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87-512: Corythosaurus ( / k ə ˌ r ɪ θ ə ˈ s ɔːr ə s / ; lit.   ' helmeted lizard ' ) is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period , about 77–75.7  million years ago , in what is now western North America . Its name is derived from the Greek word κόρυς, meaning "helmet", named and described in 1914 by Barnum Brown . Corythosaurus

174-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

261-417: A base model to analyze which theory is more likely true. He found that, even though birds are thought of as saurischians, it is very plausible for them to have evolved their specific pelvic musculature and anatomy if they evolved from ornithschians like Corythosaurus . However, even though the pelvic structure of Corythosaurus and other ornithischians does bear a greater superficial resemblance to birds than

348-401: A fold of skin preserved on the back of the tibia, but this was probably from the bottom of the belly instead of the leg. Separating the polygonal scales of C. casuarius are shieldlike scales, arranged close together in rows. Ossified tendons are present on all the vertebrae, except for those in the cervical region. On no vertebrae do the tendons extend below the transverse processes. Each tendon

435-491: A herbivore. Benson et al. (2012) realized that the beak of Corythosaurus was shallow and delicate, concluding that it must have been used to feed upon soft vegetation. Based on the climate of the Late Cretaceous, they guessed that Corythosaurus would have been a selective feeder, eating only the juiciest fruits and youngest leaves. A Corythosaurus specimen has been preserved with its last meal in its chest cavity. Inside

522-467: A high helmet-like crest formed by the nasals , prefrontals , and frontals ; the nasals not being separated in front by the premaxillaries ; a narrow beak with an expansion in front of an elongated naris; and a small narial opening. In 1916, Brown expanded the character set to include even more features. In the revised version, these extra features include a comparatively short skull with a high helmet-like crest formed by nasals, prefrontals, and frontals;

609-660: A large eardrum , implies the existence of a sensitive middle ear. It is possible that hadrosaurid ears are sensitive enough to detect as much sound as a modern crocodilian. The internal structures of the crest of Corythosaurus are quite complex, making possible a call that could be used as a warning or for attracting a mate. Nasal passageways of Corythosaurus , as well as Hypacrosaurus and Lambeosaurus , are S-shaped, with Parasaurolophus only possessing U-shaped tubes. Any vocalization would travel through these elaborate chambers and probably get amplified. Scientists speculate that Corythosaurus could make loud, low pitched cries "like

696-458: A large part of the skeleton’s outlining and shows the form of the body. Another specimen, AMNH 5338, was found in 1914 by Brown and Peter Kaisen . Both specimens are now housed in the American Museum of Natural History in their original death poses. The type species , Corythosaurus casuarius , was named by Barnum Brown in 1914, based on the first specimen collected by him in 1912. AMNH 5240

783-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

870-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

957-521: A member of the family Trachodontidae (now Hadrosauridae). Inside Trachodontidae were the subfamilies Trachodontinae and Saurolophinae . Brown classified Hadrosaurus , Trachodon , Claosaurus , and Kritosaurus in Trachodontinae, whereas he classified Corythosaurus , Stephanosaurus , and Saurolophus in Saurolophinae. Later, Brown revised the phylogeny of Corythosaurus , finding that it

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1044-407: A mistake, as what he assumed to be the frontals are in fact the nasals. The nasals end at the back of the squamosals in a hooked, short process. The prefrontals also make up part of the crest. However, Brown mistook the lower upper branch of the praemaxilla for the prefrontal. The actual prefrontal, which is triangular in shape, is located at the side of the crest base. It was seen by Brown as a part of

1131-617: A paleontologist of the British Museum of Natural History in England , when the ship transporting them was sunk by the German merchant raider SMS  Möwe in the middle of the ocean. There were formerly up to seven species described, including C. casuarius , C. bicristatus (Parks 1935), C. brevicristatus (Parks 1935), C. excavatus (Gilmore 1923), C. frontalis (Parks 1935), and C. intermedius (Parks 1923). In 1975, Peter Dodson studied

