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75-448: The earliest references to the game date to the early 16th century in France where it was known by the name of Mécontent (also Méscontent , Maucontent or Malcontent ) and was played with a standard 52-card deck . The first rules appear under the name Hère in 1690 and as Coucou in 1721. The name As Qui Court appears in the mid-19th century, but the name Coucou (" cuckoo ") persisted and

150-477: A tax on local manufacture of cards. Until August 4, 1960, decks of playing cards printed and sold in the United Kingdom were liable for taxable duty and the ace of spades carried an indication of the name of the printer and the fact that taxation had been paid on the cards. The packs were also sealed with a government duty wrapper. Historically the size of playing cards was down to the printer, but during

225-454: A "game of entertainment". The duration of the game depends partly on how quickly each deal is played and partly on how many players there are. In the literature, for example, there is mention of a game lasting three quarters of an hour. The name 'As Qui Court' ("Running Ace", lit. "the Ace that Runs") is later than Coucou and only appears in the literature around the middle of the 18th century. It

300-411: A basket. The pool thus formed becomes the stake that the winner will win. The larger the number of players at the start of the game, the higher the amount at stake, which means that in "Cuckoo" the winner usually wins a significant amount, while each of the other participants only loses a relatively small amount. The low financial risk and the simplicity of the game led Lebrun (1828) to classify Coucou as

375-490: A distance is a benefit and hand sizes are small. The standard French-suited pack uses black for the spades and clubs, and red for the hearts and diamonds. However, some packs use four colours for the suits in order to make it easier to tell them apart. There are several schemes: a common one is the English Poker format with black spades ( ♠ ), red hearts ( ♥ ), blue diamonds ( ♦ ), and green clubs ( ♣ ). Another common system

450-486: A game of combinations possibly similar to modern poker. This Hère disappears in the 1725 edition of the Académie universelle des jeux , and Coucou makes its appearance there. On the other hand, the fourth edition of the same dictionary, in 1762, partly removes the ambiguity by specifying that Hère refers to a card game where only one of the players wins. The fifth edition of 1798, taking up the previous definition, says "This game

525-628: A machine to check the ranks of cards, or shifts in rank location to allow a manual check via an inlaid mirror. Many casino decks and solitaire decks have four indices instead of just two. Some modern decks have bar code markings on the edge of the face to enable them to be sorted by machine (for playing duplicate bridge, especially simultaneous events where the same hands may be played at many different venues). Some decks have large indices for clarity. These are sometimes sold as 'seniors' cards for older people with limited eyesight, but may also be used in games like stud poker , where being able to read cards from

600-633: A medium size (usually 67 × 42 mm or 2.6 × 1.7 in) and a miniature size (typically 45 × 32 mm or 1.8 × 1.3 in). These are often intended for playing patience or solitaire games. Larger 'jumbo' cards are produced for card tricks and those with poor eyesight. The thickness and weight of modern playing cards are subject to numerous variables related to their purpose of use and associated material design for durability, stiffness, texture and appearance. Some decks include additional design elements. Casino blackjack decks may include markings intended for

675-824: A standard 52-card deck. The most popular standard pattern of the French deck is the English pattern (pictured above), sometimes referred to as the International pattern or Anglo-American pattern . The second most common is the Belgian-Genoese pattern , which was designed in France for export and spread to Spain, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans and much of North Africa and the Middle East. There are also numerous others such as

750-469: Is a cavalier ( knight ) ranking between the queen and the jack. Aside from these aspects, decks can include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, which often have different deck sizes . In comparison to Spanish , Italian , German , and Swiss playing cards , French cards are the most widespread due to the geopolitical, commercial, and cultural influence of France, the United Kingdom, and

825-463: Is also called As Qui Court." Meanwhile Furétiere, in the 1690 edition of Dictionnaire Universel , gives a brief description of Here as a game in which each person is given only one card and may exchange it with his or her neighbour; the player ending up with the lowest card losing the deal. Here is also the name of an Ace left in a player's hand causing that player to lose the deal. it is described as "the game of fathers, because they play it even with

