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46-434: Cotija is the birthplace of several religious figures, including Saint Rafael Guízar Valencia and Father Marcial Maciel . The economy of the municipality is mostly based on agriculture and ranching. Cotija cheese is named after the city. The municipal president of Cotija and its many outlying communities was José Mendoza Morfín in 2008. Versions differ regarding the founding date of Cotija. The Reverend Jose Romero places

92-581: A concave footprint-like shape extending east–southeast to west–northwest. In Xalapa, the assigned intensity was VIII–IX ( Severe – Violent ), and Ayahualulco , Cosautlán and Teocelo was IX–X ( Violent – Extreme ). Light shaking was felt in Mexico City and parts of Oaxaca 's Teotitlán , Cuicatlán and San Jerónimo . There were foreshocks in the area two months prior, and the aftershock sequence lasted until April 1920. Some aftershocks were felt 220 km (140 mi) away in Mexico City. To monitor

138-566: A disaster relief board and travelled to several towns to participate in distributing resources. The devastated towns of Xalapa , Coatepec , Cosautlán , Coscomatepec , Patlanalá, Quimixtlán , Huatusco and Ayahualco were given government funds for reconstruction. The Bishop Rafael Guízar y Valencia assisted in the relief efforts and donations. Civil society groups and civilians also participated in relief efforts through joining relief committees and raising funds. Some local newspapers overdramatized their reports and falsely claimed that volcanoes in

184-505: A home and hid his priestly work under disguises as a street seller, a musician, and a doctor of homeopathic medicine, which allowed him to administer the sacraments in secrecy. At times he had to leave the country and lived in the South of the United States until 1915. In 1916 he went to Guatemala, in 1919 he cared for victims of the black plague. In 1919 he was elected Bishop of Veracruz and

230-1021: A landslide triggered by the earthquake. Many residents died in Patlanalá (239), Barranca Grande (101), Cosautlán (85), Quimixtlán (80) and Teocelo (35). In Xalapa, the death toll was between 3 and 50. At least 167 were injured, including 85 in Teocelo; 60 in Cosautlán; and 10 in Quimixtlán and Xalapa, respectively. The Catholic Telegraph reported the property damage at US$ 25,000,000 (equivalent to $ 380,232,558 in 2023 ). Serious damage occurred in Xalapa, Coatepec , Teocelo , Cosautlán , Ixhuacán, Ayahualulco , Calcahualco , Coscomatepec , Alpatláhuac , Rinconada , Huatusco and Córdoba . Many heavy masonry buildings which were not seismic resistant experienced heavy damage. The landslide began with small slides obstructing

276-532: A miracle that happened through the intercession of the Blessed, which opened the way to canonisation in 2006. 1920 Xalapa earthquake A moment magnitude 6.3–6.4 earthquake affected parts of Puebla and Veracruz towards the eastern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , Mexico on 3 January 1920 at 22:25 CST . A maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of XI–XII ( Extreme ) was recorded in

322-599: A performance theater, several audience members leaped off the balcony in panic during the earthquake, injuring themselves. Governmental and civilian relief efforts were mobilised in the wake of the destruction and to provide aid. On 6 January, Cándido Aguilar resumed his position as Governor of Veracruz , then held by interim governor Armando Deschamps. He formed a disaster relief board and, with military assistance, traveled to four towns, distributing money, food, and clothing. Public infrastructure and buildings were reconstructed under his supervision, and refugee shelters opened in

368-611: The Cocos and Rivera plates subduct northeastward along the Middle America Trench . Seismic strain at the subduction zone causes earthquakes and tsunamis when released. Volcanism occurs when the subducting plates (slabs) dehydrate during metamorphism . The water that is driven off causes some of the overlying mantle material to melt and rise through the overriding plate, forming volcanoes. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) stretches more than 1,000 km (620 mi) from

