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32-434: The domestic system was suited to pre-urban times because workers did not have to travel from home to work, which was quite unfeasible due to the state of roads and footpaths, and members of the household spent many hours in farm or household tasks. Early factory owners sometimes had to build dormitories to house workers, especially girls and women. Putting-out workers had some flexibility to balance farm and household chores with

64-480: A central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold. In other cases travelling agents or traders would tour the villages, supplying the raw materials and collecting the finished goods. The raw materials were often provided by the merchant , who received the finished product, hence the synonymous term "putting-out system". The advantages of this system were that workers involved could work at their own speed, and children working in

96-406: A major perspective "emphasizes long-term continuities in the economic and social development of Europe between the medieval period and the nineteenth century." Some scholars have defended the original conceptualisation of proto-industrialisation or extended it. Mendels' initial coining of "proto-industrialisation" referred to commercial activities in 18th-century Flanders and much study focused on

128-658: A small rebellion (which was subdued), yet Song Sichuan was well known for its independent industries producing timber and cultivated oranges . Many of the economic gains were lost during the Yuan dynasty , taking centuries to recover. Coal mining was a cutting-edge sector in the Song era, but declined with the Mongol conquest. Iron production recovered to an extent during Yuan, based mainly on charcoal and wood. Holsljunga Holsljunga ( Swedish pronunciation: [ˈhɔ̂lːˌɧɵŋːa] )

160-613: Is a locality situated in Svenljunga Municipality , Västra Götaland County , Sweden with 255 inhabitants in 2010. The following sports clubs are located in Holsljunga: Sahlins Sweden AB develops, manufactures and sells products and methods for telecommunications network construction worldwide. The company was founded 1969. This article about a location in Västra Götaland County , Sweden

192-532: Is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture , of rural handicraft production for external markets. Cottage industries in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries had long been a niche topic of study. In the early 1970s, some economic historians introduced the label "proto-industrialization", arguing that these developments were the main cause of the economic and demographic growth and social change that occurred in Europe over this period, and of

224-618: The Industrial Revolution that followed. Several theories were proposed to explain the mechanisms of this proposed causation. Proto-industrialization theories have been challenged by other historians. They stress the importance of other factors that are downplayed in proto-industrialization theories. Empirical studies have demonstrated a variety of economic and demographic responses to proto-industrialization. In several cases it led to de-industrialization. Later researchers suggested that similar conditions had arisen in other parts of

256-522: The Industrial Revolution . Business operators would travel around the world, buying raw materials, delivering them to people who would work on them, and then collecting the finished goods to sell, or typically to ship to another market. One of the factors which allowed the Industrial Revolution to take place in Western Europe was the presence of these business people who had the ability to expand

288-497: The Low Countries reached a proto-industrial extent as early as the 13th century, though with regional and temporal differences, with a peak in the 16th century. Van Basel observes that Flanders and Holland developed as urbanised regions (a third of Flanders' population being urban in the 15th century, and over half of Holland's population in the 16th century) with a commercialised countryside and developed export markets. Flanders saw

320-655: The Northern Song dynasty and was catalysed by migrations in the Southern Song dynasty . With the growth of the production of non-agricultural goods in a cottage industry context (such as silk), and the production of cash crops that were sold instead of consumed (such as tea), market forces were extended into the life of ordinary people. There was a rise of industrial and commercial sectors, and profit-making commercialisation emerged. There were parallel government and private enterprises in iron and steel production, while there

352-504: The "workshop system" rather than the "factory system" was the rule. All of the processes were carried out under different cottage roofs. It was replaced by inside contracting and the factory system . The domestic system was a popular system of cloth production in Europe . It was also used in various other industries, including the manufacture of wrought iron ironware such as pins, pots, and pans for ironmongers . It existed as early as

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384-415: The 15th century, but was most prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries. It served as a way for employers and workers to bypass the guild system, which was thought to be cumbersome and inflexible, and to access a rural labor force. Having the workers work in their homes was convenient for both parties. Workers were remote worker , manufacturing individual articles from raw materials , then bringing them to

416-509: The 1970s and 1980s. In their 1979 book, Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick and Jürgen Schlumbohm expanded the theory into a broad account of the transformation of European society from feudalism to industrial capitalism . They viewed proto-industrialization as part of the second phase in this transformation, following the weakening of the manorial system in the High Middle Ages . Later historians identified similar situations in other parts of

448-541: The Rhine area (until the later 18th century) and Sweden and Württemberg (into the 19th century). In other areas of Europe, guilds excluded all forms of proto-industry, including in Castile and parts of northern Italy. Political struggles occurred between proto-industries and regional guilds that sought to control them, as well against urban privileges or customs privileges. Bas van Bavel argued that some non-agriculture activities in

480-417: The agrarian economy. Clarkson has criticized the tendency to categorize all types of pre-industrial manufacturing as proto-industries. Sheilagh Ogilvie discussed the historiography of proto-industrialisation, and observed that scholars have re-evaluated pre-factory industrial production, but have seen it emerge as a phenomenon of its own rather than just a precursor to industrialisation. According to Ogilvie,

512-422: The agricultural seasons, increased rural incomes, broke the monopolies of urban guild systems and weakened rural traditions that had limited population growth. The resulting increase in population led to further growth in production, in a self-sustaining process that, Mendels claimed, created the labour, capital and entrepreneurial skill that led to industrialization . Other historians expanded on these ideas in