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900-515: Is always the Ace and the highest the King . The first dealer of the game is determined by lots as agreed between the players. The dealer deals in an anti-clockwise direction starting with first hand , the player to the right, dealing one card to each opponent and three as the dealer's hand. After consulting the dealer's three-card hand, the dealer keeps the highest and puts the other two, face down, underneath

975-490: Is based on the German suits and uses green spades ( ♠ ), yellow diamonds ( ♦ ), red hearts ( ♥ ), and black clubs ( ♣ ). When giving the full written name of a specific card, the rank is given first followed by the suit, e.g., "Seven of clubs" or "Seven of Clubs". Shorthand notation may reflect this by listing the rank first, "7♣︎"; this is common usage when discussing poker ; but it is equally common in more general sources to find

1050-408: Is basically an export version not subject to France's domestic stamp tax. Hence they lack the usual French court card names such as Alexander, Judith and Lancelot. Other differences from the portrait officiel are that: the jack of clubs has a triangular shield bearing the coat of arms of the former Spanish Netherlands (this is the main distinguishing feature); blue is usually replaced with green in

1125-518: Is evidence of playing cards there from at least the 1450s and French suits were invented sometime after 1470. This would then explain why the English renamed French suits to the Latin ones with which they were familiar. Hence the clovers were called clubs and pikes were named after the swords ( spade ). The English started producing their own cards a century later. In 1628, the importation of foreign playing cards

1200-747: Is known as an Ace . Each pip card displays the number of pips (symbols of the suit) corresponding to its number, as well as the appropriate numeral (except "A" for the Ace) in at least two corners. In addition, commercial decks often include from one to six Jokers ; most commonly two or three since the mid-20th century. The Jokers are often distinguishable from one another, either in design or colour, as some card games require these extra cards. The Jokers can also be used as replacements for lost or damaged cards. There are exactly 52! or 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000 (approximately 8 × 10 ) possible arrangements of

1275-408: Is obliged to keep the card selected at the outset, having taken advantage of the privilege of choosing from the initial three cards at the time of the deal. The exchanges being thus finished, players reveal their cards and the player (or players) with the lowest card rank are the losers of the round. Each loser deposits a chip into a basket. When a player has no chips remaining, they must withdraw from

1350-526: Is similar to the Genoese packs but its face cards have a horizontal instead of diagonal dividing line and the aces are found in a decorative garland. They also come in the same number of cards as Genoese ones. The Piedmontese pattern was once used in neighboring Savoy as both were previously united until France annexed the latter in 1860. A 78-card tarot version of the Piedmontese pattern, complete with knights,

1425-505: Is so named because the Ace, as the lowest card, is passed from hand to hand until it returns to the talon unless a King blocks it on the way. According to Méry (1847), the only difference between As Qui Court and Coucou is that a player who holds a King in hand may refuse the exchange as in Coucou, but instead of announcing "Cuckoo!", reveals the King. However, Méry's rules for As Qui Court also contain

1500-662: Is the English pattern pack. The second most common is the Belgian-Genoese pattern , designed in France, but whose use spread to Spain , Italy , the Ottoman Empire , the Balkans and much of North Africa and the Middle East . In addition to those, there are other major international and regional patterns including standard 52-card packs, for example, in Italy that use Italian-suited cards . In other regions, such as Spain and Switzerland ,

1575-662: Is the Italian-suited Tarocco Piemontese , used in Tarot card games . A Parisian variant appeared in Bavaria in the mid-18th century where the king of diamonds wore a turban . This originates from the German-suited Old Bavarian pattern . The king of spades, who represents David in the older decks, does not hold a harp. This group is closely associated with animal tarots . The Russian pattern created during

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1650-409: Is their double-sided design, where one side, usually bearing a colourful or complex pattern, is exactly identical on all playing cards, thus ensuring the anonymity and fungibility of the cards when their value is to be kept secret, and a second side, that, when apparent, is unique to every individual card in a deck, usually bearing a suit as well as a alphanumerical value, which may be used to distinguish

