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74-563: Crump Lake is located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north of the unincorporated community of Adel, Oregon at the southern end of the Warner Valley in south-central Oregon. The valley is approximately 60 miles (97 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide. Most of the valley is in Lake County, however the north end of the valley extends about 10 miles (16 km) into Harney County . It is an alluvial basin containing numerous lakes, remnants of

148-423: A phase-transfer catalyst . Sodium content of samples is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or by potentiometry using ion-selective electrodes. Like the other alkali metals, sodium dissolves in ammonia and some amines to give deeply colored solutions; evaporation of these solutions leaves a shiny film of metallic sodium. The solutions contain the coordination complex [Na(NH 3 ) 6 ] , with

222-503: A raising agent , and sodablasting . Along with potassium, many important medicines have sodium added to improve their bioavailability ; though potassium is the better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen for its lower price and atomic weight. Sodium hydride is used as a base for various reactions (such as the aldol reaction ) in organic chemistry. Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride , sodium azide , indigo , and triphenylphosphine . A once-common use

296-525: A compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda , meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times. Although sodium, sometimes called soda , had long been recognized in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through

370-524: A corner of our 60 m room farthest away from the apparatus, we exploded 3 mg of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the nonluminous flame before the slit. After a while, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes. From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room, we easily calculate that one part by weight of air could not contain more than 1/20 millionth weight of sodium. The Earth's crust contains 2.27% sodium, making it

444-539: A drought period in the 1950s, the island was scoured away by heavy equipment being used to unearth Native American artifacts. In the 1990s, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife attempted to restore the island, but wind and wave action quickly eroded it away again. In 2008, the United States Army Corps of Engineers built a 1 acre (0.40 ha) nesting site at the location of the original island. It

518-563: A high affinity for the sodium ion; derivatives of the alkalide Na are obtainable by the addition of cryptands to solutions of sodium in ammonia via disproportionation . Many organosodium compounds have been prepared. Because of the high polarity of the C-Na bonds, they behave like sources of carbanions (salts with organic anions ). Some well-known derivatives include sodium cyclopentadienide (NaC 5 H 5 ) and trityl sodium ((C 6 H 5 ) 3 CNa). Sodium naphthalene , Na [C 10 H 8 •] ,

592-415: A high neutron flux in the reactor. The high boiling point of sodium allows the reactor to operate at ambient (normal) pressure, but drawbacks include its opacity, which hinders visual maintenance, and its strongly reducing properties. Sodium will explode in contact with water, although it will only burn gently in air. Radioactive sodium-24 may be produced by neutron bombardment during operation, posing

666-452: A maximum depth of 6 feet (1.8 m). It received a steady flow of fresh water from Deep Creek and Twelvemile Creek which helps to stabilize the water level in the lake. It also receives excess water from Pelican Lake through a series of marshy channels. The outflow from Crump Lake drains north into Hart Lake through a narrow wetland channel. The water clarity in Crump Lake is murky due to

740-407: A nuclear criticality accident , converts some of the stable Na in human blood to Na; the neutron radiation dosage of a victim can be calculated by measuring the concentration of Na relative to Na. Sodium atoms have 11 electrons, one more than the stable configuration of the noble gas neon . The first and second ionization energies are 495.8 kJ/mol and 4562 kJ/mol, respectively. As

814-885: A result, sodium usually forms ionic compounds involving the Na cation. Metallic sodium is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium . Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the standard reduction potential for the Na /Na couple being −2.71 volts, though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials. Sodium compounds are of immense commercial importance, being particularly central to industries producing glass , paper , soap , and textiles . The most important sodium compounds are table salt (Na Cl ), soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ), baking soda (Na HCO 3 ), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (Na NO 3 ), di- and tri- sodium phosphates , sodium thiosulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ·5H 2 O), and borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O). In compounds, sodium

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888-495: A result, the committee has established Adequate Intake (AI) levels instead, as follows. The sodium AI for infants of 0–6 months is established at 110 mg/day, 7–12 months: 370 mg/day; for children 1–3 years: 800 mg/day, 4–8 years: 1,000 mg/day; for adolescents: 9–13 years – 1,200 mg/day, 14–18 years 1,500 mg/day; for adults regardless of their age or sex: 1,500 mg/day. Sodium chloride ( NaCl ) contains approximately 39.34% of elemental sodium ( Na )

