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88-461: Konstantinos " Kostas " Gavras ( Greek : Κωνσταντίνος "Κώστας" Γαβράς ; born 12 February 1933), known professionally as Costa-Gavras , is a Greek-French film director, screenwriter, and producer who lives and works in France. He is known for political films, such as the political thriller Z (1969), which won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and Missing (1982), for which he won

176-581: A 40th anniversary production of Edward Gorey 's Dracula . At the start of 2014, Shea appeared in Madam Secretary as Ted Graham. Later that year, he wrote and directed Grey Lady , a romantic thriller set on Nantucket, starring Eric Dane , Natalie Zea , Adrian Lester , Carolyn Stotesbury , Chris Meyer, and Amy Madigan . The independent film, produced by Beacon Pictures and shot by Andrzej Bartkowiak , had its first charity screening in August 2015. It

264-881: A French language speaking role in Lune de miel . In 1986, he made his London West End debut starring in Joseph Papp 's production of Larry Kramer 's drama The Normal Heart at the Albery Theatre . In 1987 ABC contracted a network miniseries titled Baby M , in which Shea was cast. His portrayal of William "Bill" Stern received critical acclaim and resulted in him being nominated and winning his first Emmy Award for Supporting Drama Actor . He starred in Small Sacrifices alongside Farrah Fawcett in 1989. In Grant Tinker's 1990 CBS series WIOU , written by John Eisendrath and Kathryn Pratt, Shea led an ensemble cast briefly before

352-504: A Tamil film. The film garnered widespread praise and critical acclaim. Shea voiced the central character Sylvain in the English dub of the animated feature film Gandahar . He was cast in the 2010 American drama film An Invisible Sign with Jessica Alba . Shea was cast alongside Lea Thompson in the 2012 romantic comedy The Trouble With the Truth . In the summer of 2013 he directed

440-646: A bachelor's degree in theatre. He performed on the varsity debating and football teams and co-edited the college literary magazine, Puffed Wheat , before graduating in 1970. He studied acting and directing at the Yale School of Drama of Yale University under Dean Robert Brustein , gaining an M.F.A in Directing in 1973. During his time at the School of Drama, he also performed at the Yale Repertory Theatre , in

528-570: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,

616-626: A documentary. It was a fiction film but it was made like it was actually happening. Like the camera didn't know what was gonna happen next. And that is an induced technique. It looks like he happened upon the scene and captured what was going on as you do in a documentary. My first films were documentaries too. So I understood what he was doing but I never thought you could do that in a feature at that time until I saw Z ." The American filmmaker Steven Soderbergh listed Z as an inspiration on his film Traffic and even stated that he "wanted to make it like [Costa-Gavras's] Z ". In 2020, Costa Gavras wrote

704-552: A fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes , a limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in

792-556: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on

880-531: A foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near

968-751: A miniseries for Universal. He made his television film debut as Joseph in The Nativity (1978) opposite Madeleine Stowe as Mary, a biblical epic shot in Spain. His feature film debut came in Matthew Chapman's English film noir Hussy (1980), opposite Helen Mirren . His American film debut was in Constantin Costa-Gavras 's Academy Award -winning Missing (1982), which starred Jack Lemmon and Sissy Spacek . The film, shot on locations in Mexico, also won

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1056-757: A significant influence on political cinema . Wade Major of the Directors Guild of America mentioned that, "With films like Z and Missing, Costa-Gavras almost single-handedly created the modern political thriller". When German Director Wim Wenders paid tribute to him in 2018 at the 31st European Film Awards in Seville, Spain, Wenders called him "One of the greatest filmmakers of our time." He has influenced directors such as Oliver Stone , William Friedkin , Steven Soderbergh , Rachid Bouchareb , Mathieu Kassovitz , and Ben Affleck . Stone mentioned that Costa-Gavras "was certainly one of my earliest role models, ... I

1144-420: A two dimensional comic villain, the way he might have been portrayed in the comic books or even other films. I thought Gene Hackman was brilliant, but it was a different kind of comic villain. His starring run of the series ended on an enjoyable note for Shea; the series finale includes a virtual reality sequence in which Luthor flies over Metropolis in a modified Superman costume. Shea recalled, "One day I read

