62-489: Crossville is the name of the following towns in the United States: Crossville, Alabama Crossville, Illinois Crossville, Tennessee Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Crossville . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
124-617: A convention of delegates in Philadelphia to amend the Articles, which would require the unanimous consent of all thirteen states. The delegates to the Philadelphia Convention convened and deliberated from May to September 1787. Instead of pursuing their official charge they returned a draft (new) Constitution , proposed for constructing and administering a new federal—later also known as "national"—government. They further proposed that
186-455: A feature of the country's politics almost since its birth. Some have argued for secession as a constitutional right and others as from a natural right of revolution . In Texas v. White (1869), the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession unconstitutional, while commenting that revolution or consent of the states could lead to a successful secession. The most serious attempt at secession
248-402: A government, when they converted their congress of ambassadors, deputed to deliberate on their common concerns, and to recommend measures of general utility, into a legislature, empowered to enact laws on the most interesting subjects, the whole character in which the states appear underwent a change." Nationalists for Union in the antebellum America argued the opposite of secession; that indeed
310-443: A one-room structure with a single teacher and approximately 50 students, in the late 19th century at Bryant's Chapel Church. The first banking institution was established in 1914 by N.W. Black and Boyce Rains. Soon after, Crossville was granted provisional incorporation , and Charlie J. Crump was appointed first mayor . Little progress was made during his tenure, and the incorporation's dissolution followed quickly thereafter. The town
372-476: A proposal of a compact between the states? If they had, this would be a confederation. It is otherwise most clearly a consolidated government. The question turns, sir, on that poor little thing—the expression, We, the people , instead of the states , of America. ... The federalists acknowledged that national sovereignty would be transferred by the new Constitution to the whole of the American people—indeed, regard
434-461: A recognized authority on international law, wrote at the time that "Treaties contain promises that are perfect and reciprocal. If one of the allies fails in his engagements, the other may ... disengage himself in his promises, and ... break the treaty." Thus, each state could unilaterally 'secede' from the Articles of Confederation at will; this argument for abandoning the Articles—for its weakness in
496-734: A solid town government with taxation, collection and basic town services that would become the foundation for the Town of Crossville. Crossville is located in southwestern DeKalb County at 34°17′12″N 85°59′27″W / 34.28667°N 85.99083°W / 34.28667; -85.99083 (34.286752, -85.990814). Alabama State Route 68 is the main road through the town, leading east 9 miles (14 km) to Interstate 59 at Collinsville and west 14 miles (23 km) to Albertville . Alabama State Route 227 also passes through Crossville, leading north 5 miles (8 km) to Geraldine and south 7 miles (11 km) into Big Wills Valley. According to
558-632: Is Jon Peppers, the Principal of Crossville Middle is Brian Pool, and the Principal of Crossville Elementary is Kristin Williams. 34°17′12″N 85°59′27″W / 34.286752°N 85.990814°W / 34.286752; -85.990814 Secession in the United States In the context of the United States, secession primarily refers to the voluntary withdrawal of one or more states from
620-535: Is called the Trail of Tears , considered an act of genocide because of the thousands who died on the journey, and the forced removal of native peoples from their home territories. (In nearby Fort Payne , which lies across the valley and at the foot of next-door Lookout Mountain , there is a historical sign marking the town as one of the starting points for the Trail of Tears, and also the area where Sequoyah lived, who developed
682-526: The Cherokee alphabet .) During the times of slavery , Crossville, Sand Mountain and DeKalb County, where Crossville is located, were not major slave areas. This can be verified by a study of census rolls which reveal a mostly poor area, where people worked and survived by the labor of their own hands, rather than the forced labor of captive Africans and their descendants. Leading up to the Civil War , DeKalb County
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#1732868680260744-505: The Creek War . . The area's soil, game, climate, and proximity to streams proved attractive to settlers, the majority of whom were drawn there from neighboring states following the expulsion of the indigenous Creeks. . Sand Mountain lay in an area that included disputed borders between the Creeks and the Cherokee . Although Alabama became a state in 1819, until the 1830s much of northern Alabama
