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54-518: Csanád defeated and killed Ajtony who had ruled over the region now known as Banat (in Romania and Serbia ). Csanád County and its capital ( Cenad , in Hungarian Csanád ) were named after him. The anonymous author of the 13th-century Gesta Ungarorum states that Csanád was the nephew of King Stephen I of Hungary (1000/1001-1038) (nepos regis) and his father's name was Doboka. According to

108-743: A monastery for Greek monks at his seat which was dedicated to John the Baptist . Ajtony remained polygamous, with seven wives after his baptism. In the Long Life Ajtony "had taken his power from the Greeks", suggesting that he accepted the Byzantine emperor's suzerainty. Ajtony's commander-in-chief was Csanád, described in the Gesta Hungarorum as the "son of Doboka and nephew" of King Stephen. Accused of conspiring against Ajtony, Csanád fled to Stephen;

162-521: A "Romanian country". Curta rejected the Long Life account of Ajtony altogether, calling it a "family legend" from a 14th-century hagiography. Diocese In church governance , a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop . In the later organization of the Roman Empire , the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in

216-485: A circuit, and the circuit is overseen by a superintendent minister who has pastoral charge of all the circuit churches (though in practice he or she delegates such charge to other presbyters who each care for a section of the circuit and chair the local church meetings as deputies of the superintendent). This echoes the practice of the early church where the bishop was supported by a bench of presbyters. Circuits are grouped together to form Districts. All of these, combined with

270-403: A corrupt profit. Nonetheless, these courts were popular as people could get quick justice without being charged fees. Bishops had no part in the civil administration until the town councils, in decline, lost much authority to a group of 'notables' made up of the richest councilors, powerful and rich persons legally exempted from serving on the councils, retired military, and bishops post-AD 450. As

324-692: A higher rank. Archdioceses are often chosen based on their population and historical significance. All dioceses and archdioceses, and their respective bishops or archbishops, are distinct and autonomous. An archdiocese has limited responsibilities within the same ecclesiastical province assigned to it by the Holy See. As of April 2020 , in the Catholic Church there are 2,898 regular dioceses (or eventually eparchies) consisting of: 1 papal see , 9 patriarchates , 4 major archeparchies , 560 metropolitan archdioceses , 76 single archdioceses and 2,248 dioceses in

378-494: A larger unit, the diocese ( Latin dioecesis , from the Greek term διοίκησις, meaning "administration"). Christianity was given legal status in 313 with the Edict of Milan . Churches began to organize themselves into dioceses based on the civil dioceses , not on the larger regional imperial districts. These dioceses were often smaller than the provinces . Christianity was declared

432-525: A place later called Oroszlános ( Banatsko Aranđelovo , Serbia), most probably after the carved lions decorating its gates ( oroszlán is the Hungarian world for ‘lion’). The Greek monks of the Eastern Orthodox monastery which Ahtum had established at Morisena were also moved to make room for Gerard's newly established bishopric. Csanád was the ancestor of the genus Chanad/Sunad (Csanád kindred),

486-614: Is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ (COGIC) has dioceses throughout the United States. In the COGIC, most states are divided into at least three or more dioceses that are each led by a bishop (sometimes called a "state bishop"); some states have as many as ten dioceses. These dioceses are called "jurisdictions" within COGIC. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ,

540-513: Is entrusted to a bishop for him to shepherd with the cooperation of the presbyterium, so that, adhering to its pastor and gathered by him in the Holy Spirit through the gospel and the Eucharist, it constitutes a particular church in which the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church of Christ is truly present and operative." Also known as particular churches or local churches , dioceses are under

594-514: Is not found in Catholic canon law , with the terms "diocese" and " episcopal see " being applicable to the area under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of any bishop. If the title of archbishop is granted on personal grounds to a diocesan bishop , his diocese does not thereby become an archdiocese. The Canon Law of the Catholic Church defines a diocese as "a portion of the people of God which