1232-520: A version of whose character had been portrayed in the movie (under a different name), filed a US$ 150 million libel suit , Davis v. Costa-Gavras , 619 F. Supp. 1372 (1985), against the studio and the director, which was eventually dismissed. The film won an Oscar for Best Screenplay Adaptation and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival (with Yılmaz Güney 's movie Yol ). Betrayed (1988)

1320-766: Is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout

1408-742: Is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system

1496-474: Is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During

1584-565: Is an account of the undermining in the 1960s of democratic government in Greece, his homeland and place of birth. The format, however, is a mystery-thriller combination that transforms an uncomfortable history into a fast-paced story. This is a clear example of how he pours politics into plot, "bringing epic conflicts into the sort of personal conflicts we are accustomed to seeing on screen." His accounts of corruption propagated, in their essence, by European and American powers ( Z , State of Siege and Missing ) highlight problems buried deep in

1672-604: Is inspired by the arrest and trial of Ukrainian immigrant John Demjanjuk and screenwriter Joe Eszterhas ' realisation that his father had been a member of the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party . The film won the Golden Bear at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival . La Petite Apocalypse (1993) was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . Amen. (2003), was based in part on

1760-510: Is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to

1848-497: Is roughly based upon the terrorist activities of American neo-Nazi and white supremacist Robert Mathews and his group The Order . In Music Box (1989), a respected Hungarian immigrant ( Armin Mueller-Stahl ) is accused of having commanded an Anti-Semitic death squad during World War II . His daughter, a Chicago defence attorney played by Jessica Lange , agrees to defend him at his denaturalization hearing. The film

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1936-888: Is sometimes called aljamiado , as when Romance languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greek: Transcription of the example text into Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern John Shea He made his television film debut in The Nativity (1978), alongside Madeleine Stowe . Billed alongside Helen Mirren , he starred in

2024-518: Is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around

2112-708: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,

2200-630: Is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with

2288-577: The Best Director award as well. Costa-Gavras has received an honorary doctorate from the Film School of the Aristotle University in 2013. He was interviewed extensively by The Times cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter and was featured prominently in her book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture (1993, Da Capo Press). Costa-Gavras received

2376-486: The Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It

2464-510: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as

2552-621: The Magritte Honorary Award in 2013. He was the first filmmaker to receive the Catalonia International Prize (2017). His daughter Julie Gavras and his sons Romain Gavras and Alexandre Gavras are also directors. He is the first cousin of Penelope Spheeris , Jimmie Spheeris and Chris Spheeris . In 2009, Costa-Gavras signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski , calling for his release after Polanski

2640-750: The Palme d'Or and an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Most of his films have been made in French, but six of them were made in English, including Hanna K. . Costa-Gavras was born in Loutra Iraias , Arcadia . His family spent the Second World War in a village in the Peloponnese , and moved to Athens after the war. His father had been a member of the Pro-Soviet branch of the Greek Resistance , and

2728-737: The Palme d'Or at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival and helped launch Shea's international acting career. During the early 1980s, Shea was asked to join the billed cast of Paula Vogel 's Pulitzer Prize winning How I Learned to Drive along with Molly Ringwald as well as the following: Anne Meara 's Down the Garden Paths , Eugene O'Neill 's Long Day's Journey Into Night , the original production of A. R. Gurney 's The Dining Room, Peter Parnell 's The Sorrows of Stephen , Stephen Poliakoff 's American Days , Theodore Mann 's production of Romeo and Juliet , Philip Barry 's The Animal Kingdom opposite Sigourney Weaver . Shea went on to be cast in

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2816-579: The Slánský 'show trial' in 1952. State of Siege (1972) takes place in Uruguay under the civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay in the early 1970s. In a plot loosely based on the case of US police official and alleged torture expert Dan Mitrione , an American embassy official (played by Yves Montand ) is kidnapped by the Tupamaros , a radical leftist urban guerilla group, which interrogates him in order to reveal

2904-772: The Theatre World Award . Yentl started Off Broadway at the Chelsea Theatre Center at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and, after a favorable reception, was moved to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre by producer and Actors Studio co-founder, Cheryl Crawford , and was later made into a film starring Barbra Streisand . After seeing his performance Lee Strasberg invited Shea to join the Actors Studio where he spent several years studying method acting . Since his Broadway debut in