1218-729: A premaxilla-nasal fontanelle. Young and adult Corythosaurus are similar to Lambeosaurus and Hypacrosaurus , but dissimilar to Parasaurolophus in that the sutures of the skull are sinuous, not smooth and straight. This feature helps to differentiate Parasaurolophini from Lambeosaurini. Generally, the crests of juveniles of lambeosaurines like Corythosaurus , Lambeosaurus , Hypacrosaurus stebingeri , parasaurolophines like Parasaurolophus , and primitive lambeosaurines like Kazaklambia are quite alike, although other features can be used to distinguish them. Work by Dodson (1975) recognized that there were many less taxa present in Alberta. Tetragonosaurus

1305-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

1392-421: A set distance in any environment, while higher sounds (above 400 Hz) have a larger spread in the distance travelled. When they were first described, crested hadrosaurs were thought to be aquatic, an assessment based incorrectly on webbing that is now known to be padding. The theory was that the animals could swim deep in the water and use the crest to store air to breath. However, it has now been proven that

1479-549: A synonym of Procheneosaurus , and the largest skeletons were called either Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus . An adult was even identified as Parasaurolophus . Small lambeosaurines from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation were referred to Cheneosaurus . Corythosaurus started developing its crest when they were half the size of adults, but Parasaurolophus juveniles grew crests when they were only 25% as long as adults. Juvenile Corythosaurus , along with adults, had

1566-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1653-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1740-481: A unique crest, Olorotitan is Corythosaurus 's closest known relative. Benson et al. (2012) found that Corythosaurus was closely related to Velafrons , Nipponosaurus , and Hypacrosaurus , with them forming a group of fan-crested lambeosaurines. In 2014, a study including the description of Zhanghenglong was published in the journal PLOS ONE . The study included an almost complete cladogram of hadrosauroid relationships, including Corythosaurus as

1827-564: A wind or brass instrument", such as a trombone. The sounds could serve to alert other Corythosaurus to the presence of food or a potential threat from a predator. The nasal passages emit low-frequency sounds when Corythosaurus exhaled. The individual crests would produce different sounds, so it is likely that each species of lambeosaurine would have had a unique sound. However, even though the range for different lambeosaurine nasal passages vary greatly, they all probably made low-pitched sounds. This might be because low sounds (below 400 Hz ) travel

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1914-471: A woodland forest and might have occasionally wandered into swampy areas. A limited fauna is known from the upper section of the Oldman Formation and Corythosaurus casuarius , as well as C. intermedius , are among the taxa. Also from the section of the formation are the theropods Daspletosaurus and Saurornitholestes , the hadrosaurids Brachylophosaurus , Gryposaurus , and Parasaurolophus ,

2001-643: A young age, they lack the distinctive larger crests of adults. As they age, lambeosaurine crests tend to grow and become more prominent come maturity. In the Dinosaur Park Formation, over fifty articulated specimens have been found that come from many different genera. Among them, juveniles are hard to identify at the species level. Earlier, four genera and thirteen species were recognized from the formation's area when paleontologists used differences in size and crest shape to differentiate taxa. The smallest specimens were identified as Tetragonosaurus , now seen as

2088-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

2175-692: Is flattened at its origin, transversely ovoid in the central rod, and ends at a rounded point. Aside from those found on Corythosaurus casuarius , extensive skin impressions have been found on Edmontosaurus annectens and notable integument has also been found on Brachylophosaurus canadensis , Gryposaurus notabilis , Parasaurolophus walkeri , Lambeosaurus magnicristatus , L. lambei , Saurolophus angustirsotris , and on unidentified ornithopods. Of these, L. lambei , C. casuarius , G. notabilis , P. walkeri , and S. angustirsotris have preserved polygonal scales. The scales on L. lambei , S. angustirostris , and C. casuarius are all similar. Corythosaurus

2262-461: Is now thought to be a lambeosaurine , thus related to Lambeosaurus , Nipponosaurus , Velafrons , Hypacrosaurus , and Olorotitan . Corythosaurus has an estimated length of 7.7–9 metres (25–30 ft) and has a skull, including the crest, that is 70.8 centimetres (27.9 in; 2.32 ft) tall. Corythosaurus is known from many complete specimens, including the nearly complete holotype found by Brown in 1911. The holotype skeleton

2349-427: Is one of very few hadrosaurids which have preserved skin impressions on the hind limbs and feet. A study in 2013 showed that, amongst hadrosaurids, Saurolophus angustirostris preserved the best and most complete foot and limb integument, although other species like S. osborni , Edmontosaurus annectens , and Lambeosaurus lambei (= L. clavinitialis ) share a fair amount of preserved tissue on those regions. It

