Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims." The word has mainly been used in reference to Spanish Muslims and Sicilian Muslims during the Inquisition (i.e., the Moriscos and Saraceni and their usage of Aljamiado ). With the Portuguese Empire's expansion to the Far East and the Spanish Empire's spread to the Philippines from Latin America, Filipino Muslims and Portuguese Muslims were also subject to the Inquisition , one famous case being Alexo de Castro of the Spanish-occupied Moluccas , who was tried for crypto-Islam a continent away before the Mexican Inquisition .
15-446: Some historical examples include Ahmad ibn Qasim Al-Hajarī , 16th-century crypto-Muslim from Spain who authored a book recounting how he organized his escape from Spain to Morocco, and including a refutation of Catholic opinions about Jesus. The books also included details on crypto-Muslim life in Spain. He later became Ambassador of Morocco to Spain. The Oran fatwa issued in the context of
30-762: A transit to Morocco to the Moriscos being expulsed from Spain after 1609, had instead captured them and their belongings. After sailing from Safi to Le Havre , Al-Hajari met with the King, and obtained a safe-conduct to visit the country. In Bordeaux he obtained some financial compensation from the shipowners who had been involved in the Moriscos affair. Al-Hajari met with the Orientalist Thomas Erpenius in September 1611 in Paris , and taught him some Classical Arabic. Through
45-732: The Low Countries to Safi in Morocco and Algiers accompanied by 135 Muslim captives, both Turkish and Moorish, who had been seized by the Dutch in the Low Countries in a naval encounter with Spanish galleys. This event led to a first Dutch mission to Morocco led by Pieter Maertensz Coy. From 1605, Coy became representative of the States General in Marrakesh . In 1607 however, he was imprisoned by
60-598: The Dutch Prince Maurice of Orange the possibility of an alliance between the Dutch Republic , the Ottoman Empire , Morocco and the Moriscos, against the common enemy Spain . His book mentions the discussion for a combined offensive on Spain, as well as the religious reasons for the good relations between Islam and Protestantism at the time: Their teachers [Luther and Calvin] warned them [Protestants] against
75-761: The Moroccan Sultan Mulay Zidan , following an incident in which Dutch pirates attacked English shipping. He was released on July 18, 1607, with the help of a local secretary to the Sultan, Al-Hajari . Pieter Maertensz Coy was recalled to the Netherlands on December 13, 1607. He met the Moroccan envoy to the Netherlands Al-Hajari in La Hague in 1613, as recounted by the latter in his 1641 book The Book of
90-615: The Pope and the worshippers of Idols [referring to the Islamic view of Catholic image veneration ]; they also told them not to hate the Muslims because they are the sword of God in the world against the idol-worshippers. That is why they side with the Muslims. He then met with Erpenius there, as well as with the future explorer Peter Nuyts . In the series of Moroccan envoys to the Dutch Crown, Al-Hajari
105-574: The godhead of Christ (...) About many other things, they do not think as stupidly as some of us try to prove by means of the Quran. In 1613, Al-Hajari visited the Dutch Republic, which he could visit freely due to the existence of a Treaty of Friendship. He stayed from June to September. He met an old acquaintance, the former Dutch Consul in Morocco Pieter Marteen Coy . He also discussed with
120-834: The introduction of Erpenius, Al-Hajari also met with the French Arabist Étienne Hubert d'Orléans , who had been a court physician for Moroccan ruler Ahmad al-Mansur in Marrakech from 1598 to 1601. Etienne Hubert offered to help him in his proceeding and to represent him "to all people of authority". Erpenius described Al-Hajari as: A civilized and intelligent man, who as a youth studied literature, and who even speaks moderately good Latin Arabic [Classical Arabic] They also discussed about religious subjects: We have frequent discussions about religion, but believe me their discussions are not so easy to refute as many people imagine. They abhor especially
135-498: The mentioned countries. Al-Hajari fled Spain for Morocco in 1599, following the persecutions of the Moriscos. In 1610-11, the ruler of Morocco Mulay Zidan sent Al-Hajari to France in order to obtain redress on the subject of the Moriscos . He was involved in arms smuggling while in southern France, and visited Paris and Leiden . The reason for the visit to France seems to have been that some French corsairs, falsely offering
150-498: The newly converted continued to secretly practice Islam. Once Russia allowed Muslims to practice their faith, many of the converted reverted to Islam. This Islam-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ahmad ibn Qasim Al-Hajar%C4%AB Ahmad ibn Qāsim Al-Hajarī ( Arabic : أحمد بن قاسم الحجري ) also known as Al-Hajari , Afoukay , Chihab , Afokai ( Arabic : أفوكاي ) or Afoqai ( Arabic : أفوقاي ) (c.1570, Andalusia –c.1640, Tunis ),
165-406: The persecution of Muslims in Spain gave guidance to crypto-Muslims on how to balance religious obligations with concealing their faith, allowing relaxation of sharia obligations in certain situations. In 16th- to late 18th-century Russia , the native Muslims of the region faced frequent persecution by the authorities, which saw many episodes of forced conversions to Christianity. During these times,
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#1732891406037180-690: The unsheathed sword on heathens ( Arabic : ناصر الدين على القوم الكافرين وهو السيف الأشهر على من كفر , Kitāb Nāṣir al-dīn ʻalā ʼl-qawm al-kāfirīn [ ar ] , also shortened to Kitāb Nāṣir al-dīn ), which he authored in 1037 AH/1637 CE at the request of a Tunisian Cheikh . He seems to have died in Tunis in the 1640s. Nabil I. Matar, In the Land of the Christians [1] (retrieved, August 5, 2010) Pieter Marteen Coy Pieter Maertensz Coy , also Pieter Martensz Coij or Pedr Marteen (died 1629),
195-676: Was a 17th-century diplomat of the Netherlands , active in Morocco and Algiers. When young, Pieter Maertensz Coy was captured by the Turks and imprisoned as a slave in Algiers . It was there that he learned to speak Turkish. Eventually – unbeknownst whether set free or escaped from captivity – he managed to return to the Netherlands, where he then resided in Hoorn. In April–May 1605, Pieter Maertensz Coy went from
210-453: Was a Muslim Morisco who worked as a translator in Morocco during the reigns of the Saadi sultans, Ahmad al-Mansur , Zidan Abu Maali , Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II and Al Walid ibn Zidan . He was later sent as an envoy by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of Morocco who sent him to France and Netherlands to negotiate the release of some Moriscos who were captured by privateers and thrown on the shores of
225-474: Was preceded by Muhammad Alguazir , and succeeded by Yusuf Biscaino . The later part of his life was devoted to translating religious texts from Arabic to Spanish for the benefit of the Moriscos diaspora. His importance lies in his chronicling of his journey which also contains a part on his fleeing the Inquisition with his family. His chronicles are titled: The supporter of religion against disbelievers and
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