2992-715: The U.S. Army during World War II, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge , and who became a teacher, coach and later assistant Superintendent of Schools. Elizabeth Shea introduced John to literature, poetry, classical music, and art and urged him to study the piano. Shea attended Roman Catholic schools in Springfield, graduating from Cathedral High School , where he captained the varsity debate team and played varsity football and track. Shea studied at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine , where he earned

3080-608: The noir film Hussy (1980) and the Academy Award -winning drama Missing (1982). In 1988, Shea won his first Emmy for his performance as William Stern in Baby M . Shea's subsequent films include the comedy thriller Coast to Coast (1987), the drama Windy City (1984), the dark crime feature Small Sacrifices (1989), the political thriller The Insurgents (2006), the Tamil language thriller Achchamundu! Achchamundu! (2009),

3168-492: The nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in

3256-872: The "Best Actor" award at the Montreal World Film Festival in 1984. In 1982, he co-hosted, with Kathryn Walker , the June 12th Anti-Nuclear Rally in Central Park, the largest peace rally in the history of the United States. This rally was the subject of the 1984 documentary film In Our Hands by Robert Richer and Stan Warnow, in which Shea made a cameo appearance. Shea made his Carnegie Hall debut playing "The Soldier" in Tom O'Horgan 's 1985 production of Igor Stravinsky 's L'Histoire du Soldat , with Pinchas Zukerman and Andre de Shields . That year, he also starred in

3344-457: The 1940s. In this political context, L'Aveu ( The Confession ) provides the exception, dealing as it does with oppression on the part of a Communist regime during the Stalinist period. Costa-Gavras has brought attention to international issues, some urgent, others merely problematic, and he has done this in the tradition of cinematic story-telling. Z (1969), one of his most well-known works,

3432-465: The 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into

3520-585: The Cinematheque was Erich von Stroheim 's Greed , and I was astonished to see you could do long movies with no happy ending. Kurosawa , no doubt, was a big influence. Movies sometimes more than directors have influenced me: The Grapes of Wrath , by John Ford , was an extraordinary discovery. Sergei Eisenstein , of course. Later on, [Ingmar] Bergman . He also listed René Clément , Jacques Demy , and Gillo Pontecorvo 's film The Battle of Algiers as an influence on his filmmaking. Costa-Gavras films have been

3608-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit

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3696-425: The Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than

3784-491: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in

3872-629: The Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow

3960-661: The Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community

4048-746: The Yale cabaret with schoolmates Joe Grifasi and Meryl Streep , and studied film making with Arthur Penn , Sidney Lumet , and George Roy Hill in the film program at the Art and Architecture School . After a directing apprenticeship at both the Chelsea Theatre under Robert Kalfin and the Public Theater with Joseph Papp , he made his Broadway debut at the age of 26 in Kalfin's production of Isaac B. Singer 's Yentl opposite Tovah Feldshuh , for which he received

4136-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),

4224-402: The ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of

4312-448: The anthology Selected Shorts: Classic Tales, Vol. XII . In 2005 he was cast as Trevor Lipton in Law & Order: Criminal Intent . When casting for Gossip Girl began in 2007, Shea was asked to join the recurring cast as Harold Waldorf , Blair Waldorf 's father. His portrayal of the character garnered him increased name recognition among millennials and contributed to his presence in American meme and popular culture . He

4400-531: The details of secret American support for repressive regimes in Latin America . Missing , originally released in 1982 and based on the book The Execution Of Charles Horman , concerns an American journalist, Charles Horman (played by John Shea in the film), who disappeared in the 1973 coup d'état led by General Augusto Pinochet in Chile . Horman's father, played by Jack Lemmon , and wife, played by Sissy Spacek , search in vain to determine his fate. Nathaniel Davis, US ambassador to Chile from 1971 to 1973,

4488-530: The drama An Invisible Sign (2010), and the Finnish film The Italian Key (2011). His breakthrough came when he was cast as Lex Luthor in the 1990s TV series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman , subsequently being cast as Adam Kane in the 2000s Mutant X series. Shea's public profile increased in 2012 after his five-year role as Harold Waldorf , Blair Waldorf 's father on Gossip Girl . Shea has been noted for his political involvement in social equity , which in 1984 led him to organize