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648-638: Is not universally accepted. Unlike Gylas, who chose the Eastern Orthodox Church , Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians , opted for Western Christianity and a cleric from the Holy Roman Empire (according to most scholars, Bruno from the Abbey of Saint Gall ) baptised him during the 970s. Thietmar of Merseburg and other 11th-century authors emphasized that Géza was a cruel ruler, suggesting that

702-605: Is part of one episcopal area (though that area may contain more than one conference). The African Methodist Episcopal Church has a similar structure to the United Methodist Church, also using the Episcopal Area. The bishops govern the church as a single bench. In the British Methodist Church and Irish Methodist Church , the closest equivalent to a diocese is the 'circuit' . Each local church belongs to

756-714: Is rooted in the Turkic word for golden (altun) and changed in Hungarian . Place names also echo his name; an abbey named Ahtunmonustura (Ajtony's monastery) existed in Csanád County and a village (Ahthon) in Krassó County , and a settlement named Aiton exists in Romania. According to the Long Life , Ajtony's seat was a stronghold on the Mureș (urbs Morisena) . His realm extended from

810-646: Is the Long Life of Saint Gerard , a 14th-century hagiography . Ajtony was a powerful ruler who owned many horses, cattle and sheep and was baptised according to the Orthodox rite in Vidin . He taxed salt which was transferred to King Stephen I of Hungary on the Mureș River . The king sent Csanád , Ajtony's former commander-in-chief, against him at the head of a large army. Csanád defeated and killed Ajtony, occupying his realm. In

864-399: The Long Life of St Gerard , an early 14th-century compilation of different sources, Csanád was a pagan in the service of Ahtum. Ahtum, whose residence was at “urbs Morisena” on the river Mureș , controlled traffic along the river and taxed transport of salts from Transylvania to the heartland of Pannonia. It was in relation to salt that Ahtum found himself in conflict with Stephen,

918-798: The Carpathian Basin after their defeat by a coalition of Bulgarians and Pechenegs about 895 AD. Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote that the seven Magyar tribes formed a confederation with the Kabars. Although the Kabars had originally lived in the Khazar Khaganate , they rebelled against the Khazars and joined the Magyars on the Pontic steppe. According to churchman Regino of Prüm , Constantine Porphyrogenitus and other contemporary sources,

972-515: The Carpathian Basin situation from Termatzus , Bulcsú and Gylas , three Hungarian chieftains who visited Constantinople during the mid-10th century. According to Byzantine historian John Skylitzes , Bulcsú and Gylas were baptised during their visit. Bulcsú, Skylitzes wrote, still "violated his contract with God and often invaded" the Byzantine Empire; Gylas, however, "remained faithful to Christianity" and made no further inroads against

1026-709: The Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion . The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as dioceses, not archdioceses: they are the metropolitan bishops of their respective provinces and bishops of their own diocese and have the position of archbishop. The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia in its constitution uses

1080-592: The Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics. These dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop (see Archbishop of Uppsala ). Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , the Evangelical Church in Germany (partially), and the Church of Norway . From about

1134-569: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America have a bishop acting as the head of the synod, but the synod does not have dioceses and archdioceses as the churches listed above. Rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory . The Lutheran Church - International , based in Springfield, Illinois , presently uses a traditional diocesan structure, with four dioceses in North America. Its current president

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1188-655: The Gesta , Ajtony was descended from Glad (in the same source, lord of the Banat); however, its credibility is questioned. In a 1499 sermon the Franciscan Osvát Laskai wrote that Ajtony was from the Nyírség region, but no evidence exists to indicate that Laskai knew his place of birth. Ajtony's name, recorded in the earliest sources as "Ohtun" or "Achtum", is of Turkic origin. According to linguist Loránd Benkő, his name

1242-428: The Long Life was based on a ballad about the heroic deeds of Csanád —Ajtony's former commander-in-chief—because a shorter version of Bishop Gerard of Csanád 's life does not mention Ajtony. Most historians agree that the ballad was composed shortly after Ajtony's death. In addition to the Long Life , Ajtony is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum ; the Hungarian chronicle was written after around 1150. According to