1725-567: Is used in Patience decks by many companies worldwide. The court cards are dressed in rococo period costumes and wear powdered wigs. The Kings are crowned and carry state regalia or, in the case of the King of Hearts, a pair of spectacles. The Queens, also crowned, sport jewellery; the Queen of Spades coquettishly brandishes a folding fan and the Queen of Diamonds a peacock feather fan. The Jacks are young gentlemen with tricorn hats. The Jack of Hearts carries

1800-520: Is used in Germany's Black Forest to play Cego . The courts are based on a Frankfurt version of a Bavarian derivative. It is sold with 54 cards; the 5 to 10 of the red suits and the 1 to 6 of the black suits are removed. Real and fictional animals are displayed on the trump suit. Trumps have a pink panel in each end with an Arabic numeral to show its rank. The Industrie und Glück ("Diligence and Fortune") tarock deck of Central Europe uses Roman numerals for

1875-603: Is widely played in France, and the Tarock family of games (42 or 54 cards) played in countries like Austria and Hungary. The English pattern pack originated in Britain which was importing French playing cards from Rouen and Antwerp by 1480. The earliest cards of the English pattern date to around 1516. But Britain only started manufacturing its own cards towards the end of the 16th century, when card production began in London. These were based on

1950-506: The Berlin pattern , Nordic pattern , Dondorf Rhineland pattern (pictured right) and the variants of the European pattern . Modern playing cards carry index labels on opposite corners or in all four corners to facilitate identifying the cards when they overlap and so that they appear identical for players on opposite sides. For the Ace and court cards, this label is the initial letter or letters of

2025-652: The Rhineland pattern. The kings have very thick beards. They have fallen out of popularity in Germany but are very common in Poland, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the Baltic states . They come in decks of 24 (no 2s to 8s), 32 (no 2s to 6s), or 52 cards, the latter of which may have up to three jokers in some countries. In 1895, Dondorf produced a deck on behalf of Adolph Wulff of Denmark. The king of diamonds holds an orb while

2100-606: The Vendée with the latter two using the archaic Aluette cards. In the 19th century, corner indices and rounded corners were added and cards became reversible, relieving players from having to flip face cards right-side up. The index for aces and face cards usually follow the local language but most decks of the Paris pattern use the numeral "1" for aces. The French suited pack has spawned many regional variations known as standard patterns based on their artwork and deck size. The Paris pattern

2175-469: The 19th century sizes became standardised, initially to a size of 3½ ×  2½ inches. Today these are often referred to as "wide" cards or "poker-sized" cards. Wider playing cards had advantages: it was harder to cheat and, if packs were unavailable, dog-eared cards could be trimmed smaller. Narrower cards, known as "whist-sized" or "bridge-sized" cards, probably first appeared in Europe and enabled players to handle

2250-565: The 19th century, card manufacturers began designing double-headed cards so that the cards could be readily identified whichever way up they were. In the case of court cards, this entailed cutting off the lower half of the image and replacing it with an inverted copy of the top half usually, but not always, with a horizontal or sloping dividing line between the two halves. Today, while single headed patterns of German-suited and Latin-suited cards still exist, modern French-suited cards are invariably double-headed. Although French-suited, 52-card packs are

2325-444: The 19th century, the English pattern spread all over the world and is now used almost everywhere, even in countries where traditional patterns and other suits are popular. In America, the English pattern was copied onto wider cards. The fanciful design and manufacturer's logo commonly displayed on the ace of spades began under the reign of James I of England , who passed a law requiring an insignia on that card as proof of payment of

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2400-577: The Dutch pattern. This is the second most common pattern in the world after the English pattern. Belgian packs come in either 32 or 52 cards as they do in France. It was named the Belgian-Genoese pattern because of its popularity in both places and is the national pattern of Belgium. Genoese type cards are identical to Belgian ones and often lack corner indices. They come in 36 (lacking 2s to 5s), 40 (lacking 8s to 10s) or 52-card packs. The Piedmontese pattern

