56-620: The São Mateus River is a river primarily in Espírito Santo state in eastern Brazil . The São Mateus River rises in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in the municipality of São Félix de Minas , where it is known as Braço Sul do Rio São Mateus (the southern branch) or Rio Cricaré . Its principal tributary is the Cotoxé River (or northern branch), which also arises in Minas Gerais near
112-483: A Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals ) Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988), which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic , which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to
168-457: A clan, or gens ') is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent). Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within
224-679: A constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves , prompted by the 1808 transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil . The Portuguese court were fleeing the Napoleonic Invasion of Portugal (1807) . After the Independence of Brazil in 1822, Espírito Santo's provincial status was kept, and it was headed by an appointed provincial president. Emperor Pedro II , who
280-594: A hereditary fief , was granted to Vasco Coutinho by Manuel I of Portugal around three decades after the Portuguese first landed in Brazil in 1500. He arrived at the captaincy to serve his term on 23 May 1535, bringing a retinue of 60 soldiers, colonists, slaves, and servants. They settled on Vitória Island and around the Bay of Vitória. The capital was at first established in Vila Velha , but due to frequent raids by Amerindians, it
336-463: A native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person , a Briton or, informally, a Brit . Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia , or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia , a portion of which is in Greece . In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as
392-485: A nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois , Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer , Quebecker are also available). In English, demonyms are always capitalized . Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian , Japanese , or Greek . However, they are not necessarily
448-446: A truncated form of the toponym , or place-name.) "-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list. -ene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. -ensian -ard -ese, -nese or -lese "-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety. Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese". Often used for Italian and East Asian, from
504-443: Is a state in southeastern Brazil . Its capital is Vitória , and its largest city is Serra . With an extensive coastline , the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions. The capital, Vitória, is located on an island, which borders the municipalities of Vila Velha , Cariacica , and Serra . These municipalities, plus the outer cities of Fundão and Guarapari , constitute
560-409: Is home to the biggest community of East Pomeranian speakers in the world. More than a century after arriving to Espírito Santo, East Pomeranian continues to be spoken and remains an important part of Espírito Santo's heritage for many people. To this day, they continue centuries-old customs within their communities. Between 1858 and 1862, a group of Dutch settlers from Zeeuws-Vlaanderen migrated to
616-406: Is increasing. Sands and marbles are also important products of Espírito Santo extractivism . The state's subsoil is rich in minerals, including oil, with considerable reserves of limestone, marble, manganese, ilmenite, bauxite, zirconium, monazites, and rare earths, although not all are being explored. In mineral extraction, exploration of reserves of marbles, limestone, and dolomite is happening in
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#1732869232557672-542: Is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon , is also used for their local or native demonyms in English . -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)a ) Countries and regions Cities -ite -(e)r Often used for European locations and Canadian locations -(i)sh (Usually suffixed to
728-468: Is represented primarily by cattle raised for milk and beef. Industry consists mainly of canning, forestry, textiles, and iron and steel works. The latter two are concentrated around Cariacica and the Vale do Rio Doce ironworks. Vitória is an important port for the exporting of iron and steel; the state is among the biggest steel-producing regions the world. In São Mateus , petroleum reserves have been found on
784-461: Is the largest component of GDP at 50%, followed by the industrial sector at 44%. Agriculture represents 5% of GDP (2004). Espírito Santo's exports consisted mainly of manufacturing of iron and steel 35.8%, iron ore 25.2%, paper 17.6%, coffee 7.7%, and granite 6.5% (as of 2002). Espírito Santo is Brazil's highest steel-producing state. The main crops grown are coffee, sugarcane, and fruits (mostly coconuts, bananas and papayas ). The livestock industry
840-606: The Amerindian natives of the golden color of corn. A more mainstream explanation is that the name is a metaphor for a corn-grower; Vitória Island is known to have been full of corn plantations in the early centuries of Portuguese rule in Brazil. A third etymology is from the name of a local tribe, borrowed by the Portuguese during the colonial period. Originally, capixaba referred only to people from Vitória, but in common parlance, it eventually came to refer to those born anywhere in
896-525: The English language , there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand , while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people . Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example,