2436-553: Is only missing the last section of the tail and part of the front legs, but was preserved with impressions of polygonal scales. Corythosaurus is known from many skulls with tall crests that resemble those of the cassowary and a Corinthian helmet . The most likely function of the crest is thought to be vocalization. As in a trombone, sound waves would travel through many chambers in the crest and then get amplified when Corythosaurus exhaled. One Corythosaurus specimen has even been preserved with its last meal in its chest cavity. Inside

2523-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

2610-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

2697-515: Is thus the holotype . In 1916, the original author, Brown, published a more detailed description that was also based on AMNH 5338, which is therefore the plesiotype . Corythosaurus is among many lambeosaurines that possess crests and it was the crest that lends Corythosaurus its name. The generic name Corythosaurus is derived from the Greek κόρυθος,( korythos ), "Corinthian helmet", and means "helmeted lizard". The specific name , casuarius , refers to

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2784-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

2871-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

2958-550: The cassowary , a bird with a similar skull crest. The full binomial of Corythosaurus casuarius thus means "Cassowary-like reptile, with a Corinthian helmet crest". The two best preserved specimens of Corythosaurus , found by Charles H. Sternberg in 1912, were lost on December 6, 1916, while being carried by the SS Mount Temple to the United Kingdom during World War I . They were being sent to Arthur Smith Woodward ,

3045-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

3132-460: The saurischian pelvis does, birds are now known to be highly derived maniraptoran theropods. Corythosaurus is currently classified as a hadrosaurid in the subfamily Lambeosaurinae. It is related to other hadrosaurs such as Hypacrosaurus , Lambeosaurus , and Olorotitan . With the exception of Olorotitan , they all share similar looking skulls and crests. However, research published in 2003 has suggested that even though it possesses

3219-411: The scleral rings of Corythosaurus and modern reptiles suggest that it may have been cathemeral , meaning it was most active throughout the day at short intervals. The sense of hearing in hadrosaurids, specifically such as Lophorhothon , also seems to have been greatly developed because of an elongated lagena . The presence of a thin stapes (an ear bone that is rod-like in reptiles), combined with

3306-448: The Dinosaur Park Formation, C. casuarius lived from 76.6 to 75.9 mya, with C. intermedius living from 75.8 to 75.7 mya. In the Oldman Formation, C. casuarius , the only species of Corythosaurus from the deposits, lived about 77 to 76.5 mya. The holotype specimen was clearly a carcass that had floated up on a beach, as Unio shells, water-worn bones, and a baenid turtle were preserved all around it. Corythosaurus probably lived in

3393-469: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

3480-616: The Late Cretaceous had "remarkably small geographic ranges" despite their large body size and high mobility. This restricted distribution strongly contrasts with modern mammalian faunas whose large herbivores' ranges "typical[ly] ... span much of a continent." [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

3567-454: The ankylosaurid Scolosaurus , and the ceratopsians Coronosaurus and Chasmosaurus . Other genera are known, but do not persist from the upper section of the formation, therefore not being contemporaries of Corythosaurus . Corythosaurus casuarius is widespread throughout the lower unit of the Dinosaur Park Formation. In it, Corythosaurus was found to be closely associated with the ceratopsid Centrosaurus apertus . Their associating

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3654-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

3741-430: The body; and a belly with longitudinal rows of large conical limpet-like scales separated by uniformly large polygonal tubercles. Again, the presumed traits of the snout are incorrect because Brown confused the praemaxillae with the nasal bones and the nasal bones with the frontals. Most of the postcranial traits are today known to be shared with various other lambeosaurines. Originally, Brown referred to Corythosaurus as

3828-546: The cavity were remains of conifer needles, seeds , twigs , and fruits , meaning that Corythosaurus probably fed on all of these, implying that it was a browser . Fossils have been found in the upper Oldman Formation and lower Dinosaur Park Formation of Canada . The Oldman Formation dates to the Campanian , about 77.5 to 76.5 million years ago, and the Dinosaur Park Formation dates from 76.6 to 74.8 million years ago. Corythosaurus lived from ~77–75.7 million years ago. In

3915-527: The cavity were remains of conifer needles, seeds , twigs, and fruits, suggesting that Corythosaurus probably fed on all of these. The two species of Corythosaurus are both present in slightly different levels of the Dinosaur Park Formation . Both still co-existed with theropods and other ornithischians , like Daspletosaurus , Brachylophosaurus , Parasaurolophus , Scolosaurus , and Chasmosaurus . The first specimen, AMNH 5240,