2475-498: The English pattern pack only. Other patterns are different and may have other nicknames in the countries where they are used: As of Unicode 7.0 , playing cards are now represented. Note that the following chart ("Cards", Range: 1F0A0–1F0FF) includes cards from the Tarot Nouveau deck, as well as the standard 52-card deck. French-suited playing cards French-suited playing cards or French-suited cards are cards that use

2550-404: The French suits of trèfles (clovers or clubs  ♣ ), carreaux (tiles or diamonds  ♦ ), cœurs (hearts  ♥ ), and piques (pikes or spades  ♠ ). Each suit contains three or four face/court cards . In a standard 52-card deck these are the valet ( knave or jack ), the dame ( lady or queen ), and the roi ( king ). In addition, in Tarot packs , there

2625-519: The Netherlands itself. Its most distinguishing feature are scenic aces. Also found in Flanders , they come in decks of 32 (no twos to sixes) or 52 cards. The Trente et Quarante pattern is named after the game it is associated with. Unlike other patterns, it is usually found only in casinos. Although of German origin, this pattern is now produced only in Italy. They consist of 52 cards and no indices. Around 1870, Dondorf of Frankfurt produced

2700-717: The North-German pattern's Hamburg parent but their most distinguishing characteristic is that instead of having corner indices, white Arabic numerals are found within the pips closest to the corner. French-Swiss cards comes only in decks of 36 with no ranks from two to five. The Modern Portuguese pattern is a Parisian derivative from Germany. When it arrived in Portugal, the kings and jacks in hearts and diamonds swapped suits. The composition consists of 52 cards or until recently 40 cards. The latter had an unusual ranking (ace, king, jack, queen, eight, six–two). The jack ranking higher than

2775-535: The Rouen pattern, but unlike the traditional French cards, they dropped the names on the court cards. The English pattern evolved, in the process losing "some of its Rouen flavour and elegance and became more and more stylised. The figures took more space in the cards and many details were distorted." All early cards of this type were single headed, but around 1860, the double-headed cards, universally used on modern decks, appeared. Corner indices were added around 1880. During

2850-576: The United States but more commonly found in Australia and New Zealand contains 11s, 12s, and red 13s to play the six-handed version of the Euchre variant 500 . In the late nineteenth century, they were also used for variants of draw poker and royal cassino . Decks marketed for Canasta often have card point values printed on the cards. Lyon was a major card exporter to German-speaking countries from

2925-585: The United States in the 19th and 20th centuries. Other reasons for their popularity were the simplicity of the suit insignia, which simplifies mass production, and the popularity of whist and contract bridge . The English pattern of French-suited cards is so widespread that it is also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern. Playing cards arrived in Europe from Mamluk Egypt around 1370 and were already reported in France in 1377. The French suit insignia

3000-407: The card dealt if its value is reckoned to be high enough. In this case, the player announces: "I'm keeping", and play passes to the right. If, on the other hand, the value is considered too low, the card may be exchanged with the neighbour's to the right, announcing: "I'm exchanging". The neighbour cannot refuse the exchange, unless they are holding a King, in which case they announce (without revealing

3075-506: The card in game mechanics. In English-speaking countries it is the only traditional pack used for playing cards; in many countries of the world, however, it is used alongside other traditional, often older, standard packs with different suit systems such as those with German- , Italian- , Spanish- or Swiss suits . The most common pattern of French-suited cards worldwide and the only one commonly available in English-speaking countries

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3150-401: The card) "Cuckoo!" to the first player, and no exchange takes place. If the neighbour does not say "Cuckoo", the two players must exchange cards. Each player, in turn, exchanges to the right. The last player, to the left of the dealer, does not exchange a card with the dealer, but instead with the card on top of the talon. If this card turns out to be a King, no exchange is allowed. The dealer

3225-531: The crowns of the kings truncated by the frames of the cards and no discernible dividing line. The court figures are highly ornamented. Today's version by Piatnik is based on an 1885 Type A design by Neumayer. Type C was the earliest of three Vienna pattern types that were around at the turn of the 19th century. It originated in Sopron and Saxony and went on to become the standard pattern in Bohemia before giving way in