1296-756: The Protestant Reformation and more specifically the Swiss Reformation led by John Calvin . Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government , which is governed by representative assemblies of elders. The Church of Scotland is governed solely through presbyteries , at parish and regional level, and therefore has no dioceses or bishops. Congregational churches practice congregationalist church governance , in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Churches of Christ , being strictly non-denominational , are governed solely at

1350-514: The United Methodist Church (the United States and some other countries), a bishop is given oversight over a geographical area called an episcopal area . Each episcopal area contains one or more annual conferences , which is how the churches and clergy under the bishop's supervision are organized. Thus, the use of the term "diocese" referring to geography is the most equivalent in the United Methodist Church, whereas each annual conference

1404-849: The Western Empire collapsed in the 5th century, bishops in Western Europe assumed a larger part of the role of the former Roman governors. A similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire . In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division. For Gaul, Bruce Eagles has observed that "it has long been an academic commonplace in France that

1458-460: The 13th century until the German mediatization of 1803, the majority of the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire were prince-bishops , and as such exercised political authority over a principality, their so-called Hochstift , which was distinct, and usually considerably smaller than their diocese, over which they only exercised the usual authority of a bishop. Some American Lutheran church bodies such as

1512-551: The Byzantine Emperor Basil II seized Vidin from the Bulgarians in 1002. The conflict between Ajtony and King Stephen must have occurred before the king appointed Gerard the first bishop of Csanád in 1030. Alexandru Madgearu, who called Ajtony an ally of Samuel of Bulgaria rather than Emperor Basil II, wrote that Stephen I's army occupied Ajtony's realm in parallel with Basil II's 1002 conquest of Vidin. Makkai placed

1566-636: The Criș in the north to the Danube in the south, and from the Tisza in the west to Transylvania in the east. Ajtony was a wealthy ruler who owned horses, cattle and sheep, and was powerful enough to establish customs offices and guards along the Mureș and tax salt carried to Stephen I of Hungary on the river. Originally a pagan, Ajtony was baptised according to the Greek rite in Vidin . Shortly after his baptism, he established

1620-595: The Empire's official religion by Theodosius I in 380. Constantine I in 318 gave litigants the right to have court cases transferred from the civil courts to the bishops. This situation must have hardly survived Julian , 361–363. Episcopal courts are not heard of again in the East until 398 and in the West in 408. The quality of these courts was low, and not above suspicion as the Bishop of Alexandria Troas found that clergy were making

1674-476: The Greek παροικία paroikia ), dating from the increasingly formalized Christian authority structure in the 4th century. Dioceses ruled by an archbishop are commonly referred to as archdioceses; most are metropolitan sees , being placed at the head of an ecclesiastical province . In the Catholic Church , some are suffragans of a metropolitan see or are directly subject to the Holy See . The term "archdiocese"

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1728-513: The Magyars fought the Bavarians , Bulgarians, Carinthians , Franks and Moravians in the Carpathian Basin. Among the Magyars' opponents the same sources noted many local rulers, including Svatopluk I of Moravia , Luitpold of Bavaria and Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia . The Gesta Hungarorum —the earliest extant Hungarian chronicle, written after 1150 —instead mentioned Glad , lord of

1782-651: The Mureș (according to the Gesta Hungarorum ). In the Long Life Csanád cut out Ajtony's tongue after his death, enabling him to prove that he had killed Ajtony (and exposing Gyula, who had taken credit for the deed in Stephen's presence). Archaeologist István Erdélyi said that the Treasure of Sânnicolau Mare , excavated near Ajtony's seat, was connected to the ruler; however, his view has not been universally accepted by scholars. King Stephen granted large estates to Csanád in