962-463: A single great lake that covered the valley floor up to 200 feet (61 m) deep during the Pleistocene epoch. Today, steep cliffs rise above a chain of endorheic lakes including Crump Lake, known collectively as Warner Lakes. The valley has two regions commonly referred to as South Warner Valley and North Warner Valley . The two areas transition between Crump Lake in the south and Hart Lake to

1036-461: A slight radiation hazard; the radioactivity stops within a few days after removal from the reactor. If a reactor needs to be shut down frequently, NaK is used. Because NaK is a liquid at room temperature, the coolant does not solidify in the pipes. In this case, the pyrophoricity of potassium requires extra precautions to prevent and detect leaks. Another heat transfer application is poppet valves in high-performance internal combustion engines;

1110-413: A star of at least three solar masses. Two radioactive , cosmogenic isotopes are the byproduct of cosmic ray spallation : Na has a half-life of 2.6 years and Na, a half-life of 15 hours; all other isotopes have a half-life of less than one minute. Two nuclear isomers have been discovered, the longer-lived one being Na with a half-life of around 20.2 milliseconds. Acute neutron radiation, as from

1184-408: A strong reducing agent, forms upon mixing Na and naphthalene in ethereal solutions. Sodium forms alloys with many metals, such as potassium, calcium , lead , and the group 11 and 12 elements. Sodium and potassium form KNa 2 and NaK . NaK is 40–90% potassium and it is liquid at ambient temperature . It is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor. Sodium-calcium alloys are by-products of

1258-462: A week. J. J. Monroe owned the Adel store. The Adel post office was established in 1896 and was either named for a former sweetheart of the owner of the land on which it was established or for a local cow, Leda, but with the spelling reversed. Mail service at that time was limited to three days a week. Crump Lake , immediately north of Adel, is named after Thomas Crump (1854–1939 ), who settled here in

1332-406: Is an unincorporated community in southeastern Lake County , in the U.S. state of Oregon . The community is in an arid, sparsely populated part of the state, along Oregon Route 140 , about 30 miles (48 km) east of Lakeview . The Warner Valley surrounding Adel contains many marshes and shallow lakes, most of them intermittent. Frequented by Native Americans for many thousands of years,

1406-457: Is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce alkynes to trans- alkenes . Lasers emitting light at the sodium D line are used to create artificial laser guide stars that assist in the adaptive optics for land-based visible-light telescopes. Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in sodium-cooled fast reactors because it has the high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section required to achieve

1480-456: Is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be deposited at the cathode. This method is less expensive than the previous Castner process (the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide ). If sodium of high purity is required, it can be distilled once or several times. The market for sodium is volatile due to the difficulty in its storage and shipping; it must be stored under a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent

1554-554: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1867, General George Crook decided to build a fort in the Warner Valley to prevent Indian raiding parties from passing through the area. To get his wagons across the wetlands, he directed a bridge be built across a narrow, marshy channel between Crump Lake and Hart Lake. Forty soldiers of the 23rd Infantry Regiment under the command of Captain James Henton were assigned

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1628-462: Is named for Thomas Crump (1854–1939), a pioneer rancher who settled near the lake in the 1890s. In 1959, a well drilled on the Crump Ranch approximately .75 miles (1.21 km) southwest of the lake created Crump Geyser. Water from the geyser drains into a wetland channel that feeds into the lake. Originally, there was a small island near the center of Crump Lake used by nesting water birds. During

1702-694: Is owned and managed by the Oregon Department of State Lands. Large sections of the Warner Valley around the lake are also publicly owned. The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for much of this land. In addition, the land along the north side of the lake is part of the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge which is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. These public lands offer numerous recreational opportunities including fishing, bird watching, boating , hunting, and camping. However, some of these activities are dependent on

1776-531: Is seen in any whose surfaces are cool enough for sodium to exist in atomic form (rather than ionised). This corresponds to stars of roughly F-type and cooler. Many other stars appear to have a sodium absorption line, but this is actually caused by gas in the foreground interstellar medium . The two can be distinguished via high-resolution spectroscopy, because interstellar lines are much narrower than those broadened by stellar rotation . Sodium has also been detected in numerous Solar System environments, including

1850-549: Is the principal source of sodium ( Na ) in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative in such commodities as pickled preserves and jerky ; for Americans, most sodium chloride comes from processed foods . Other sources of sodium are its natural occurrence in food and such food additives as monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite , sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate . The U.S. Institute of Medicine set its tolerable upper intake level for sodium at 2.3 grams per day, but