3300-459: The day. They are usually in decks of 32 cards with the twos to sixes missing since skat , Germany's most popular card game, does not require a full deck. Decks of 36 cards (with the sixes) are for jass and tapp , a game played in Baden-Württemberg . Decks of 52 cards usually include three jokers but Zwickern decks have six jokers. The French-Swiss pattern shares the same descent from

3375-465: The early 19th-century is based on a Baltic version of a Bavarian derivative. The current appearance was finalized by Adolf Charlemagne . It usually contains 52 or 36 cards, the latter lacking ranks 2 to 5. The stripped deck is used to play Durak . They can be found in many countries that were once part of the Russian Empire or Soviet Union . Adler-Cego is the last remaining animal tarot and

3450-573: The early 20th-century, the firm Öberg & Son invented a new pattern unrelated to the old ones. This pattern has spread to neighboring Finland. The clothing for the figures in the court cards are color coordinated; green for spades, red for hearts, purple for clubs, and blue for diamonds. They are used in the standard 52-card format. Card makers from Rouen began exporting to England around 1480. According to David Parlett , Latin-suited cards must have already been circulating in England since there

3525-422: The following three significant differences from the rules of Coucou given in L'Académie des jeux compendia published during the 18th century and the rules according to Lacombe (1792): While the name Coucou remains the one adopted by the reference works of the 18th century – the Académie universelle des jeux and Dictionnaire des jeux – the Académie française dictionary never mentions it, preferring instead

3600-451: The fool , a suit of trumps depicting flowers, and corner indices, was printed in 1902 for Savoyard players. It was discontinued some time after 1910 but reproductions have been in print since 1984. The Chambéry rules that come with the deck are similar to Piedmontese tarot games but the ace ranked between the jack and the 10 like in Triomphe . Another playing card deck named after Piedmont

3675-429: The game and are eliminated. The number of players taking part in the game thus decreases as the game progressed, except in the case where all players have the same card rank. The game ends when only one player remains in the game, all the others having been eliminated. That player wins the game and sweeps the agreed stake. If the game is played for stakes, each player at the beginning of the game antes an agreed stake in

3750-413: The game is still played in France today under that name. The game migrated to England by 1881 as Ranter-Go-Round , but is now also sometimes known as Cuckoo. The game uses a regular 52-card pack, or a smaller 32-card deck (with 2s through 6s absent) if fewer than seven are playing. Suits are not relevant; only the card ranks are important. Regardless of whether the 32 or 52 cards is used, the lowest card

3825-532: The larger numbers of cards required for games like bridge. However, there is no formal requirement for precise adherence and minor variations are produced by various manufacturers in different countries. In Germany, for example, standard Poker and Rummy packs by ASS Altenburger and Ravensburger measure 92 × 59 mm. Austria's Piatnik sells packs marketed for Bridge, Poker and Whist measuring 89 × 58 mm; while Britain's Waddingtons produce generic packs sized at 88 × 58 mm. Other sizes are also available, such as

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3900-491: The last with corner indices and three jokers. The Lombard or Milanese pattern come in 40-card decks that is missing the 8s, 9s, and 10s and lack corner indices. The Lombard decks exported to Swiss Italian regions contain corner indices and also labels the ranks of the face cards. It is probably derived from the Lyonnais pattern and its offshoot, the extinct Provence pattern. The Tuscan or Florentine pattern, dating from

3975-678: The late 16th through the 18th centuries. While the Lyonnais pattern died out in most places, it survived in Austria and the Czech Republic and its modern incarnation is the Vienna pattern. Five types are recorded by the International Playing Card Society , all of them double-headed. Type A, also called the 'Large Crown' version of the pattern, emerged in the early 1800s and was based on the double-headed, Lyons export pattern, but with

4050-441: The mid-19th century to Type D, also called the 'Small Crown' version of the Vienna pattern, since the crowns of the kings are visible in their entirety within the card frame. Type E appeared in the 1860s and, again, the crowns are partially cut off by the frames of the cards. It appears to have died out in the 1960s. Today the Vienna pattern in Austria comes in pack of 24 (lacking the 2s to 8s), 32 (lacking 2s to 6s), or 52 cards,