414-474: The epicenter , between Chilchotla and Patlanalán. The earthquake killed between 648 and 4,000 people; many deaths were attributed to mudslides that swept through settlements along the Huitzilapa and Pescado rivers. Many buildings were badly damaged or totally ruined. The towns of Patlanalá, Barranca Grande, Cosautlán, Quimixtlán and Teocelo were severely affected. Wooden jacales generally performed well during

460-530: The meizoseismal area . No ground faulting was observed either because it was too small, hidden under debris, or the rupture was entirely buried in the crust. In a 1996 study by the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , a 15 km (9.3 mi) lineament trending east–northeast was identified via satellite imaging . Located near the center of maximum seismic intensity , it may represent

506-692: The Congregation of Cotija. In 1790, Cotija was reclassified as a city by Michoacán governor, Aristeo Mercado. In the late 2010s, cartel warfare began to increase around the region, eventually resulting in Cotija's local police being overthrown by a cartel. The cartel has remained in power over the town ever since, leading to an increase in the occurrence of murders. 19°49′N 102°41′W  /  19.817°N 102.683°W  / 19.817; -102.683 Rafael Gu%C3%ADzar Valencia Rafael Guízar y Valencia (16 April 1878 – 6 June 1938)

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552-498: The Huitzilapa River tributaries which gradually combined into a massive flow. River debris further increased its volume and it cascaded downstream, sweeping through multiple villages within the first 20 km (12 mi) and depositing a 10 m (33 ft) thick debris layer. Continuing further downhill, it transitioned to a hyperconcentrated flow . In the area with the most severe damage, landslides were concentrated along

598-586: The Pacific coast to the Gulf of Mexico . Instead of running trench -parallel, it aligns obliquely to the trend of the trench. This is because the Cocos and Rivera plates subduct at different angles. The changing geometry of the Cocos plate from constant moderate dip in the northwest to flat-slab in the southeast. This produces contours on the top of the slab at 100 km (62 mi) and deeper that trend roughly west–east, matching

644-500: The TMVB as a moderate-hazard region. The assessment only considered the instrumental seismic record since 1912, excluding several large events dating back to 1568. A 2017 study by Geofísica Internacional considered the instrumental and historical records from 1858, concluding that the TMVB is more vulnerable to earthquakes. The researchers estimated a return period of 150 years for M w   7.0 or larger events. However, analysing only

690-444: The TMVB has experienced earthquakes as large as M w   7.6. However, a brief account in 1546 may be an earlier example. Seismicity in the TMVB is infrequent, with the most recent major earthquakes being the 1912 Acambay (M w   6.9) and 1920 Xalapa events. Veracruz experiences moderate seismicity compared to Mexico's Pacific coast, where the subduction zone generate more earthquakes. Some earthquakes with epicenters in

736-458: The aftershocks, a Wiechert seismograph was installed in Xalapa. Data from the seismograph indicated that these aftershocks occurred 30–40 km (19–25 mi) from where it was installed, suggesting that the preceding mainshock was a shallow focal event rupturing the North American plate. In contrast, intraslab earthquakes would be located further due to their deeper source. Since 1568,

782-406: The alluvium and Quaternary cinder cones suggests recent geologic activity on these faults. On average, these faults move at 2 mm (0.079 in) per year, and because of their active state, they can produce earthquakes. The earthquake had a moment magnitude (M w  ) of 6.3–6.4, and its hypocenter was 15 km (9.3 mi) beneath the surface. Although seismic data to determine

828-601: The amount. The Mexican population in the United States contributed to the Guízar's fund, among them, the San Antonio -based Spanish-language newspaper La Presna raised US$ 15,000 (equivalent to $ 228,140 in 2023) while the El Salvador and Honduras government and American Red Cross sent US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 152,093 in 2023) each. Pope Benedict XV also donated an undisclosed amount. Some local press sensationalized

874-580: The area moderately at risk of earthquakes while a 2017 study suggests that risk is higher. The 1920 earthquake may have been caused by rupture along a normal fault within the belt. After the earthquake, a seismograph was deployed in Xalapa to record the aftershocks . The data from the seismograph suggested the mainshock originated within the North American plate at a shallow depth. The Veracruz government immediately provided assistance and established communication services. Governor Cándido Aguilar formed