1924-455: Is third-least dense of all elemental metals and is one of only three metals that can float on water, the other two being lithium and potassium. The melting (98 °C) and boiling (883 °C) points of sodium are lower than those of lithium but higher than those of the heavier alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and caesium, following periodic trends down the group. These properties change dramatically at elevated pressures: at 1.5  Mbar ,

1998-622: Is to melt them together and another is to deposit sodium electrolytically on molten lead cathodes. NaPb 3 , NaPb, Na 9 Pb 4 , Na 5 Pb 2 , and Na 15 Pb 4 are some of the known sodium-lead alloys. Sodium also forms alloys with gold (NaAu 2 ) and silver (NaAg 2 ). Group 12 metals ( zinc , cadmium and mercury ) are known to make alloys with sodium. NaZn 13 and NaCd 2 are alloys of zinc and cadmium. Sodium and mercury form NaHg, NaHg 4 , NaHg 2 , Na 3 Hg 2 , and Na 3 Hg. Because of its importance in human health, salt has long been an important commodity. In medieval Europe,

2072-551: Is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Adel has a steppe climate , abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. Total annual precipitation in Adel averages about 9 inches (230 mm). The warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 88 °F (31 °C). The coldest months are December and January, when

2146-628: Is usually ionically bonded to water and anions and is viewed as a hard Lewis acid . Most soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids . Sodium soaps have a higher melting temperature (and seem "harder") than potassium soaps. Like all the alkali metals , sodium reacts exothermically with water. The reaction produces caustic soda ( sodium hydroxide ) and flammable hydrogen gas. When burned in air, it forms primarily sodium peroxide with some sodium oxide . Sodium tends to form water-soluble compounds, such as halides , sulfates , nitrates , carboxylates and carbonates . The main aqueous species are

2220-440: The D line at about 589.3 nm. Spin-orbit interactions involving the electron in the 3p orbital split the D line into two, at 589.0 and 589.6 nm; hyperfine structures involving both orbitals cause many more lines. Twenty isotopes of sodium are known, but only Na is stable. Na is created in the carbon-burning process in stars by fusing two carbon atoms together; this requires temperatures above 600 megakelvins and

2294-582: The Sun . The line was first studied in 1814 by Joseph von Fraunhofer during his investigation of the lines in the solar spectrum, now known as the Fraunhofer lines . Fraunhofer named it the "D" line, although it is now known to actually be a group of closely spaced lines split by a fine and hyperfine structure . The strength of the D ;line allows its detection in many other astronomical environments. In stars, it

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2368-468: The electrolysis of sodium hydroxide . In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Natronium for Humphry Davy's "sodium" and Kalium for Davy's "potassium". The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols, and is an abbreviation of the element's Neo-Latin name natrium , which refers to

2442-463: The exospheres of Mercury and the Moon , and numerous other bodies. Some comets have a sodium tail , which was first detected in observations of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. Sodium has even been detected in the atmospheres of some extrasolar planets via transit spectroscopy . Employed in rather specialized applications, about 100,000 tonnes of metallic sodium are produced annually. Metallic sodium

2516-558: The sixth most abundant element on Earth and the fourth most abundant metal, behind aluminium , iron , calcium , and magnesium and ahead of potassium. Sodium's estimated oceanic abundance is 10.8 grams per liter. Because of its high reactivity, it is never found as a pure element. It is found in many minerals, some very soluble, such as halite and natron , others much less soluble, such as amphibole and zeolite . The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in

2590-537: The 1890s. The lake, toward the southern end of a north–south chain of marshes and mainly intermittent lakes, covers about 8,500 acres (3,400 ha) with a shoreline of about 70 miles (110 km). In 1959, two days after the Nevada Thermal Power Company drilled a well on the Crump family property, a continuous geyser of steam and hot water began shooting 150 feet (46 m) into the air. However, during

2664-689: The 1960s the Crump Geyser became plugged with rocks, though it continued to emit steam. In the 21st century, the site's geoelectric potential makes it a candidate for a power station . The state's first geothermal plant began operation at the Oregon Institute of Technology in Klamath Falls in 2010. Another went online near Vale in 2012 and another, near Paisley , in 2014. Adel lies along Oregon Route 140 about 30 miles (48 km) east of Lakeview in south-central Oregon. From its intersection with

2738-513: The Egyptian natron , a natural mineral salt mainly consisting of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames. As early as 1860, Kirchhoff and Bunsen noted the high sensitivity of a sodium flame test , and stated in Annalen der Physik und Chemie : In