4125-519: The mid-19th century, is the only French-suited deck that is not reversible in the present. Cards measure 58 × 88 mm but the Toscane Grandi by Modiano are 67 × 101 mm large. It has the same composition of cards as the Lombard pattern. There was another pattern called "Tuscan" but it has ceased printing since the 1980s. Dondorf of Frankfurt produced this pattern around 1900 and, today, it

4200-616: The most common playing cards used internationally, there are many countries or regions where the traditional pack size is only 36 (Russia, Bavaria) or 32 (north and central Germany, Austria) or where regional cards with smaller packs are preferred for many games. For example, 40- or 48-card Italian-suited packs are common in Italy; 40- and 48-card Spanish-suited packs on the Iberian peninsula; and 36-card German-suited packs are very common in Bavaria and Austria. In addition, tarot cards are required for games such as French Tarot (78 cards), which

4275-434: The name 'Hère'. According to Lalanne, it is impossible to determine with any certainty whether the "type of card game" mentioned under the name Hère in the first edition of Académie française dictionary in 1694, refers to Coucou or another game, because of a lack of detail. In the 1721 edition of La Plus Nouvelle Académie Universelle des Jeux , the card game called Hère does not correspond in any way to Coucou, but rather to

4350-653: The name of that card. In English-speaking countries they are lettered A, K, Q and J for Ace, King, Queen and Jack. In other countries the letters may vary, although the English versions are also sometimes used. Germany uses A, K, D and B ( Ass , König , Dame and Bube ); Russia uses the Cyrillic letters Т, К, Д and В ( Tuz , Korol , Dama and Valet ); Sweden uses E, K, D and Kn ( Ess , Kung , Dam and Knekt ) and France uses 1, R, D, V ( As , Roi , Dame , and Valet ). Finland uses numbers 1-13. All early playing cards were single headed (also called single ended). During

4425-525: The other hand holding a sceptre. The North-German pattern was created in Stralsund from a Hamburg derivative. It is familiarly known as the Berlin pattern , although this name arose from a misunderstanding about the origin of the cards which were formerly labelled as Berliner Spielkarten based on a finishing process used by that company. The crownless queens' hairstyles reflect the Biedermeier fashions of

4500-530: The other kings hold scepters. Many of the court designs were altered or swapped for the Swedish market. Presently, this pattern is printed only by Piatnik of Austria for export to Finland, which is why it is also known as the Finnish pattern . It is an amalgam of the original Dondorf and revised Swedish designs with the court indices numbered from 11 to 13. It comes in 52-card decks with three jokers. The Bourgeois Tarot

4575-575: The portraits and the diagonal dividing line lacks the beads. When the Ottoman Empire relaxed the ban against playing cards, Belgian type cards flooded their territory and are now found throughout the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle East. They are also commonly found in France's former colonies. Within Belgium, the Francophone Walloons are the primary users of this pattern, while the Flemish prefer

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4650-423: The present will contain at least two jokers, sometimes more. In Germany, packs produced for the game of Zwicker have six jokers. The Paris pattern came to dominate in France around 1780 and became known as the portrait officiel . From the 19th century to 1945, the appearance of the cards used for domestic consumption was regulated by the French government. All cards were produced on watermarked paper made by

4725-461: The queen comes from the older Portuguese-suited games where a female knave was outranked by the knight . They also use French-language indices. The Dutch pattern originates from Germany and shares the same parent as the Modern Portuguese pattern but with different queens, and has been produced for the Netherlands by Belgian card makers since the 19th century. It has rarely been produced in

4800-489: The queen in non-tarot decks, the French kept them and dropped the knight as the middle face card. Face card design was heavily influenced by Spanish cards that used to circulate in France. One of the most obvious traits inherited from Spain are the standing kings; kings from Italian, Portuguese , or Germanic cards are seated. Spanish-suited cards are still used in France, mostly in Northern Catalonia , and Brittany and