952-627: The Greater Vitória region) are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim , Colatina , Linhares , São Mateus and Aracruz . The main river serving the state is the Doce (English: Sweet River). Other important river basins include the Santa Maria River [ pt ] basin, the northern branch of the inlets flowing into the sea near Vitória, and the Jucu River Basin, which flows into the sea at roughly
1008-585: The Tupiniquim , Temininó , Aymoré , Puri , and Botocudo . They have largely been absorbed into the Portuguese-Brazilian civilization, and few live in reservations or tribes. Especially in the 16th century, several towns in Espírito Santo were founded with primarily Amerindian populations converted to Catholicism, such as Serra and Santa Cruz . Amerindian food has left its legacy in capixaba culture;
1064-979: The deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language . The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin , Semitic , Celtic , or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a)n , -ian , -anian , -nian , -in(e) , -a(ñ/n)o/a , -e(ñ/n)o/a , -i(ñ/n)o/a , -ite , -(e)r , -(i)sh , -ene , -ensian , -ard , -ese , -nese , -lese , -i(e) , -i(ya) , -iot , -iote , -k , -asque , -(we)gian , -onian , -vian , -ois(e) , or -ais(e) . -(a)n Continents and regions Countries Constituent states, provinces and regions Cities -ian Countries Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities -anian -nian -in(e) -(h)in The Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h)in , which
1120-413: The Brazilian abolitionist movement in the guise of its slave rebellion of 1848–1849, which required the intervention of imperial troops. Slavery began to lose its economic importance in Espírito Santo after that event. Pinning down the exact numbers of immigrants of several ethnic groups from Europe is difficult. Many of these groups came to Espírito Santo under a common Austrian–Hungarian passport, or in
1176-672: The Cachoeiro de Itapemirim area. Although relatively small, the industrial park in Espírito Santo is home to chemical, metallurgical, food, and paper and cellulose industries. About industry , Espírito Santo in 2017 had an industrial GDP of R$ 21.3 billion, equivalent to 1.8% of the national industry. It employed 168,357 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: extraction of oil and natural gas (23.0%), construction (20.5%), industrial services of public utility, such as electricity and water (12.3%), metallurgy (7.5 %), and pulp and paper (6.6%). These sectors concentrate 69.9% of
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#17328692325571232-611: The Italian suffix -ese , which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis , designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e) , which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus , or rather both). -i(e) or -i(ya) Countries States, provinces, counties, and cities Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i
1288-504: The banks of the Doce River. The area contains some 26 large lakes, the biggest of which is called Juparanã Lagoon . The state can be divided into two areas: the low lying coastline and the highland area known as Serra (where one can find the 2,890 meter tall Pico da Bandeira ), which is part of the larger Serra do Caparaó range . Ethnicities of Espírito Santo in 2022. According to the 2022 census , 3,833,712 people were residing in
1344-599: The capital Vitória: Companhia Ferro e Aço de Vitória, iron ore pelletizing plant of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; lumber, textiles, crockery, instant coffee, chocolates and refrigerators. In the Itapemirim river valley, cement, sugar and alcohol, and canned fruit industries are developed. Demonym A demonym ( / ˈ d ɛ m ə n ɪ m / ; from Ancient Greek δῆμος ( dêmos ) 'people, tribe' and ὄνυμα ( ónuma ) 'name') or gentilic (from Latin gentilis 'of
1400-466: The case of the Tyroleans, under an Italian passport. Tyrolean settlers were both of German and Italian language and concentrated in the region of Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. Romanians (especially from Transylvania and Bukovina ) and Roma usually arrived under Austrian passports. Large groups of Romani people settled in Espírito Santo's countryside in the late 19th century. The service sector
1456-597: The coastal zone, and were a strong influence. The first German settlement, Santa Isabel , was founded in 1844, and still stands. Like today's capixaba Italian community, they still hold on to many aspects of their ancestors' homeland's culture, as represented in festivals such as the Sommerfest in Domingos Martins . Domingos Martins also hosts a Colonization Museum, where one can find old photos, artifacts, and documents pertaining to that settlement movement. Espírito Santo
1512-412: The continental shelf, and are being commercially exploited. In agricultural production, coffee, sugarcane, papaya, banana, and coconut stand out. It also produces cassava , oranges, and beans. In 2020, Espírito Santo was the largest producer of Coffea canephora in Brazil, with a 66.3% share of the total (564.5 thousand tons, or 9.4 million 60 kg bags). In 2017, Minas accounted for 54.3% of
1568-531: The first elected governor of Espírito Santo, Alfeu Adolfo Monjardim de Andrade e Almeida , was inaugurated on 7 June 1891. During the Vargas Era , state governors were indirectly elected by Congress . A short period of democracy existed during the Second Brazilian Republic ; Carlos Monteiro Lindenberg was elected governor. However, after the 1964 coup d'état , governors were once again chosen by