920-479: The area were erupting. Others organised fundraising or promoted Guízar's fundraising efforts and eventually raised over US$ 150,000 . The El Salvador and Honduras government, and Pope Benedict XV, also contributed monetary aid. Mexico lies at the convergence of three tectonic plates. Most of the Mexican landmass, except Baja California , forms part of the westward-moving North American plate . Oceanic lithosphere of

966-489: The buildings on Enriquez Street were affected. Improperly erected supports meant to stabilize these buildings worsened the damage. The hospital was so severely cracked that it was at risk of collapse but was running at full capacity treating patients. Several homes in Orizaba collapsed and other buildings cracked. Some commercial offices and churches sustained cracks while in the residential area, collapsed homes claimed lives. At

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1012-640: The causative fault. Based on where the strongest shaking occurred, the epicenter was likely between the towns of Chilchotla and Patlanalán. A 70.8 km (27.3 sq mi) area, including Chilchotla, Ixhuacán , Quimixtlán and Patlanalá and the epicenter, was assigned a Modified Mercalli intensity of XI–XII ( Extreme ) based on the damage severity. The region surrounding this maximum damage zone experienced lower intensities: 433.6 km (167.4 sq mi) experienced intensity X, and 955.2 km (368.8 sq mi) experienced intensity IX. The plotted isoseismal lines outlining these zones formed

1058-666: The church central nave arches while its walls were severely cracked or crumbled. The public office building and a school were levelled. The destruction in Saltillo Lafragua amounted to US$ 209,370 (equivalent to $ 3,184,372 in 2023 ) and only 51 of the 375 homes remained intact. Many stone buildings were heavily damaged while the eastern district, comprising mostly wooden jacales was less affected. Though most adobe buildings appeared intact from their external appearance, their damaged interiors were uninhabitable. Damage in Agua de la Mina

1104-445: The earthquake but some were destroyed. The total cost of damage was estimated at US$ 25,000,000 . The volcanic belt undergoes crustal extension which causes normal faults to form in response to the tectonic deformation . These faults can produce earthquakes and pose a threat to highly populated towns due to their close proximity. However, they are rare with return periods of several thousand years. A 2008 hazard zoning considered

1150-589: The effort; the San Francisco de las Peñas municipal government initiated a donation drive, and state employees contributed a day's wages. The Francisco Verdad, a fraternal organization of the National Mexican Rite requested donations from its members through the local newspaper, El Dictamen . For reconstruction the local government allocated between US$ 2,492 (equivalent to $ 37,902 in 2023) and US$ 29,910 (equivalent to $ 454,910 in 2023) for each of

1196-522: The eight affected towns; Xalapa, Coatepec, and Cosautlán received the largest amount. The government also reserved US$ 19,940 (equivalent to $ 303,273 in 2023) for affected individuals. The Sonora governor , Adolfo de la Huerta , donated US$ 2,033 (equivalent to $ 30,921 in 2023) to relief groups in Puebla and Veraruz. In Xalapa, there were at least 74 individual requests for assistance due to damaged homes from January to early February. Additionally,

1242-448: The faulting mechanism is limited, the shock was likely caused by an east–west striking normal fault . Similar earthquakes in the TMVB with depth of less than 15 km (9.3 mi) have shown evidence of normal faulting, suggesting the mainshock likely have identical characteristics. A fault length of 25 km (16 mi) was estimated using scaling relationships between the seismic magnitude and rupture length which corresponded with

1288-526: The founding between 1575 and 1576, in a site called Cotixa, which was situated near the Rio Claro (Clear River), Mr. Melchor Manzo de Corona built what became the first Spanish settlement in the region. From 1581 to 1595, 11 other Spanish colonists joined Corona in Cotixa. Some built their houses, and they attempted to make a living by raising cattle. Other Spanish families arrived. At the time, this Spanish settlement