806-1225: The Republic of the Philippines . Boundaries of U.S. territories, such as the Nebraska Territory , were not defined precisely. The boundaries of each new state are set in the document admitting the former territory to the Union as a state, which Congress must approve. There are three instances in U.S. history in which a portion of a state successfully seceded to create a new state: Kentucky which separated from Virginia in 1792, Maine separating from Massachusetts in 1820, and West Virginia , which also separated from Virginia, in 1863. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other The Declaration of Independence states: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and
868-713: The Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states. The Confederation government was administered de facto by the Congress under the provisions of the approved (final) draft of the Articles until they achieved ratification—and de jure status—in early 1781. In 1786 delegates of five states (the Annapolis Convention ) called for
930-539: The U.S. Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 8.4 square miles (21.7 km ), all land. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 1,830 people, 707 households, and 455 families residing in the town. As of the 2010 census Crossville had a population of 1,862. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 87.2% non-Hispanic white, 0.4% black, 1.9% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.3% from some other race, 2.4% from two or more races and 8.3% Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of
992-484: The census of 2000, there were 1,431 people, 539 households, and 365 families residing in the town. The population density was 237.8 inhabitants per square mile (91.8/km ). There were 593 housing units at an average density of 98.5 per square mile (38.0/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 97.69% White , 0.07% Black or African American , 0.49% Native American , 0.14% Asian , 0.07% Pacific Islander , 0.56% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. 2.24% of
1054-624: The federalists . (Because of his powerful advocacy Madison was later accorded the honorific "Father of the Constitution".) Ferling wrote: Rumors of likely secessionist movements were unleashed. There was buzz as well that some states planned to abandon the American Union and form a regional confederacy. America, it was said, would go the way of Europe, and ultimately three or four, or more confederacies would spring up. ... Not only would these confederations be capable of taking steps that were beyond
1116-461: The 2010 census the population was 1,862, up from 1,431 in 2000. Crossville is located atop Sand Mountain , a southern extension of the Cumberland Plateau . Crossville is a farming community in northeast Alabama, situated on the sandstone plateau of Sand Mountain . The native peoples called the plateau Raccoon Mountain. It holds some historical significance for having figured tangentially in
1178-421: The Articles' regime of state sovereignty". By adopting a constitution—rather than a treaty, or a compact, or an instrument of confederacy, etc.—that created a new body of government designed to be senior to the several states, and by approving the particular language and provisions of that new Constitution, the framers and voters made it clear that the fates of the individual states were (severely) changed; and that
1240-404: The Constitution because he interpreted its language to replace the sovereignty of the individual states, including that of his own Virginia. He gave his strong voice to the anti-federalist cause in opposition to the federalists led by Madison and Hamilton . Questioning the nature of the proposed new federal government, Henry asked: The fate ... of America may depend on this. ... Have they made
1302-417: The Constitution would be included in the new government. (For a time, eleven of the original states operated under the Constitution without two non-ratifying states, Rhode Island and North Carolina.) In effect, the delegates proposed to abandon and replace the Articles of Confederation rather than amend them. Because the Articles had specified a "perpetual union", various arguments have been offered to explain
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#17328686802601364-419: The Constitution, "there were no guidelines, either in theory or in history, as to whether the compact could be dissolved and, if so, on what conditions". However, during "the founding era, many a public figure...declared that the states could interpose their powers between their citizens and the power of the federal government, and talk of secession was not unknown". But according to McDonald, to avoid resorting to
1426-529: The Constitution. Amar specifically cites the example of New York's ratification as suggestive that the Constitution did not countenance secession. Anti-federalists dominated the Poughkeepsie Convention that would ratify the Constitution. Concerned that the new compact might not sufficiently safeguard states' rights, the anti-federalists sought to insert into the New York ratification message language to
1488-587: The Constitution; and third , with careful selections from the speeches and writings of the Founding Fathers. The historical case begins with the postulate that the Union is older than the states. It quotes the reference in the Declaration of Independence to "these united colonies", contends that the Second Continental Congress actually called the states into being [i.e., "colonies" no longer], notes