1624-411: The fish-based Moqueca capixaba is the state dish, among other local typical seafood dishes. One large ethnic group in the state is known as Turcos. Technically from the region that is now Syria and Lebanon, they came to the state fleeing World War I. As at the time, they were Ottoman Empire citizens, they were commonly called "Turcos" (Turks). Large communities were established in the southern part of
1680-476: The largest oil province in the country, with total reserves of 2.5 billion barrels. About 140 thousand barrels a day are produced. Oil fields are located both on land and at sea, in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep waters, containing light and heavy oil and unassociated gas. In the urban centers of the capital and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, practically all the main units of the Espírito Santo transformation industry are concentrated. The steel industries are located in
1736-427: The laying roads leading into Minas Gerais, as gold could be smuggled through the state. With 46,180 square kilometers (17,830 sq mi), it is about the size of Estonia, or half the size of Portugal, and has a variety of habitats including coastal plains, lakes, mountainous forests, mangroves and many others. The volcanic islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz , 715 kilometers (444 mi) east of Vitória in
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1792-487: The main cash crop was sugarcane , until coffee, in high demand in Europe, overtook it in the mid-19th century. During the colonial era, periods of gold rush occurred, when agriculture was neglected, leading to food shortages , but not as much gold was found in Espírito Santo, as in the neighbouring states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . Another reason for the subdued expansion was the colonial administration's prohibition of
1848-431: The national assembly. After Cristiano Dias Lopes, Arthur Carlos Gerhard Santos, Élcio Álvares , and Eurico Rezende were chosen in this fashion, the military government slowly redemocratized , culminating in the adoption of Brazil's current 1988 Constitution . Democratic elections were held for the filling of every term, up to the incumbent, Renato Casagrande . During the first three centuries of Portuguese colonialism ,
1904-510: The population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino , for someone from the city of Cochabamba ; Tunisian for a person from Tunisia; and Swahili , for a person of the Swahili coast . As a sub-field of anthroponymy , the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics . Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups ). In
1960-477: The region of Vitória. In the south, dairy farming is practiced, and milk is sold, through cooperatives, in the markets of Rio de Janeiro and Vitória. More recently developed are silviculture and fruit-growing, with use for canned fruit and cellulose production. The total number of chickens in the state is about 9.2 million birds, and that of cattle exceeds 1.8 million head. Important reserves of granite are known and used, and extraction of natural gas and oil
2016-475: The same area of coast. Following the elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815, prompted by the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil , Espírito Santo was elevated to a province . After the independence of Brazil in 1822, it became a province of the newly established Empire of Brazil , and after Brazil became a republic in 1889, it
2072-428: The same place, but corresponds to the southern branch. Espírito Santo's climate is tropical along the coast, with dry winters and rainy summers. North of Doce River is generally drier and also hot. In the mountainous regions in the south and southwest of the state, the tropical climate is strongly influenced by altitude, and the average temperatures are lower. One of the most important lake districts in Brazil lies on
2128-445: The same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton. English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian , while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan , Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether. National Geographic attributes
2184-424: The second-largest producer of the fruit in the world, currently in third place, losing only to India and Ecuador , and produced 6.7 million tons in the same year. Espírito Santo was the largest Brazilian producer of papaya in 2018, with 354 thousand tons. Brazil produced 1.06 million tons in the same year. The state was the fifth-largest producer of coconuts in Brazil in 2009, with 157 million fruits. In 2018,
2240-531: The source of the southern branch, in an area called "Alto São Mateus". The two come together near the village of Lagoa at 18°39′02″S 40°05′37″W / 18.65056°S 40.09361°W / -18.65056; -40.09361 , and the São Mateus River flows 65 more kilometers, through the city of São Mateus , and empties into the South Atlantic Ocean near the town of Conceição da Barra , in
2296-460: The southern Atlantic Ocean, are part of Espírito Santo. This Brazilian state is in the east of the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains the states of São Paulo , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), the state of Bahia (N), the state of Minas Gerais (N and W), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (S). Espírito Santo's main cities (outside
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2352-432: The state also produced cassava, in a small amount compared to Brazilian production: 115,000 tons, with the country producing 17 million tons. Espírito Santo had an orange production of around 18,000 tons in 2018, the country's 14th-largest producer state. In the north of the state, beef cattle are raised and fattened, and the meat industry was developed; the meat is mainly shipped to Rio de Janeiro, in addition to supplying