1334-593: The instrumental record yielded a 12,000-year return interval. Although moderate in magnitude and occurring less frequently compared to their subduction zone counterparts, these earthquakes can be destructive when they occur near densely populated areas. Municipalities such as Mexico City, Guadalajara , Puebla and Morelia are located close to potential earthquake sources, such as the Acambay-Tixmadejé and Venta de Bravo faults and Chapala graben. The earthquake killed between 648 and 4,000 people. The lowest figure in

1380-419: The intraslab seismicity ceases are shallow intraplate earthquakes within the TMVB. Crustal deformation in the TMVB is characterized by extension . This extension occurs perpendicular to the general strike direction of the TMVB. East–west striking normal faults form as a result of this tectonic deformation. Some of the scarps formed by these faults are mapped for up to 50 km (31 mi). Offset within

1426-822: The police inspected and evicted residents from buildings deemed collapse-prone. Restoring the government palace's ceiling lights, paintings, and decorations amounted to over US$ 6,630 (equivalent to $ 100,838 in 2023 ). Rafael Guízar y Valencia , the Bishop of Veracruz, also coordinated relief and donation activities. In Teocelo, Guízar officiated a sermon and distributed US$ 1,496 (equivalent to $ 22,753 in 2023) among its residents. He also preached in other affected areas until 1921. El Dictamen promoted and organised Guízar's fundraising efforts, and by 9 January, raised more than US$ 149,550 (equivalent to $ 2,274,551 in 2023 ). In Mexico City, El Universal and Excélsior organised public donation drives that also contributed to

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1472-507: The range originated from a 1922 field report by the Seismological Society of Mexico. However, contemporary studies reported larger figures without discussing the discrepancy. Some newspapers that immediately reported the disaster estimated the number of casualties in the 2,000 to 4,000 range. It is the second deadliest earthquake in Mexico's history, behind the 1985 Mexico City earthquake , which killed over 9,500. At least 419 deaths were from

1518-512: The region. In December 1937, while on a mission in Cordoba, he suffered a heart attack and died on 6 June 1938 in Mexico City. His tomb in the Catholic Cathedral of Xalapa attracts many worshipers who come for intercession. Guízar was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 29 January 1995. He was canonized on 15 October 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI. In April 2006, Pope Benedict XVI confirmed

1564-539: The river, extending westward from Chilchotla to Acantiopa, near Patlanalá. Many occurred along the left bank and its tributaries, with the region's mountainous topography and 10 days of heavy precipitation contributing to unstable slopes. After merging with the Pescado River near Teocelo, it continued for 80 km (50 mi) before entering the Gulf of Mexico, burying Acuatlatipa, El Rincón, Mecatitla and Petlacuacán along

1610-529: The state have been deadly, such in 1959 and 1967. The 1973 earthquake though with an epicenter outside the state, caused significant destruction and deaths. Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions; nearly 52 million people or 40 percent of the population live around the TMVB. In 2008, the Comisión Federal de Electricidad published its seismic hazard evaluation results, later adopted nationwide. Their report classified cities along

1656-403: The town cracked and their pillars shifted while wooden homes were less damaged. A church and its attached rectory were destroyed; the municipal building and a shop also experienced toppled or cracked walls. In Teocelo's upper district, some homes collapsed or were totally destroyed. A church tower partially collapsed and its roof caved-in, leaving the main altar in ruins. Cracks also appeared in

1702-580: The town of Tingüindín for those religious affairs was necessary. This situation was not remedied until November 1740, when the Bishop of Michoacán, Fr. Marks Ramirez of the Prado, gave permission to the chapel of the Rincon de Cotixa to perform ecclesiastical burials. Between August 2 and 5, 1759, Francisco Antonio de Echavarri decreed that the Rincon de Cotixa and the Llano of Titiacoro would be united and officially renamed as