1836-626: The Vice-President, who is always a deacon or layperson. Each District is headed by a 'Chair', a presbyter who oversees the district. Although the district is similar in size to a diocese, and Chairs meet regularly with their partner bishops, the Methodist superintendent is closer to the bishop in function than is the chair. The purpose of the district is to resource the circuits; it has no function otherwise. Many churches worldwide have neither bishops nor dioceses. Most of these churches are descended from

1890-440: The authority of a bishop . They are described as ecclesiastical districts defined by geographical territory. Dioceses are often grouped by the Holy See into ecclesiastical provinces for greater cooperation and common action among regional dioceses. Within an ecclesiastical province, one diocese can be designated an "archdiocese" or "metropolitan archdiocese", establishing centrality within an ecclesiastical province and denoting

1944-547: The congregational level. Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control. Most Baptists believe in "Two offices of the church"—pastor-elder and deacon—based on certain scriptures ( 1 Timothy 3:1–13 ; Titus 1–2 ). Exceptions to this local form of local governance include

1998-566: The conquest of Ajtony's realm in 1008. According to Pop, Stephen I decided to invade the Banat after a 1027 Pecheneg raid on the Byzantine Empire and Emperor Constantine VIII 's death the following year. Pop also writes that Ajtony's former duchy was not fully incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary until the 13th century because frequent internal conflicts had enabled the Romanians to preserve their idea of

2052-515: The dozen "imaginary figures" invented by Anonymus (author of the Gesta ) as foes in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . Constantine Porphyrogenitus identified "the whole settlement of Turkey" ( Hungary ) with the basins of five rivers—the Criș , Mureș, Timiș , Tisza and the unidentified "Toutis" —around 950, indicating that the land east of the Tisza was ruled by the Hungarians at that time. The emperor apparently received information about

2106-548: The empire. Skylitzes also mentioned a Greek monk, Hierotheos, who was ordained bishop for the Hungarians. Hierotheos accompanied Gylas back to Hungary and "converted many from the barbaric fallacy to Christianity". Most 10th-century Byzantine coins and artifacts have been unearthed around the confluence of the Tisza and the Mureș, particularly in the Banat. Tudor Sălăgean, Florin Curta and other historians posit that Gylas's lands must have been in these territories, but their theory

2160-399: The king prepared to conquer Ajtony's realm, placing Csanád at the head of a large army. After crossing the Tisza, the royal army engaged Ajtony's troops but was forced to withdraw. In a second battle, Stephen's army routed Ajtony's troops near modern Banatsko Aranđelovo or at Tomnatic . Csanád killed Ajtony, either on the battlefield (according to the Long Life ) or in his stronghold on

2214-584: The lands Ajtony had ruled. Ajtony's stronghold, now known as Cenad ( Hungarian : Csanád ), was named for Stephen's commander. The king also appointed Csanád the head (or ispán ) of the county made up of Ajtony's former realm. Stephen established a Roman Catholic diocese in Cenad , with the Venetian monk Gerard its first bishop. The Greek monks from Cenad were transferred to a new monastery built by Csanád at Banatsko Aranđelovo. Ajtony's descendants owned land in

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2268-572: The lands between the Danube and the Mureș (now known as the Banat in Romania and Serbia ) and other local rulers absent from the earlier sources. Therefore, the credibility of the Gesta reports is a subject of scholarly debate. Although Vlad Georgescu , Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians describe Glad as one of the local Romanian rulers who attempted to resist the invading Hungarians, other scholars—including Pál Engel and György Györffy —call him one of

2322-583: The last member of a "native" dynasty descended from Glad , who is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as opposing the invading Hungarians, historian Alexandru Madgearu wrote that the Latin name of Ajtony's seat (urbs Morisena) preserved a Romanian form. The date of Ajtony's conquest is also uncertain. His close contacts with the Byzantine Empire, including his "Greek rite" baptism in Vidin, show that he ruled after