4002-419: The combination of what are now called the generic and specific names. Carl Linnaeus , who formalized binomial nomenclature , made explicit distinctions between specific, generic, and trivial names. The generic name was that of the genus, the first in the binomial, the trivial name was the second name in the binomial, and the specific the proper term for the combination of the two. For example the binomial name of

4089-407: The crest and that, unlike those in other genera, the nasals meet in the center and are not separated in front by an ascending premaxillary process. However, Brown mistook the praemaxillae for the nasals. The snout is actually largely formed by them and they do separate the nasals. Brown also thought that, on the top and back of the crest, the whole external face is covered by the frontals. Again he made

4176-409: The crest did not have any holes in the end and the water pressure at even 3 metres (9.8 ft) would be too great for the lungs to be able to inflate. Corythosaurus casuarius is one of a few lambeosaurines, along with Lambeosaurus lambei , Hypacrosaurus stebingeri , and H. altispinus , to have had surviving fossilized juveniles assigned to it. Juveniles are harder to assign to species because, at

4263-434: The crest from the beak to the uppermost tip of the type specimen is 83.7 centimetres (33.0 in), its total length is 81.2 centimetres (32.0 in), and its height is 70.8 centimetres (27.9 in). In the holotype of C. casuarius , the sides and tail are covered in scales of several types. Polygonal tuberculate scales, covered in small bumps, vary in size across the body. Conical limpet-like scales are only preserved on

4350-415: The crest, first into separate pockets in the sides, then into a single central chamber, and onward into the respiratory system. The skull of the type specimen has no dermal impressions on it. During preservation, it was compressed laterally and the width is now about two-thirds of what it would have been in real life. According to Brown, the compression also caused the nasals to shift where they pressed down on

4437-425: The differences between the skulls and crests of different species of lambeosaurine dinosaurs. He found that the differences in size and shape may have actually been related to the sex and age of the animal. Only one species is currently recognized for certain, C. casuarius , although C. intermedius has been recognized as valid in some studies. It is based on specimen ROM 776, a skull found by Levi Sternberg in 1920,

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4524-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

4611-399: The formation, Dyoplosaurus , Panoplosaurus , and Euoplocephalus in the middle age, and Euoplocephalus alone in later stages of the formation. Studies of the jaw anatomy and mechanics of these dinosaurs suggests they probably all occupied slightly different ecological niches in order to avoid direct competition for food in such a crowded eco-space. The only large predators known from

4698-433: The frontal. The real frontals, which are largely internal to the crest base structure, are not visible from the side. The mouth of the holotype of Corythosaurus is narrow. The praemaxillae each form two long folds that enclose air passages extending the narial passages to the front of the snout. There, they end in narrow openings, sometimes called "pseudonares", which are false bony nostrils. These were mistaken by Brown for

4785-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

4872-498: The holotype's inferior process of the premaxillary was shorter than in Kritosaurus and Saurolophus and that the process does not unite with the lacrimal , which is another difference from those genera. The praemaxilla actually does touch the lacrimal and extends to the rear until well behind the eye socket. The lower jaw of the holotype is 66.9 centimetres (26.3 in) long and 10 centimetres (3.9 in) deep. The total length of

4959-419: The humerus; comparatively short metacarpals, an anteriorly decurved ilium; a long ischium with a foot-like terminal expansion; a pubis with an anterior blade that is short and broadly expanded at the end; a femur that is longer than the tibia; the phalanges of pes are short; that the integument over the sides and tail composed of polygonal tuberculate scales without pattern, but graded in size in different parts of

5046-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

5133-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

5220-431: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Specific name (zoology) In zoological nomenclature , the specific name (also specific epithet ,  species epithet , or epitheton ) is the second part (the second name) within the scientific name of a species (a binomen ). The first part of

5307-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

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5394-482: The most derived lambeosaurine and being the sister taxon to Hypacrosaurus . The below cladogram is a simplified version including only Lambeosaurini. Arenysaurus Sahaliyania Amurosaurus Lambeosaurus magnicristatus Lambeosaurus lambei Magnapaulia Velafrons Olorotitan Nipponosaurus Hypacrosaurus altispinus Hypacrosaurus stebingeri Corythosaurus casuarius Corythosaurus intermedius Comparisons between

