24-459: Cantharellus Craterellus Goossensia Parastereopsis Pseudocraterellus Pterygellus Craterellaceae Herter (1910) The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales . The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics (gilled mushrooms) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores (spore-bearing undersurfaces). Species in
48-436: A refrigerator . Cantharellus cibarius Cantharellus cibarius ( Latin : cantharellus , " chanterelle "; cibarius , "culinary") is the golden chanterelle , the type species of the chanterelle genus Cantharellus . It is also known as girolle (or girole ). Despite its characteristic features, C. cibarius can be confused with species such as the poisonous Omphalotus illudens . The golden chanterelle
72-409: A commercial scale. The family was originally described in 1888 by German mycologist Joseph Schröter to accommodate the chanterelles, which at that time were thought to be an evolutionary link between "primitive" Thelephora species with smooth hymenophores (spore-bearing surfaces) and more "advanced" Agaricus species with gilled hymenophores. In 1903, French mycologist René Maire proposed
96-484: A commercial scale. In Europe, the commercial species are Cantharellus cibarius , Craterellus cornucopioides , and Craterellus tubaeformis which are sold fresh, dried, or canned and are either sourced in Europe or imported, mainly from China. Various African Cantharellus species (often collected in miombo woodlands) are also imported into Europe and marketed as "chanterelles". In North America, Cantharellus formosus
120-548: A new classification system that emphasized the possession of "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally), a characteristic of the Cantharellaceae that linked the family to the Hydnaceae and Clavulinaceae . This led Ernst Albert Gäumann to include the genus Hydnum (the hedgehog fungi) within the Cantharellaceae. In his 1964 survey of fungal families, Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk limited
144-456: A number of other species, some of which are poisonous . The name comes from the Greek word kantharos ('tankard, cup'). Chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms . C. appalachiensis C. minor C. cinnabarinus C. subalbidus C. cibarius C. cascadensis C. formosus C. persicinus C. lateritius Mushrooms in
168-442: A stock. Many people often cook the mushrooms with butter because it "sweetens" them. Chanterelles can also be pickled in brine . Salted water is brought to a boil and pickling spices such as peppercorns , mustard seeds , and thyme are added. The mushrooms are then cooked in this solution for 5–10 minutes before being transferred to sterilized bottles along with some of the liquid. Sliced garlic and dill can be added to
192-778: Is a commonly consumed and choice edible species. At one time, all yellow or golden chanterelles in North America had been classified as Cantharellus cibarius . Using DNA analysis , they have since been shown to be a group of related species known as the Cantharellus cibarius group or species complex, with C. cibarius sensu stricto restricted to Europe. In 1997, C. formosus (the Pacific golden chanterelle) and C. cibarius var. roseocanus were identified, followed by C. cascadensis in 2003 and C. californicus in 2008. In 2018, an Asian species belonging to
216-503: Is an additional, widely marketed species. The global trade in species of the Cantharellaceae has been estimated (2005) to be worth over £1bn (US$ 1.5bn) per year. Cantharellus Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles ( / ˌ ʃ æ n t ə ˈ r ɛ l / ), a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius . They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants . Chanterelles may resemble
240-414: Is sauteed and then used to make scrambled eggs . In Polish tradition, chanterelles are used for making creamy sauces that top chicken. Many mushroom enthusiasts just like chanterelles sauteed in butter, with a pinch of salt, a clove of fresh crushed garlic, and some whipping cream. This recipe is said to bring out the subtle flavor of the chanterelle without masking it with other aromas. This recipe has
264-511: The C. cibarius complex has been described and sequenced , C. anzutake , recorded in Japan and Korea. The mushroom is easy to detect and recognize in nature. The body is 3–10 centimetres (1–4 inches) wide and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall. The color varies from yellow to dark yellow. Red spots will appear on the cap of the mushroom if it is damaged. Chanterelles have a faint aroma and flavor of apricots . The species can resemble
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#1733085714509288-569: The Greek κάνθαρος, kantharos 'tankard, cup'. Cantharellus species are found throughout the world in association with mycorrhizal host plants, including Africa , Europe , Asia , North America , South America , and Australia . Chanterelles are associated with either conifers or hardwood trees, depending on species. They are often found with oaks in California , Texas . and Mexico. In Scotland , chanterelles grow in mixed forests of silver birch and Scots pine , especially when
312-612: The Cantharellaceae are believed to be ectomycorrhizal , forming a mutually beneficial relationships with the roots of living trees and other plants. Basidiocarps typically occur on the ground or in leaf litter in woodland. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution , though the majority of species are tropical. Afrocantharellus , segregated as a genus distinct from Cantharellus in 2012, has four species found only in Africa. Many species of Cantharellus , Craterellus , and Goossensia are edible and several are collected and marketed on
336-487: The Cantharellaceae to Cantharellus and Craterellus species, together with some close tropical associates, and this disposition was widely accepted. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has confirmed Donk's circumscription of the Cantharellaceae, though the smaller genera have not yet been sequenced. According to a standard 2008 reference work, the family contains 5 genera and over 90 species worldwide. Fruit bodies of most species in