2812-571: The Kidütökadö band of Northern Paiute frequented the valley and the uplands of Hart Mountain , the fault block ridge to the east. The Euro-American settler community of Adel developed in the late 19th century around sheep grazing and small cattle ranches. Catholics from Ireland found work here as shepherds; their surnames and their churches are part of the regional heritage. A stagecoach line connected early Adel to Fort Bidwell in northern California and offered transportation three times

2886-458: The amount of nutrients in the lake is very high with significant concentrations of phosphorus and chlorophyll indicating a hypereutrophic condition. Crump Lake provides a unique habitat for plants and animals. The main cliff face of Hart Mountain ends near the north end of the lake, providing a rim rock habitat in that area. The area along the lake's eastern shore is typical high desert scrubland dominated by big sagebrush . The areas to

2960-689: The aquo complexes [Na(H 2 O) n ] , where n = 4–8; with n = 6 indicated from X-ray diffraction data and computer simulations. Direct precipitation of sodium salts from aqueous solutions is rare because sodium salts typically have a high affinity for water. An exception is sodium bismuthate (NaBiO 3 ), which is insoluble in cold water and decomposes in hot water. Because of the high solubility of its compounds, sodium salts are usually isolated as solids by evaporation or by precipitation with an organic antisolvent, such as ethanol ; for example, only 0.35 g/L of sodium chloride will dissolve in ethanol. A crown ether such as 15-crown-5 may be used as

3034-497: The average lows are about 22 °F (−6 °C). Adel School District 21 is one of five school districts comprising the Lake County Education Service District. Adel School, grades 4–8, shares students with Plush School District 18, grades K –3. The two schools combined have about a dozen students. For grades 9–12, the students generally attend Lakeview High School or Paisley School . The portion of

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3108-689: The average person in the United States consumes 3.4 grams per day. The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1.5 g of sodium per day. The Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, which is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, has determined that there isn't enough evidence from research studies to establish Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for sodium. As

3182-423: The case of feldspar is a polysilicate. In the universe, sodium is the 15th most abundant element with a 20,000 parts-per-billion abundance, making sodium 0.002% of the total atoms in the universe. Atomic sodium has a very strong spectral line in the yellow-orange part of the spectrum (the same line as is used in sodium-vapour street lights ). This appears as an absorption line in many types of stars, including

3256-477: The cell through voltage-gated sodium channels enables transmission of a nerve impulse in a process called the action potential . Sodium at standard temperature and pressure is a soft silvery metal that combines with oxygen in the air, forming sodium oxides . Bulk sodium is usually stored in oil or an inert gas. Sodium metal can be easily cut with a knife. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. Due to having low atomic mass and large atomic radius, sodium

3330-442: The color changes from silvery metallic to black; at 1.9 Mbar the material becomes transparent with a red color; and at 3 Mbar, sodium is a clear and transparent solid. All of these high-pressure allotropes are insulators and electrides . In a flame test , sodium and its compounds glow yellow because the excited 3s electrons of sodium emit a photon when they fall from 3p to 3s; the wavelength of this photon corresponds to

3404-408: The county the community is in is not in any community college district, but the county has a "contract-out-of-district" (COD) with Klamath Community College . Sodium Sodium is a chemical element ; it has symbol   Na (from Neo-Latin natrium ) and atomic number  11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal . Sodium is an alkali metal , being in group 1 of

3478-431: The electrolytic production of sodium from a binary salt mixture of NaCl-CaCl 2 and ternary mixture NaCl-CaCl 2 -BaCl 2 . Calcium is only partially miscible with sodium, and the 1–2% of it dissolved in the sodium obtained from said mixtures can be precipitated by cooling to 120 °C and filtering. In a liquid state, sodium is completely miscible with lead. There are several methods to make sodium-lead alloys. One

3552-420: The formation of a surface layer of sodium oxide or sodium superoxide . Though metallic sodium has some important uses, the major applications for sodium use compounds; millions of tons of sodium chloride , hydroxide , and carbonate are produced annually. Sodium chloride is extensively used for anti-icing and de-icing and as a preservative; examples of the uses of sodium bicarbonate include baking, as

3626-436: The lake during their migrations. Species that nest in the areas around Hart Lake include sandhill cranes , American white pelicans , double-crested cormorants , willets , Wilson's phalaropes , American coots , gadwalls , northern shovelers , black-crowned night herons , Canada geese , and numerous varieties of ducks and terns . In addition, white-faced ibis , great white egrets , and American avocets are found in