2376-407: The local membership of the Church, are referred to as the "Connexion". This 18th-century term, endorsed by John Wesley , describes how people serving in different geographical centres are 'connected' to each other. Personal oversight of the Methodist Church is exercised by the President of the Conference, a presbyter elected to serve for a year by the Methodist Conference; such oversight is shared with

2430-452: The medieval dioceses, and their constituent pagi , were the direct territorial successors of the Roman civitates ." Modern usage of 'diocese' tends to refer to the sphere of a bishop's jurisdiction. This became commonplace during the self-conscious "classicizing" structural evolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, but this usage had itself been evolving from the much earlier parochia (" parish "; Late Latin derived from

2484-415: The newly proclaimed king of Hungary. According to the Long Life , Csanád had been loyal to Ahtum, but later switched sides and at the head of a large army sent by King Stephen I eventually defeated and killed Ahtum. Csanád was subsequently given substantial grants of land in the newly conquered territories of his former lord. At urbs Morisena , which was given the name of Csanád, a Roman Catholic bishopric

2538-441: The region, indicating that King Stephen had not confiscated all of his predecessor's domain. Ajtony's ethnicity is debated. Historian Paul Stephenson described him as a Magyar chieftain; according to historian László Makkai, he was of Kabar origin and his Turkic name may imply that he was a Pecheneg. According to historian Florin Curta he could be Bulgar, Khazar or Pecheneg. In Romanian historiography, Ajtony has been considered

2592-428: The site of whose main holdings in Arad , Csanád, Krassó and Temes counties demonstrated a quite remarkable continuity from the 11th to 14th centuries. Ajtony Ajtony , Ahtum or Achtum ( Hungarian : Ajtony , Bulgarian : Охтум , Romanian : Ahtum , Serbian : Ахтум ) was an early-11th-century ruler in the territory now known as Banat in present Romania and Serbia . His primary source

2646-440: The specific term "Episcopal Unit" for both dioceses and pīhopatanga because of its unique three- tikanga (culture) system. Pīhopatanga are the tribal-based jurisdictions of Māori pīhopa (bishops) which overlap with the "New Zealand dioceses" (i.e. the geographical jurisdictions of the pākehā (European) bishops); these function like dioceses, but are never called so. Certain Lutheran denominations such as

2700-420: The term "bishopric" is used to describe the bishop together with his two counselors, not the ward or congregation of which a bishop has charge. An organization created by the Gnostic group known as the Cathars in 1167 called the Council of Saint-Félix organized Cathar communities into bishoprics, which each had a bishop presiding over a specific division, even though there was no central authority. In

2754-402: The territory, at least one county and a Roman Catholic diocese were established. Historians disagree on the year of Ajtony's defeat; it may have occurred in 1002, 1008 or between 1027 and 1030. His ethnicity is also a subject of historical debate; he may have been Hungarian , Kabar or Pecheneg . The Magyars (or Hungarians ), who had lived on the Pontic steppe for decades, invaded

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2808-454: The unification of the Hungarian chieftains' lands began under him. Géza was succeeded by his son, Stephen , who was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000 or 1001. The principal source of Ajtony's life is the Long Life of Saint Gerard , compiled from a number of earlier sources in the early 14th century. According to modern historians (including Carlile Aylmer Macartney and Florin Curta), all information on Ajtony incorporated into

2862-414: The world. In the Eastern Catholic Churches that are in communion with the Pope , the equivalent entity is called an eparchy or "archeparchy", with an "eparch" or "archeparch" serving as the ordinary . The Eastern Orthodox Church calls dioceses episkopies (from the Greek ἐπισκοπή) in the Greek tradition and eparchies (from ἐπαρχία) in the Slavic tradition. After the English Reformation ,

2916-404: Was immediately founded, and Gerard , who had hitherto lived as a hermit in the forest of the Bakony , was invited to be its first bishop . By that time Csanád had been baptized and become the head of the royal county (comitatus) organized around the fortress at Cenad. With Csanád's help, Bishop Gerard began his mission in the region and established a monastery dedicated to St George in

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