games". Well known examples include Crazy Eights , Mau Mau , Durak , and Skitgubbe . This is a small group whose ancestor is Noddy , now extinct, but which generated

2772-409: The largest category of games in which players have a hand of cards and must play them out to the table. Play ends when players have played all their cards. Trick-taking games are the largest category of outplay games. Players typically receive an equal number of cards and a trick involves each player playing a card face up to the table – the rules of play dictating what cards may be played and who wins

2835-410: The latter being the game played by the aforementioned card cheats. All three are recorded during the 15th century, along with Karnöffel , first mentioned in 1426 and which is still played in several forms today, including Bruus , Knüffeln , Kaiserspiel and Styrivolt . Since the arrival of trick-taking games in Europe in the late 14th century, there have only been two major innovations. The first

2898-405: The lowest cards lose counters. If two players have Fools, they rank as the second highest cards. A player with no counters left drops out; if this happens during play, their card is not involved in deciding the loser of the hand. The last player left in is the winner and sweeps the pool. Coucou Coucou ("Cuckoo") is an historical French card game that uses a pack of 32 or 52 cards and

2961-503: The missing card. The oldest known rules were published the Al Mondo company and date to 1717. These were included in the pack of cards produced in Bologna by Giulio Borzaghi. On the title card of another pack, the cards were described as a new game with the Fool. As in the original card game, suits do not matter but rank is very important. Compared with a full 52-card pack, the new one reduced

3024-722: The notable exceptions of the British Isles , the Iberian Peninsula , and the Balkans . However, we do not know the rules of the early Tarot games; the earliest detailed description in any language being those published by the Abbé de Marolles in Nevers in 1637. The concept of trumps was sufficiently powerful that it was soon transferred to games played with far cheaper ordinary packs of cards, as opposed to expensive Tarot cards. The first of these

3087-509: The number of cards but added more ranks to produce two identical sequences of 18 cards. The most unusual feature of the new pack was the inclusion of cards depicting a Fool which were not ranked within the sequence. perhaps inspired by the Fool in Italian Tarot card games . The game was also known to be played with wooden pieces in Venice during the late 18th-century, possibly as a way of avoiding

3150-462: The one adopted by the reference works of the 18th century – the Académie universelle des jeux and Dictionnaire des jeux – the Académie française dictionary never mentions it, preferring instead the name 'Hère'. According to Lalanne, it is impossible to determine with any certainty whether the "type of card game" mentioned under the name Hère in the first edition of Académie française dictionary in 1694, refers to Coucou or another game, because of

3213-440: The original. There are 40 cards in a modern Cuccù pack which rank in descending order as follows: The following rules are based on pagat.com . Players pay a stake to the pool and receive 3 counters each. Having drawn cards, the player with the highest becomes the first dealer . The dealer shuffles and has the pack cut by the player to the left before dealing one card each in anticlockwise order. Cards are dealt from

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3276-451: The pack consisting of 38 cards. These special Cuccù packs are the earliest surviving examples of a family of non-suited packs, sometimes referred to as the Cambio family. They originally had 38 cards divided into two more-or-less identical sets of cards, each set comprising eleven numeral cards, with Roman numerals from 0 (low) to X (high), and eight picture cards, the lion of the modern pack being

3339-406: The player (or players) with the lowest card rank are the losers of the round. Each loser deposits a chip into a basket. When a player has no chips remaining, they must withdraw from the game and are eliminated. The number of players taking part in the game thus decreases as the game progressed, except in the case where all players have the same card rank. The game ends when only one player remains in

3402-430: The player ending up with the lowest card losing the deal. Here is also the name of an Ace left in a player's hand causing that player to lose the deal. it is described as "the game of fathers, because they play it even with the smallest children." Lebrun (1828) does not describe L'As Qui Court but simply Coucou with traditional rules. In a footnote, the author points out that Coucou is also called Her, specifying that when

3465-436: The player to the right, dealing one card to each opponent and three as the dealer's hand. After consulting the dealer's three-card hand, the dealer keeps the highest and puts the other two, face down, underneath the remainder of the deck (known as the talon ). The talon is then placed between the dealer and the player to the right, who would become the next dealer. At this point, all players have only one card. Each players

3528-428: The players' positions on the board, and use the cards for some secondary purpose. Despite the presence of playing cards in Europe being recorded from around 1370, it is not until 1408 that the first card game is described in a document about the exploits of two card sharps ; although it is evidently very simple, the game is not named. In fact the earliest games to be mentioned by name are Gleek , Ronfa and Condemnade,

3591-443: The right. The last player, to the left of the dealer, does not exchange a card with the dealer, but instead with the card on top of the talon. If this card turns out to be a King, no exchange is allowed. The dealer is obliged to keep the card selected at the outset, having taken advantage of the privilege of choosing from the initial three cards at the time of the deal. The exchanges being thus finished, players reveal their cards and

3654-406: The trick. There are two main types of trick-taking game with different objectives. Both are based on the play of multiple tricks , in each of which each player plays a single card from their hand, and based on the values of played cards one player wins or "takes" the trick. In plain-trick games the aim is to win a number of tricks, a specific trick or as many tricks as possible, without regard to

3717-401: The winner usually wins a significant amount, while each of the other participants only loses a relatively small amount. The low financial risk and the simplicity of the game led Lebrun (1828) to classify Coucou as a "game of entertainment". The duration of the game depends partly on how quickly each deal is played and partly on how many players there are. In the literature, for example, there

3780-500: Was Triomphe , the name simply being the French equivalent of the Italian trionfi . Although not testified before 1538, its first rules were written by a Spaniard who left his native country for Milan in 1509 never to return; thus the game may date to the late 15th century. Others games that may well date to the 15th century are Pochen – the game of Bocken or Boeckels being attested in Strasbourg in 1441 – and Thirty-One , which

3843-405: Was played with a standard 52-card deck . The first rules appear under the name Hère in 1690 and as Coucou in 1721. The name As Qui Court appears in the mid-19th century, but the name Coucou (" cuckoo ") persisted and the game is still played in France today under that name. The game migrated to England by 1881 as Ranter-Go-Round , but is now also sometimes known as Cuckoo. The game uses

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3906-564: Was the introduction of trump cards with the power to beat all cards in other suits. Such cards were initially called trionfi and first appeared with the advent of Tarot cards in which there is a separate, permanent trump suit comprising a number of picture cards. The first known example of such cards was ordered by the Duke of Milan around 1420 and included 16 trumps with images of Greek and Roman gods. Thus games played with Tarot cards appeared very early on and spread to most parts of Europe with

3969-537: Was the most successful card game ever invented." Ombre's origins are unclear and obfuscated by the existence of a game called Homme or Bête in France, ombre and homme being respectively Spanish and French for 'man'. In Ombre, the player who won the bidding became the "Man" and played alone against the other two. The game spread rapidly across Europe, spawning variants for different numbers of players and known as Quadrille , Quintille, Médiateur and Solo . Quadrille went on to become highly fashionable in England during

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