1748-399: The trench. In southern Mexico, flat-slab subduction causes the slab to reach this depth 300 km (190 mi) from the trench. As a result, the volcanic arc is located further from than the trench than is typical. Beneath land, the Cocos plate generate earthquakes at 60–100 km (37–62 mi) depth, but cease abruptly some 100 km (62 mi) south of the TMVB. North of where

1794-740: The trend of the TMVB. In Jalisco, the Rivera plate subducts steeply into Earth's interior at 50° relative to the planet's surface. To the southeast, from Michoacán to Guerrero , the subduction angle progressively decreases. The slab is subhorizontal between Guerrero and Oaxaca , demonstrating 165 km (103 mi) of flat slab subduction , with the top of the slap attaining a depth of 50 km (31 mi). Beyond Oaxaca, it gradually steepens again, reaching 50–60° beneath Central America. Volcanism usually occurs directly above slabs that undergo metamorphism at around 100 km (62 mi) depth, which typically happens about 100 km (62 mi) from

1840-756: The way. The flow carried human bodies towards Jalcomulco and some floated in the Antigua River near the gulf. Human and animal remains could be found along the Pescados River bank. Mountains in the area exhibited landslide scars which transported loose earth, vegetation and bedrock . Near Cerro Colorado and Acantiopa, some landslide deposits contained boulders up to 7 m (250 cu ft). In Ahuautla village, north of Quimixtlán, landslides comprising highly fragmented materials generated dust clouds that residents interpreted volcanic activity. In Patlanalá, only two residents survived. Some masonry buildings in

1886-506: The worst-affected areas such as Teocelo. Aguilar also ordered civic and military authorities in the respective towns to support Harry Hopkins and Haner Borst, members of the American Red Cross . The pair were accompanied by Catholic priest Francisco J. Krill to assess the impact and offer aid. Additional Red Cross members and medical personnel treated injured survivors and buried the dead. Charities and civil societies also supported

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1932-670: Was consecrated in the Cathedral of Saint Christopher in Havana on November 30, 1919. He maintained a clandestine seminary in Mexico, which changed location constantly. Of the years in which Guízar was in charge of the diocese, he had to spend nine years in exile due to persecution. In 1920, he participated in relief and recovery efforts for survivors and towns badly affected by an earthquake which struck Veracruz in January. He collaborated with government officials to raise funds, and conducted sermons in

1978-625: Was a Mexican bishop of the Roman Catholic Church who was persecuted during the Mexican Revolution . Named Bishop of Xalapa in 1919, he was driven out of his diocese and forced to live the remainder of his life in hiding in Mexico City . Pope Benedict XVI canonized Guízar on 15 October 2006. Rafael Guízar Valencia was born in Cotija in 1878. His parents, Prudencio and Natividad Guízar y Valencia had eleven children. When Rafael

2024-449: Was known as the Rincon de Cotixa (Cotixa Nook) and Mr. Melchor Manzo’s hacienda was considered the heart of the settlement. A primitive chapel was constructed in honor of Our Lady of the Pópolo, where a flea market ( tianguis ) was held on Sundays. By 1730, the chapel of the Rincon de Cotixa had a standing priest, but baptisms, marriages, and burials were not allowed. Therefore, travelling to

2070-520: Was limited because there were few masonry buildings and only one person was injured. Similarly, wooden jacales performed well in Chilchotla although some were destroyed during the shaking and a church tower partially collapsed. The partial collapse of Dos Corazones church in Xalapa ruined nearby houses and injured several people. The Francisco I. Madero orphanage, a government palace and the municipal building were damaged. Nine streets including almost all

2116-545: Was nine years old, he lost his mother. He attended a catholic school where he got in touch with Jesuit priests. After some time he felt called to priesthood . In 1891 he entered the seminary in Cotija and was ordained in 1901. In 1905 he became spiritual director of the seminary in Zamora. In 1911, he founded a religious newspaper in Mexico, but soon met with political persecution by the revolutionary movement in Mexico which lasted until his death. Guízar lived several times without

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