3700-457: The lake. Redband trout are also found in Deep Creek. These stream-dwelling populations have likely been the source for re-colonizing Crump Lake after extended drought periods killed off the lake's fish populations. In addition to the native fish, crappie , smallmouth bass , and bullhead catfish have been introduced into the Crump Lake. These non-native species have put significant pressure on

3774-476: The main highway, Plush–Adel Road runs north along the western shore of Crump and Hart lakes in the Warner Valley while Twentymile Road runs south from Adel to northern California just west of that state's border with Nevada. Deep Creek, flowing east from the Warner Mountains , passes through Adel into marshlands and Pelican Lake before entering Crump Lake. Adel is 4,547 feet (1,386 m) above sea level. To

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3848-479: The major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and as such are the major contributor to the ECF osmotic pressure . Animal cells actively pump sodium ions out of the cells by means of the sodium–potassium pump , an enzyme complex embedded in the cell membrane , in order to maintain a roughly ten-times higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell than inside. In nerve cells , the sudden flow of sodium ions into

3922-553: The marshes and along the lake shores. There are observation blinds maintained by the Bureau of Land Management at the near-by Warner Wetlands Interpretive Site where American bitterns , black-necked stilts , cinnamon teal , tundra swans , Brewer's blackbirds , western meadowlarks , swallows , and nighthawks are commonly seen. In the meadows and marshes around the lake, dusky flycatchers , yellow warblers , orange-crowned warblers , house wrens , and spotted towhees are common in

3996-447: The most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans. Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide . Among many other useful sodium compounds, sodium hydroxide ( lye ) is used in soap manufacture , and sodium chloride ( edible salt ) is a de-icing agent and a nutrient for animals including humans. Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants. Sodium ions are

4070-538: The native fish species. As a result, the Warner Valley redband trout and the Warner sucker are classified as threatened species. There are over forty mammal species that live in the areas around Crump Lake. These include pronghorn , bighorn sheep , elk , mule deer , cougar , bobcat , and coyotes . Smaller mammals include jackrabbits , ground squirrels , chipmunks , skunks , and muskrats . There are numerous species of birds that live near Crump Lake or stop over at

4144-462: The need for large quantities of sodium. A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886. Sodium is now produced commercially through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (common salt), based on a process patented in 1924. This is done in a Downs cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. As calcium

4218-521: The north at a point where the valley narrows to about 5 miles (8.0 km) in width. There are numerous lakes in the Warner Lakes chain. Starting at the south end of the valley, the Warner Lakes are Pelican Lake, Crump Lake , Hart Lake, Anderson Lake, Swamp Lake, Mugwump Lake, Flagstaff Lake, Upper Campbell Lake, Lower Campbell Lake, Stone Corral Lake, Turpin Lake, and Bluejoint Lake. The valley slopes toward

4292-577: The north. As a result, the elevation of Crump Lake is 13 feet (4.0 m) higher than Bluejoint Lake. Ultimately, the Warner Lakes system has no outlet so its waters eventually evaporate from the lake surfaces and associated wetlands. Native Americans used the Warner Valley's lakes and wetland for thousands of years before the first white explorers arrived. There are ancient Native American petroglyphs near Crump Lake, some are estimated to be 12,000 years old. The Greaser Petroglyph Site , located approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) southeast of Crump Lake,

4366-529: The northeast, the Hart Mountain ridge rises to 8,017 feet (2,444 m). The region is moderately geologically active with a retired geyser and several hot springs. Geothermal exploration at the 7,200-acre (2,900 ha) Crump Geyser site in 2010 found hot springs with temperatures as high as 172 °F (78 °C), two shallow wells with temperatures to 248 °F (120 °C), and a parent source of up to 302 °F (150 °C). This climatic region

4440-556: The periodic table. Its only stable isotope is Na. The free metal does not occur in nature and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars , sodalite , and halite (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are

4514-441: The positive charge counterbalanced by electrons as anions ; cryptands permit the isolation of these complexes as crystalline solids. Sodium forms complexes with crown ethers, cryptands and other ligands. For example, 15-crown-5 has a high affinity for sodium because the cavity size of 15-crown-5 is 1.7–2.2 Å, which is enough to fit the sodium ion (1.9 Å). Cryptands, like crown ethers and other ionophores , also have

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4588-417: The presence of suspended organic particles. Sodium and potassium are the most abundant of the dissolved elements, together they comprise 46 percent of the dissolved-solids in the lake. However, because the lake overflows for several months during most years, Crump Lake has less turbidity than most closed-basin lakes. The water transparency is not a good indicator of the lake's trophic state . In fact,