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4576-404: The early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of

4664-448: The epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute

4752-452: The following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in

4840-413: The highly controversial 1963 play, Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel ( The Deputy, a Christian Tragedy ), by Rolf Hochhuth . The film plot alleges that Pope Pius XII was aware of the plight of the Jews in Nazi concentration camps during World War II , but failed to take public action to publicise or condemn the Holocaust. Gavras won César Award for Best Writing for this film. He

4928-439: The infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn

5016-541: The largest peace rally in the history of the United States, garnering praise by various non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International . In 2014, Shea announced his directorial debut with Grey Lady , released in mid-2017. Shea was born in North Conway, New Hampshire , near where his father was teaching at Fryeburg Academy , Maine, and was raised in the Sixteen Acres area of Springfield, Massachusetts , with four siblings. His parents were Elizabeth Mary (née Fuller) and Dr. John Victor Shea, Jr., who served in

5104-414: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write

5192-458: The membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in the regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek

5280-408: The mid 1970s, Shea has continued to work in Off-Broadway and Broadway theatre productions, starring in Arthur Kopit 's End of the World starring with Linda Hunt and Barnard Hughes . In 1977, during his first trip to Los Angeles to get experience in front of a camera, he played guest roles in such TV series as Eight Is Enough and Man from Atlantis , and co-starred in The Last Convertible ,

5368-441: The modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and

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5456-399: The noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks

5544-408: The objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It

5632-706: The older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as

5720-452: The preface to the book Opération Condor , by French writer and journalist Pablo Daniel Magee . The French filmmaker Mathieu Kassovitz listed Costa-Gavras films (such as Z and The Confession ) as influential to his work. The French filmmaker Rachid Bouchareb listed Z as an influence on his film Outside the Law . The American actor and filmmaker Ben Affleck listed Costa-Gavras's films as influences for his film Argo . In

5808-420: The script and I thought, 'Oh my God! I'm really going to get to do this?' And they said yes. You're going to get to fly. ... They just took me out on this boom and they flew me back and forth across the green screen . And they had wind machines blowing and smoke machines, and, oh my God, I felt like I was reborn." After leaving Lois & Clark , Shea starred in a new X-Men inspired series, Mutant X , where he

5896-424: The show's cancellation. In 1993, Shea was cast as Lex Luthor in the television show, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman . His portrayal of the DC Comics supervillain received positive reviews, but he left after the first season occasionally returning in later seasons in a guest role. Shea said of the role: This villain is written as a human being, and not just a one dimensional comic villain or

5984-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of

6072-503: The structures of these societies, problems which he deems not everyone is comfortable addressing. The approach he adopted in L'Aveu also "subtly invited the audience to a critical look focused on structural issues, delving this time into the opposite Communist bloc." Until 2019's Adults in the Room , Costa-Gavras had never worked in Greece or made a film in the Greek language. When Costa-Gavras asked about some of his biggest cinematic influences, he replied: The first movie I saw at

6160-409: The targets of Costa-Gavras's work have been right wing or far right movements and regimes, including the Greek military in Z , and right-wing dictatorships that ruled much of Latin America during the height of the Cold War, as in State of Siege and Missing . In a broader sense, this emphasis continues with Amen. given its focus on the conservative leadership of the Catholic Church during

6248-473: The television show “Chuck”, season 3 episode 3 “ Chuck Versus the Angel de la Muerte ” featured the fictional leader Alejandro Goya who was looking to convert his nation of “Costa Gravis” from communism to democratic. Alejandro’s wife and one of his body guards attempt to undermine this effort, seemingly a reference to Costa-Gravis’ movie “Z”. Costa-Gavras's debut film, Compartiment Tueurs , won National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film and

6336-599: The time of its release, Greece had been ruled for two years by the "Regime of the Colonels" . Z won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film . Costa-Gavras and co-writer Jorge Semprún won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Film Screenplay. L'Aveu ( The Confession , 1970) follows the path of Artur London , a Czechoslovakian communist minister falsely arrested and tried for treason and espionage in