1550-576: The Crossville area was a Methodist Episcopal Church called Pine Bark Church, formed just prior to the Civil War. The community's first Baptist church was established in 1892 at Union Grove east of the town center. In 1925, several people started meeting at the high school and formed the First Baptist Church of Crossville. A new sanctuary was built in 1926. Crossville established its first school,
1612-522: The Declaration was followed immediately with the observation that long-practiced injustice is tolerated until sustained assaults on the rights of the entire people have accumulated enough force to oppress them; then they may defend themselves. This reasoning was not original to the Declaration, but can be found in many prior political writings: Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1690); the Fairfax Resolves of 1774; Jefferson's own Summary View of
1674-564: The Forms ("of Government", editor's addition) to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing...a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Gordon S. Wood quotes President John Adams : "Only repeated, multiplied oppressions placing it beyond all doubt that their rulers had formed settled plans to deprive them of their liberties, could warrant
1736-448: The Rights of British America ; the first Constitution of Virginia , which was enacted five days prior to the Declaration; and Thomas Paine 's Common Sense (1776): Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; ...mankind are more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing
1798-422: The Union that constitutes the United States; but may loosely refer to leaving a state or territory to form a separate territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a city or county within a state. Advocates for secession are called disunionists by their contemporaries in various historical documents. Threats and aspirations to secede from the United States, or arguments justifying secession, have been
1860-439: The Union under the Articles was falling apart. James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York—they who joined to vigorously promote a new Constitution—urged that renewed stability of the Union government was critically needed to protect property and commerce. Both founders were strong advocates for a more powerful central government; they published The Federalist Papers to advocate their cause and became known as
1922-406: The ability of Congress under the articles, but in private some portrayed such a step in a positive light, in as much as the regional union could adopt constitutions that secured property rights and maintained order. Other arguments that justified abandoning the Articles of Confederation pictured the Articles as an international compact between unconsolidated , sovereign states, any one of which
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1984-428: The apparent contradiction (and presumed illegality) of abandoning one form of government and creating another that did not include the members of the original. One explanation was that the Articles of Confederation simply failed to protect the vital interests of the individual states. Necessity then, rather than legality, was the practical factor in abandoning the Articles. According to historian John Ferling , by 1786
2046-571: The concerted resistance of the people against their government". With origins in the question of states' rights , the issue of secession was argued in many forums and advocated from time to time in both the North and South in the decades after adopting the Constitution and before the American Civil War . Historian Maury Klein described the contemporary debate: "Was the Republic a unified nation in which
2108-562: The dissolution of the republic—the failure of the Founders' efforts to establish a stable and lasting representative government. For many Americans in the North and the South, disunion was a nightmare, a tragic cataclysm that would reduce them to the kind of fear and misery that seemed to pervade the rest of the world. And yet, for many other Americans, disunion served as the main instrument by which they could achieve their political goals. In late 1777,
2170-401: The draft Constitution not be submitted to the Congress (where it would require unanimous approval of the states); instead that it be presented directly to the states for ratification in special ratification conventions, and that approval by a minimum of nine state conventions would suffice to adopt the new Constitution and initiate the new federal government; and that only those states ratifying
2232-406: The effect that "there should be reserved to the state of New York a right to withdraw herself from the union after a certain number of years." The Madison federalists opposed this, with Hamilton, a delegate at the convention, reading aloud in response a letter from James Madison stating: "the Constitution requires an adoption in toto, and for ever " [emphasis added]. Hamilton and John Jay then told
2294-446: The expression, "We the people ..." . They argued, however, that Henry exaggerated the extent to which a consolidated government was being created and that the states would serve a vital role within the new republic even though their national sovereignty was ending. Tellingly, on the matter of whether states retained a right to unilaterally secede from the United States, the federalists made it clear that no such right would exist under