4662-452: The pressure increases. By itself or with potassium , sodium is a desiccant ; it gives an intense blue coloration with benzophenone when the desiccate is dry. In organic synthesis , sodium is used in various reactions such as the Birch reduction , and the sodium fusion test is conducted to qualitatively analyse compounds. Sodium reacts with alcohols and gives alkoxides , and when sodium

4736-558: The south and west of the lake are mostly mashes, meadows, and grasslands. In these areas, marsh grasses are common along the lake shores. Common wildlife includes common high desert mammals , resident birds, and migrant waterfowl . Crump Lake's native fish species include a Warner Valley subspecies of redband trout and the Warner sucker . The redband trout and a small population of Warner suckers are found in Twelvemile Creek as well as

4810-489: The summer months. The valley around Crump Lake also hosts mountain chickadees , Cassin's finches , black-headed grosbeaks , green-tailed towhees , yellow-rumped warblers , MacGillivray's warblers , mountain bluebirds , white-headed woodpeckers , burrowing owls , and flammulated owls . The larger birds common to the Crump Lake area include great horned owls , barn owls , long-eared owls , prairie falcons , marsh hawks , golden eagles , and bald eagles . Crump Lake

4884-588: The task. The bridge was constructed between 16 May and 24 July 1867. Known as the Stone Bridge , it was actually a quarter mile long causeway constructed by hauling basalt boulders and smaller rocks from the slopes of nearby Hart Mountain and dumping them into the marsh. Today, the Stone Bridge across the Warner wetlands still exists. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Crump Lake

4958-596: The valley became a region of sheep grazing and cattle ranching by the late 19th century. Adel's infrastructure includes a combined store/restaurant/bar, a post office (serving Zip Code 97620), an elementary school, and a church. Hot springs and related geological features have made one of the nearby ranches a potential site for a geothermal power station . People have lived in the Warner Valley for more than 10,000 years. Evidence of Native American occupation includes petroglyphs , hunting blinds , flakes from obsidian tools, and other material artifacts. By historic times,

5032-476: The valve stems are partially filled with sodium and work as a heat pipe to cool the valves. In humans, sodium is an essential mineral that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH . The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is estimated to range from about 120 milligrams per day in newborns to 500 milligrams per day over the age of 10. Sodium chloride , also known as edible salt or table salt (chemical formula NaCl ),

5106-419: The water levels of the Warner Lakes system, which can fluctuate dramatically from year to year. During most years, Crump Lake is available for fishing and boating. While most people fish from the shore, small boats and canoes are also used to fish on the lake. The most popular game fish are crappie, largemouth bass, and brown bullhead. During an extended period of high water in the mid-1980s, crappie fishing

5180-514: Was first produced commercially in the late nineteenth century by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, as the first step of the Deville process for the production of aluminium: The high demand for aluminium created the need for the production of sodium. The introduction of the Hall–Héroult process for the production of aluminium by electrolysing a molten salt bath ended

5254-521: Was intended to protect the lakebed from looting by cultural artifact hunters. This temporary closure was lifted in October 2016, as state officials determined water levels to be improved. Crump Lake is a natural lake that covers 7,324 acres (29.64 km). It is approximately 7.2 miles (11.6 km) long and 2.8 miles (4.5 km) wide, making it the largest of the Warner Lakes under normal conditions. The lake has an average depth of 3 feet (0.91 m) with

5328-566: Was particularly good with some catches exceeding two pounds. There are no developed campgrounds near Crump Lake. However, dispersed camping is allowed on Bureau of Land Management administered lands near to the lake. There is also a day-use recreation site approximately 10 miles (16 km) north of Crump Lake at the Warner Wetlands Interpretive Site . The site has public restrooms, sheltered picnic tables, birdwatching areas, and hiking trails. Adel, Oregon Adel

5402-421: Was specifically designed to resist erosion and the surface was covered with sand and gravel to create nesting habitat for Caspian terns . Since its completion, the new island has become a successful nested site for terns and other water birds. In 2015, the Oregon Department of State Lands closed Crump Lake to the public because several years of drought had dramatically reduced the lake's water level. The closure

5476-554: Was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods, the production of sodium declined after 1970. Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent , and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective. Note the free element is not used as a scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions. Sodium plasma ("vapor") lamps are often used for street lighting in cities, shedding light that ranges from yellow-orange to peach as

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