4875-456: The remainder of the deck (known as the talon ). The talon is then placed between the dealer and the player to the right, who would become the next dealer. At this point, all players have only one card. Each players is also each given the same number of chips for scoring; for example, five. Players view their cards; then the eldest hand (the player to the right of the dealer) starts play. Beginning with eldest, each player may decide to keep

4950-531: The smallest children." Lebrun (1828) does not describe L'As Qui Court but simply Coucou with traditional rules. In a footnote, the author points out that Coucou is also called Her, specifying that when a player receives a King instead of saying "Cuckoo!", announces "Her!" Standard 52-card deck The standard 52-card deck of French-suited playing cards is the most common pack of playing cards used today. The main feature of most playing card decks that empower their use in diverse games and other activities

5025-415: The state to show payment of the stamp tax . The most common deck sold in France is the 32-card deck with the 2 to 6 removed and 1s as the index for aces. 52-card packs are also popular. The French have a unique habit of associating their face cards with historical or mythical personages which survives only in the portrait officiel . The Belgian-Genoese pattern is very similar to its Parisian parent and

5100-509: The suit listed first, as in "♠K" for a single card or "♠AKQ" for multiple cards. This is common practice when writing about bridge as it helps differentiate between the card(s) and the contract (e.g. "4 ♥ ", a contract of four hearts). Tens may be either abbreviated to T or written as 10. Common collective and individual terms for playing cards that are relevant, but not exclusive to, the 52-card pack are: Certain cards have acquired nicknames over time. The following common nicknames for cards of

5175-443: The traditional standard pack comprises 36, 40 or 48 cards. A standard 52-card French-suited deck comprises 13 ranks in each of the four suits : clubs ( ♣ ), diamonds ( ♦ ), hearts ( ♥ ) and spades ( ♠ ). Each suit includes three court cards (face cards), King , Queen and Jack , with reversible (i.e. double headed ) images. Each suit also includes ten numeral cards or pip cards, from one (Ace) to ten. The card with one pip

5250-583: The trumps. It is organized in the same manner as the Adler-Cego decks. Its trumps feature a newer pattern of more mundane scenes, such as depictions of rural life, than the traditional allegorical motifs found in Italian tarocchi decks. The turban wearing king is now in the suit of spades. French-suited cards are popular in Central Europe and compete very well against local German-suited playing cards . Hamburg

5325-451: Was banned to protect local manufacturers. English cardmakers produced lower-quality cards than their continental counterparts leading to the loss of detail from the Rouennais pattern. The English pattern is the result of Charles Goodall and Son 's reworking of the old Rouen pattern during the 19th century. The majority of decks sold in this pattern is the 52-card deck . One deck invented in

5400-527: Was derived from German suits around 1480. Between the transition from the suit of bells to tiles there was a suit of crescents. One of the most distinguishing features of the French cards is the queen. Mamluk cards and their derivatives, the Latin-suited and German-suited cards , all have three male face cards. Queens began appearing in Italian tarot decks in the mid-15th century and some German decks replaced two kings with queens. While other decks abandoned

5475-668: Was designed by C.L. Wüst of Frankfurt in the mid-19th century. It is popular in Francophone Europe and Quebec and is also used in Denmark to play tarot games that require the full 78-card deck. Like the Industrie und Glück , the trumps depict genre scenes but modern editions use Arabic numerals instead of Roman ones. A 54-card version with different trump designs is used in Baden to play Cego . Swedes used to use Bavarian derived patterns. In

5550-455: Was heavily exported throughout continental Europe which is why most French-suited patterns share a similar appearance. The English pattern, based on the extinct Rouennais pattern, is the most well known pattern in the world. It is also called the International or Anglo-American pattern. Patterns do not factor in Jokers , which came about in the early 20th century. Almost all 52-card packs produced in

5625-590: Was once a major card-producing hub where makers began revising the Paris pattern to create the Hamburg pattern . Early examples were made by Suhr (1814–28) in Hamburg itself, while other manufacturers of the pattern were based elsewhere in the German Empire, in Austria, Belgium, France, Sweden and Switzerland. The Hamburg cards generated a family of similar patterns, all of which have the King of Spades holding David's harp, with

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