360-423: The added benefit of retaining flavor even after being stored frozen. It is a feature of Viennese cuisine . Since the mushrooms hold a lot of water , they are often prepared using a "dry sauté" method: after cleaning, the mushrooms are sliced and put in a covered pan over high heat with no oil or butter. The mushrooms then release much of their water, which can be allowed to boil off or be poured off and used as
384-635: The bottles for extra flavor. The remaining liquid forms an excellent stock for making soup . When pickled in this way, chanterelles can last from six to twelve months. Another storage technique is drying . Mushrooms can be dried with gentle heat in an oven at temperatures of 65 °C (150 °F) or less. A vacuum process is also practical on large orders. A few hours before final preparation, put dry mushrooms in water which they absorb for returning to nearly original size. Mushrooms can then be used as fresh and will last indefinitely as dry. Fresh chanterelles can generally be stored up to ten days in
408-599: The dangerously poisonous Omphalotus illudens (eastern jack-o'lantern) and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (the false chanterelle). The species grows in Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Basin , mainly in deciduous and coniferous forests. A commonly eaten and favored mushroom, the chanterelle is typically harvested from late summer to late fall in its European distribution. Chanterelles are used in many culinary dishes, and can be preserved by either drying or freezing. The use of an oven for drying
432-420: The edge. Additionally, the jack-o-lantern mushroom is bioluminescent and grows on wood – possibly buried – whereas Cantharellus species grow on the ground. Species in the genera Craterellus , Gomphus , and Polyozellus may also look like chanterelles. The genus Cantharellus is large and has a complex taxonomic history. Index Fungorum lists over 500 scientific names that have been applied to
456-445: The family are ectomycorrhizal , forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle ( Cantharellus cibarius ), the Pacific golden chanterelle ( Cantharellus formosus ), the horn of plenty ( Craterellus cornucopioides ), and the trumpet chanterelle ( Craterellus tubaeformis ), are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on
480-471: The family are mushroom-like or trumpet-like, with spore-bearing surfaces that are smooth, wrinkled, veined, or gill-like and that are typically decurrent (running down the upper stem). The consistency is fleshy, the hyphal system being monomitic (consisting of generative hyphae only). The basidia are comparatively large and often have more than the standard 4 sterigmata . Spores are smooth and white to yellowish or pinkish in deposit. All species within
504-727: The forest has plenty of moist, mossy undergrowth. In Fife they are common under beech . They are usually (but not always) found in the same places as wild blueberries . In Spain they associate with sweet chestnut . They are abundant after from late July through autumn . In the coastal forests of Washington and British Columbia, they are often found in damp, mossy riparian zones in the vicinity of western hemlock . Many species of chanterelles contain antioxidant carotenoids , such as beta-carotene in C. cibarius and C. minor , and canthaxanthin in C. cinnabarinus and C. friesii . They also contain significant amounts of vitamin D . Their mycorrhizal nature makes
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#1733085714509528-539: The genus are generally shaped like cups or trumpets. The hue is mostly yellow, with the gills sometimes pinkish. The false chanterelle ( Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca ) has finer, more orange gills and a darker cap. It is sometimes regarded as poisonous . The very similar jack-o'-lantern mushroom ( Omphalotus olearius ) and its sister species ( Omphalotus olivascens ) are very poisonous, though not lethal. They have true gills (unlike chanterelles) which are thinner, have distinct crowns, and generally do not reach up to
552-1010: The genus, although the number of currently valid names is less than 100. In addition to synonymy , many species have been moved into other genera such as Afrocantharellus , Arrhenia , Craterellus , Gomphus , Hygrophoropsis , and Pseudocraterellus . Molecular phylogenetic analyses are providing new information about relationships between chanterelle populations. The genus has been divided into eight subgenera Afrocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck, Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr., Cinnabarinus Buyck & V. Hofst., Magni T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Parvocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck, Pseudocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck, and Rubrini Eyssart. & Buyck. Rubrini Eyssart. & Buyck. Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr. Pseudocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck Parvocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck Cinnabarinus Buyck & V. Hofst. Afrocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck Magni T. Cao & H.S. Yuan The name comes from
576-492: The species very difficult to cultivate . Chanterelles in general go well with eggs , curry , chicken , pork , fish , beef and veal , can be used as toppings on pizzas , be stewed , marinated , sauteed , or used as filling for stuffed crêpes . Of course these are just examples; chanterelles are versatile and can be added as an ingredient to most dishes. In European cuisine , chanterelles are often served with venison . A traditional method of preparing these mushrooms
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