6424-628: The title role in Nancy Hasty's The Director , and, later, in Israel Horovitz 's The Secret of Madame Bonnard's Bath . In 1983, Shea co-starred as Robert F. Kennedy in the critically acclaimed NBC miniseries Kennedy , alongside Martin Sheen as John F. Kennedy and Blair Brown as Jacqueline Kennedy . In 1984 Shea starred in Armyan Bernstein's Windy City along with Kate Capshaw . He won

6512-568: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or

6600-578: Was a film student at NYU when Z came out, which we studied. Costa actually came over with Yves Montand for a screening and was such a hero to us. He was in the tradition of Gillo Pontecorvo 's The Battle of Algiers and was the man in that moment ... it was a European moment." The American filmmaker William Friedkin listed Z as one of his favorite films and mentioned the film's influence on him when directing his film The French Connection : "After I saw Z , I realized how I could shoot The French Connection . Because he [Costa-Gavras] shot 'Z' like

6688-549: Was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of

6776-546: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe

6864-463: Was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. He argued that "the crime could not be considered rape because the teenage girl was 13 years old but looked 25". Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized :  Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized :  Hellēnikḗ )

6952-563: Was cast as Adam Kane. The show aired for three seasons before being cancelled. In 1998 Shea co-wrote and directed the independent film Southie , starring Donnie Wahlberg , Rose McGowan , Amanda Peet , Anne Meara , Will Arnett and Lawrence Tierney . The film won the Seattle International Film Festival award for Best Film, represented the United States at the Montreal International Festival, and

7040-462: Was cast in Scott Dacko 's 2006 political thriller The Insurgents with Mary Stuart Masterson . Later in 2009 he was cast as Cary Ago's father, Jeffery, a recurring character on The Good Wife . He made his debut into Indian cinema with the 2009 Tamil drama Achchamundu! Achchamundu! , directed by Indo-American film director Arun Vaidyanathan , becoming the first American actor to work in

7128-502: Was distributed by Lions Gate Films. Shea appeared on Sex and the City as Dominic a month later. He also starred in the independent film The Adventures of Sebastian Cole . Shea was contracted later that year to be a reader on Selected Shorts for Symphony Space , broadcast nationwide on Public Radio International . His reading of Truman Capote 's " A Christmas Memory " won AudioFile Magazine ' s Earphones Award in 1999, as part of

7216-493: Was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival . In Z (1969), an investigating judge, played by Jean-Louis Trintignant , tries to uncover the truth about the murder of a prominent leftist politician, played by Yves Montand , while government officials and the military attempt to cover up their roles. The film is a fictionalised account of the events surrounding the assassination of Greek politician Grigoris Lambrakis in 1963. It had additional resonance because, at

7304-830: Was imprisoned during the Greek Civil War . His father's Communist Party membership made it impossible for Costa-Gavras to attend university in Greece or to be granted a visa to the United States, so after high school he settled in France, where he began studying literature at the Sorbonne in 1951. In 1956, he abandoned his university studies to study film at the French national film school, IDHEC . After film school, he apprenticed under Yves Allégret , and became an assistant director for Jean Giono and René Clair . After several further appointments as first assistant director, he directed his first feature film, Compartiment Tueurs , in 1965. His 1967 film Shock Troops ( Un homme de trop )

7392-772: Was nominated for the Edgar Award for Best Screenplay in 1967. The film Z was the first film to be nominated for both the Best Picture and Best Foreign Language Film . It won the latter, as well as the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film . Z was also the first foreign-language film to win the Best Film award from the New York Film Critics Circle . Gavras won

7480-477: Was president of the Cinémathèque Française from 1982 to 1987, and again since 2007. Costa-Gavras is known for merging controversial political issues with the entertainment value of commercial cinema. Law and justice, oppression, legal/illegal violence, and torture are common subjects in his work, especially relevant to his earlier films. Costa-Gavras is an expert of the "statement" picture. In most cases,

7568-414: Was released on DVD and various streaming services in the summer of 2017. In 2015, Shea joined the cast of Agent X as Thomas Eckhart. It was announced that Shea would play Dr. Marcus Eldridge in a 2016 episode of Bones . Shea has been married twice. He and his first wife, photographer Laura Pettibone, had one child together, Jake. He and his current wife, the artist Melissa MacLeod, a co-founder of

7656-566: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect

7744-653: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage

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