544-476: The later industrial revolution. Marfany also suggests that a somewhat alternate mode of capitalism developed due to differences in the family unit compared to Northern Europe. Some historians have identified proto-industrialization in the early modern South Asia , mainly in the wealthiest and largest subdivision of Mughal Empire , the Bengal Subah . The eastern part of Bengal (today's modern Bangladesh )

576-698: The predominance of labor-intensive rural activities such as textile production, while Holland saw the predominance of capital-intensive urban activities such as shipbuilding. Proto-industrial activities in Holland included "glue-production, lime-burning, brick work, peat digging, barging, shipbuilding, and textile industries" targeted for export. Historian Julie Marfany also put forward a theory of proto-industrialisation observing proto-industrial textile production in Igualada , Catalonia from 1680, and its demographic effects — including increased population growth that compared to

608-548: The putting-out work, this being especially important in winter. The development of this trend is often considered to be a form of proto-industrialization , and remained prominent until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. At that point, it underwent name and geographical changes. However, bar some technological advancements, the putting-out system has not changed in essential practice. Contemporary examples can be found in China, India, and South America, and are not limited to

640-493: The region. Sheilagh Ogilvie wrote, "Proto-industries arose in almost every part of Europe in the two or three centuries before industrialization." Rural proto-industries were often affected by guilds, which retained major influence over rural manufacturing in Switzerland (until the early 17th century), France and Westphalia (until the later 17th century), Bohemia and Saxony (until the early 18th century), Austria, Catalonia, and

672-515: The scale of their operations. In Russia, the Kustar were rural artisans engaged in cottage industries. Such industries were very common at a time when much of the population was engaged in agriculture, because the farmers and their families often had both the time and the desire to earn additional income during the part of the year (winter) when there was little work to do farming or selling produce. Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization

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704-562: The system were better treated than they would have been in the factory system, although the homes might be polluted by the toxins from the raw materials. As the woman of a family usually worked at home, someone was often there to look after any children. The domestic system is often cited as one of the causes of the rise of the nuclear family in Europe, as the workers' earnings made them less dependent on their extended family. This often led to more prosperity among workers, with more furniture, and better food and clothing than they had had before. It

736-598: The textiles industry. Historian David A. Hounshell writes: In 1854, the British obtained their military small arms through a system of contracting with private manufacturers located principally in the Birmingham and London areas ... Although significant variation occurred, almost all of the contractors manufactured parts or fitted them through a highly decentralized, putting-out process using small workshops and highly skilled labor. In small arms making as in lock production,

768-604: The world, including India , China , Japan and the former Muslim world . The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged. Martin Daunton , for example, argues that proto-industrialisation "excludes too much" to fully explain the expansion of industry: not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies, but also ignores "rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation"; referring to how mines, mills, forges and furnaces fit into

800-595: The world, including Mughal India and Song China . A proto-industrial and even partially industrial economy has moreover been suggested for the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. The concept was developed and named by Franklin Mendels in his 1969 doctoral dissertation on the rural linen industry in 18th-century Flanders and popularized in his 1972 article based on that work. Mendels argued that using surplus labor, initially available during slow periods of

832-479: Was a famous Swedish entrepreneur who continued a putting-out business at Holsljunga . He contracted up to 200 domestic workers, who came to his house to get the raw material and returned after a couple of weeks with textiles, which local pedlars from the city of Borås then bought and went out to sell, among other things, around Sweden and Norway. A cottage industry is an industry —primarily manufacturing —which includes many producers, working from their homes, and

864-511: Was forced to give a £2 deposit. In a desperate attempt to feed her starving infants, Mrs. Biddell pawned the clothing she had made, thus accruing a debt that she could not repay. Biddell was sent to a workhouse, and her ultimate fate is unknown; however, her story motivated those who actively opposed the wretched conditions of England's working poor, who often spent seven days a week labouring under inhuman conditions, barely managing to survive and with no prospect of relief. Anders Jonsson (1816–1890)

896-519: Was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding , and it was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpeter , and agricultural and industrial produce in the world. The region singlehandedly accounted for 40% of Dutch imports outside Europe. Economic development in the Song dynasty (960–1279) has often been compared to proto-industrialization or an early capitalism. The commercial expansion began in

928-723: Was mostly centralized in Western Europe and did not take a strong hold in Eastern Europe . Thomas Hood 's poem " The Song of the Shirt " (1843) describes the wretched life of a woman in Lambeth labouring under such a system. It was written in honour of a woman who is known only as Mrs. Biddell, a Lambeth widow and seamstress who lived in a state of poverty. In what was, at that time, common practice, she sewed trousers and shirts in her home using materials given to her by her employer, for which she

960-587: Was often organized through the putting-out system. The biggest participants in this system were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker. The merchant would "put-out" basic materials to the cottage workers, who then prepared the materials in their own homes and returned the finished merchandise back to the merchant. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing , lace-making , wall hangings, or household manufacturing. Some industries which are nowadays usually operated from large, centralized factories were cottage industries before

992-486: Was prominent in iron manufacturing as in other sectors. In the beginning of the Song, the government supported competitive silk mills and brocade workshops in the eastern provinces and in the capital city of Kaifeng . However, at the same time the government established strict legal prohibition on the merchant trade of privately produced silk in Sichuan province. This prohibition dealt an economic blow to Sichuan that caused

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1024-565: Was strict government control of some industries such as sulfur and saltpetre production. Historian Robert Hartwell estimated that per capita iron output in Song China rose sixfold between 806 and 1078 based on Song-era receipts. Hartwell estimated that China's industrial output in 1080 resembled that of Europe in 1700. An arrangement of allowing competitive industry to flourish in some regions while setting up its opposite of strict government-regulated and monopolized production and trade in others

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