2408-664: The state of Espírito Santo . In addition, other rivers such as the São Domingos, the Santana , the Mariricu , and the Rio Prêto are part of the São Mateus River's hydrological system. This article related to a river in Espírito Santo , Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Esp%C3%ADrito Santo Espírito Santo ( Portuguese: [(i)sˈpiɾitu ˈsɐ̃tu] ; lit. ' Holy Spirit ' )
2464-413: The state's industry. In 2012, the export basket of Espírito Santo was based on iron ore (52.49%), crude oil (10.87%), chemical pulp made of soda or sulphate wood (10.01%), stone or construction (5.58%), and coffee (4.42%). Espírito Santo exports iron produced in Minas Gerais. In the mineral extractive industry, in 2019, Rio de Janeiro was the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Brazil, with 71% of
2520-455: The state's main metro area . In the northern extremes of Espírito Santo is Itaúnas, in the municipality of Conceição da Barra , which is a tourist location known for its sand dunes and forró tradition. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo was carved out of the Captaincy of Bahia in the 18th century, during the colonial rule of Brazil , and named after a 16th-century captaincy covering roughly
2576-484: The state, as are Italian culture festivals, such as the one held in Venda Nova do Imigrante . Italian food is also an important part of capixaba cuisine. Italian pasta and cheeses, such as mozzarella , are produced locally. Small-scale farming, which is turning increasingly towards agrotourism , is appealing to its Italian roots to exploit that market. Germans were among the first colonists to cultivate land away from
2632-452: The state. In the area of Santa Leopoldina, their dialect of Dutch, which they call Ollans but is in fact a variety of Zeeuws-Vlaams influenced by Pomeranian, is still spoken by about 20 speakers. It is therefore severely endangered. The first African slaves in Espírito Santo arrived in Vitória in 1609, and years of slavery ensued. Espírito Santo, though, was still to play a significant part in
2688-459: The state. Now, their descendants control a good share of the local commerce. The Arab-Brazilians of Espírito Santo are generally Maronite Christians . About 60–75% of the population of Espírito Santo has Italian ancestry, making it the state with the highest percentage of Italian descendants in Brazil. They founded many towns in the area and have significant influence on capixaba society. A number of traditional Italian dance groups are still in
2744-405: The state. The census revealed: 1,908,803 Brown (multiracial) (49.8%), 1,479,275 White (38.6%), 429,680 Black (11.2%), 11,617 Indigenous (0.3%) and 4,268 Asian (0.1%). The population density was 72.7 inhabitants per square kilometer (188/sq mi). Urbanization: 82.2% (2006); Population growth : 2% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,056,000 (2006). The precolonial Amerindians groups in Espírito Santo were
2800-411: The state. The official state demonym, however, is "espírito-santense". Espírito Santo was first inhabited by Amerindians , whose different tribes were usually semi-nomadic, but precolonial Brazil has no recorded history. The area was colonized by the Portuguese starting in the 16th century, and received African slaves, and later, European immigrants of various origins. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo,
2856-611: The term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990. The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style . It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals . However, in What Do You Call
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#17328692325572912-410: The total national coffee production (first place), Espírito Santo accounted for 19.7% (second place) and São Paulo, 9.8% (third place). Brazil is the world's biggest productor of sugarcane, with 672 million tons/year. In 2020, Espírito Santo harvested almost 3 million tons. Espírito Santo was the seventh-largest national producer of bananas in 2018, with 408 thousand tons. Brazil was already
2968-404: The total volume produced. São Paulo comes in second place, with an 11.5% share of total production. Espírito Santo was the third-largest producer state, with 9.4%. In recent years, Espírito Santo has stood out in the production of oil and natural gas. With several discoveries made, mainly by Petrobras, the state left the fifth position in the Brazilian ranking of reserves, in 2002, to become one of
3024-570: Was granted statehood. In the early 20th century, its current state symbols were adopted. Espírito Santo's namesake is the Christian Holy Ghost (also known as the Holy Spirit). Debate exists as to the origin of the term capixaba , the unofficial demonym for those born in Espírito Santo. "Capixaba" is Tupi for "corn hair", reportedly because the blond hair of the European settlers reminded
3080-428: Was moved to the current capital of Vitória, founded on 8 September 1551, on an island near Vila Velha, which was later named Vitória Island. In 1556, after the arrival of European missionaries, the cities Serra, Nova Almeida , and Santa Cruz were founded. The captaincy remained under the influence of Coutinho's family for 140 years. It was elevated to province status in 1821, following the 1815 elevation of Brazil to
3136-577: Was on good terms with the provincial president, visited the Espírito Santo in 1860, during one of his tours of Brazil. In 1889, with the advent of the First Brazilian Republic , Espírito Santo was made one of the states of Brazil. Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa was appointed the first governor of the state by the provisional government. He was followed by four other appointed governors ( José Horácio Costa , Constante Gomes Sodré , Henrique da Silva Coutinho , and Antônio Gomez Aguirre ) until
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