2356-564: The face of secession—was used by advocates for the new Constitution and was featured by James Madison in Federalist No. 43 . St. George Tucker , an influential jurist in the early republic era, and especially in the South, argued that abandoning the Articles of Confederation was the same as seceding from the Articles government. In 1803, he wrote that the unanimous dissolution of the Articles Confederation in 1789 by Act of Congress
2418-465: The first postmaster . In 1888, George Wyatt Justice established the first business in Crossville, and in 1903, W.B. Jones installed machinery for his cotton mills. His son Loy Jones (spouse-Sara Jones) followed his footsteps and ran a once successful business in Crossville. Loy and Sara had a daughter named Pam, and she had two sons named Blake and Blane Raley. The Jones family was vital to the growth early on in Crossville. The first church established in
2480-404: The first, nor more binding upon the contracting partie[s]. Others, such as Chief Justice John Marshall who had been a Virginia delegate to its Ratification (Federal) Convention , denied that ratifying the Constitution was a precedent for a future one-off dissolution of the Union by an isolated state or states. Writing in 1824, exactly midway between the fall of the Articles of Confederation and
2542-434: The individual states had merged their sovereign rights and identities forever, or was it a federation of sovereign states joined together for specific purposes from which they could withdraw at any time?" He observed that "the case can be made that no result of the [American Civil] war was more important than the destruction, once and for all...of the idea of secession". Historian Forrest McDonald argued that after adopting
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2604-467: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossville&oldid=932778050 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Crossville, Alabama Crossville is a town in DeKalb County , Alabama , United States. At
2666-538: The new Constitution inherited perpetuity from the language in the Articles and from other actions done prior to the Constitution. Historian Kenneth Stampp explains their view: Lacking an explicit clause in the Constitution with which to establish the Union's perpetuity, the nationalists made their case, first , with a unique interpretation of the history of the country prior to the Philadelphia Convention; second , with inferences drawn from certain passages of
2728-470: The new United States was: Not a "league", however firm; not a "confederacy" or a "confederation"; not a compact on among "sovereign' states"—all these high profile and legally freighted words from the Articles were conspicuously absent from the Preamble and every other operative part of the Constitution. The new text proposed a fundamentally different legal framework. Patrick Henry adamantly opposed adopting
2790-571: The only territories to have been withdrawn from the country are the small portions of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 49th parallel north , established as the U.S.–British (now Canadian) border by the Treaty of 1818 ; and the territory of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , which became independent after the Treaty of Manila . The former is today part of Canada, while the latter corresponds to
2852-434: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 539 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
2914-445: The provision for a perpetual Union in the Articles of Confederation, and ends with the reminder that the preamble to the new Constitution gives as one of its purposes the formation of "a more perfect Union". Constitutional scholar Akhil Reed Amar argues that the permanence of the Union of the states changed significantly when the U.S. Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation . This action "signaled its decisive break with
2976-682: The pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Historian Pauline Maier argues that this narrative asserted "the right of revolution, which was, after all,
3038-454: The right Americans were exercising in 1776"; and notes that Thomas Jefferson 's language incorporated ideas explained at length by a long list of 17th-century writers, including John Milton , Algernon Sidney , John Locke , and other English and Scottish commentators, all of whom had contributed to the development of the Whig tradition in 18th-century Britain. The right of revolution expressed in
3100-408: The rise of a second self-described American Confederacy, Marshal summarized the issue thusly: "Reference has been made to the political situation of these states, anterior to [the Constitution's] formation. It has been said that they were sovereign, were completely independent, and were connected with each other only by a league. This is true. But, when these allied sovereigns converted their league into
3162-447: The town was $ 31,394, and the median income for a family was $ 44,667. Males had a median income of $ 27,708 versus $ 20,461 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 14,326. About 11.0% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 29.3% of those age 65 or over. Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout
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#17328686802603224-832: The violence that had accompanied the Revolution, the Constitution established "legitimate means for constitutional change in the future". In effect, the Constitution "completed and perfected the Revolution". Whatever the intentions of the Founders, threats of secession and disunion were a constant in the political discourse of Americans preceding the Civil War. Historian Elizabeth R. Varon wrote: [O]ne word ("disunion") contained, and stimulated, their (Americans') fears of extreme political factionalism, tyranny, regionalism, economic decline, foreign intervention, class conflict, gender disorder, racial strife, widespread violence and anarchy, and civil war, all of which could be interpreted as God's retribution for America's moral failings. Disunion connoted
3286-633: The year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfa " (Humid Subtropical Climate). Crossville Elementary, Crossville Middle, and Crossville High, home of the Lions, are located in Crossville. All are members of the DeKalb County School System . Crossville, as of the school year 2023–2024, is a 5A school and has the largest classification in DeKalb County. The school colors are black and gold. The Principal of Crossville High
3348-407: Was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.9 males. The median income for a household in
3410-462: Was advanced in the years 1860 and 1861 as 11 Southern states each declared secession from the United States, and joined to form the Confederate States of America , a procedure and body that the government of the United States refused to accept. The movement collapsed in 1865 with the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in the American Civil War . In the history of the United States,
3472-422: Was considered a "rich man's war", and not of particular interest to mountain people . However, as the war progressed, many DeKalb County families fought for Union cavalries, notably the 1st Tennessee & Alabama Independent Vidette Cavalry and the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment . A perusal of the cavalries' rosters will reveal family names that to this day are prominent in the area. The First Alabama Cavalry
3534-430: Was empowered to renounce the compact at will. (This as opposed to a consolidated union that "totally annihilated, without any power of revival" the sovereign states.) The Articles required that all states were obliged to comply with all requirements of the agreement; thus, permanence was linked to compliance. 'Compliance' was typically perceived as a matter of interpretation by each individual state. Emerich de Vattel ,
3596-448: Was incorporated a second time on December 21, 1942. Dr. Luther F. Erwin was chosen mayor, and the town government established ordinances and levied privilege licenses. Collection enforcement was lax, however, resulting in insufficient resources to maintain basic town services. Following this, C.W. (Bill) Russell was elected mayor. He hired Colonel Mack Kilcrease as a legal adviser to mayor and council. This group worked together to establish
3658-523: Was legal precedent for future secession(s) from the Constitution one state at a time by state legislatures. And since the seceding states, by establishing a new constitution and form of federal government among themselves, without the consent of the rest, have shown that they consider the right to do so whenever the occasion may, in their opinion require it, we may infer that the right has not been diminished by any new compact which they may since have entered into, since none could be more solemn or explicit than
3720-464: Was particularly notable in that it was one of the few units that was racially integrated. Crossville's name, given to it by James A. Copeland (1880–1964), not to be confused with the outlaw James Copeland ), was meant to reflect its many crossroads. In the mid-19th century, mail was brought through Crossville from Rome, Georgia , and Guntersville, Alabama , via stagecoach . Soon the town had its first U.S. post office, with A.C. Copeland serving as
3782-484: Was still officially Cherokee territory. However, white settlement in the area increased steadily, coming to a head with the gold rush in the nearby mountains of northwest Georgia . While gold supplies began to dwindle, soon eclipsed by the California Gold Rush , the settlement by white farmers continued and played prominently in the expulsion of Cherokee, Creek and Choctaw nations from the area. That expulsion
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#17328686802603844-547: Was typical of Southern mountain counties in that it voted against secession from the United States. This can be corroborated by a study of the roster of the votes on this issue, county by county. In fact, there was serious discussion among Northern Alabama and East Tennessee counties about forming a proposed state of Nickajack , rather than going along with secession. During the Civil War, DeKalb County families, particularly families from mountain terrains such as Sand and Lookout Mountain, tended at first to avoid fighting, since it
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