5481-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

5568-442: The name of a species is the name of the genus or the generic name. The rules and regulations governing the giving of a new species name are explained in the article species description . For example, the scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens , which is the species name, consisting of two names: Homo is the " generic name " (the name of the genus) and sapiens is the "specific name". Historically, specific name referred to

5655-402: The nasals not being separated in front by premaxillaries; a narrow beak; expanded section in front of the elongated nares; a small narial opening; a vertebral formula of 15 cervicals, 19 dorsals, 8 sacrals, and 61+ caudals; possession of dorsal spines of a medium height; high anterior caudal spines; long chevrons; long scapulae that possess a blade of medium width; a radius considerably longer than

5742-469: The praemaxillae, nasals, prefrontals, and frontals, as in Saurolophus , but instead of projecting backwards as a spine, they rise up to make the highest point above the orbit . The two halves of the crest are separated by a median suture. In front of the orbit, the crest is made of thick bone. The nasals make up most of the crest. Brown assumed that they extended from the beaks' tip to the highest spot along

5829-401: The premaxillaries. Because they were pressed on the premaxillaries, the nasals would have closed the nares. Apart from the compression, the skull appears to be normal. Contrary to what Brown assumed, the areas concerned were fully part of the praemaxillae. As aforementioned, the crests of Corythosaurus resemble that of a cassowary or a Corinthian helmet . They are formed by a combination of

5916-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

6003-489: The real nares or nostrils. These are actually situated inside the crest, above the eye sockets. As in Saurolophus , the expanded portion of the premaxillary in front of the pseudonaris' opening is elongate. By comparison, the bill of Kritosaurus is short and the pseudonares extend far forward. At the end of the Corythosaurus bill, the two pseudonares unite into one. Because of his incorrect identification, Brown assumed that

6090-456: The same levels of the formation as Corythosaurus are the tyrannosaurids Gorgosaurus libratus and an unnamed species of Daspletosaurus . Thomas M. Lehman has observed that Corythosaurus hasn't been discovered outside of southern Alberta , even though it is one of the most abundant Judithian dinosaurs in the region. Large herbivores like the hadrosaurs living in North America during

6177-441: The skin to the elements. The skeleton was articulated and only missing about the last 0.61 metres (2.0 ft) of the tail and front legs. Both scapulae and coracoids are preserved in position, but the rest of the front legs are gone (except for phalanges and pieces of the humeri , ulnae , and radii ). Apparently, the remaining front legs were weathered or eroded away. Impressions of the integument were preserved covering over

6264-430: The skull is much shorter and smaller than that of Edmontosaurus (formerly Trachodon ), Kritosaurus , or Saurolophus . But, when including its crest, its superficial area is almost as large. Over twenty skulls have been found from this dinosaur. As with other lambeosaurines, the animal bore a tall, elaborate, bony crest atop its skull that contained the elongate narial passages. The narial passages extended into

6351-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

6438-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

6525-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

6612-501: The tiger, Panthera tigris : This was the proper usage from the 18th century into the late 20th century, although many authors seemed to be unaware of the distinctions between trivial and specific names and inconsistent and erroneous usage even appeared in the International Code of Zoölogical Nomenclature. Grammatically, a binomen (and a trinomen , also) must be treated as if it were a Latin phrase, no matter which language

6699-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

6786-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

6873-447: The words were originally taken from. (This gives some justification to the popular usage of the phrase "Latin name" instead of the more correct phrase "scientific name".) The specific name must adhere to certain conventions of Latin grammar. The specific name can be formed as: In botanical nomenclature , "name" always refers to the whole name (of a species or otherwise), whereas in zoological nomenclature it can refer to either part of

6960-463: Was based on only a skull found in 1920 and wouldn't be reunited with the rest of its remains until 2012. Benson et al. (2012) estimated that Corythosaurus has an average length of 9 metres (30 ft). In 1962, Edwin H. Colbert used models of specific dinosaurs, including Corythosaurus , to estimate their weight. The Corythosaurus model used was modelled by Vincent Fusco, after a mounted skeleton, and supervised by Barnum Brown. After testing, it

7047-486: Was closely related and possibly ancestral to Hypacrosaurus . The only differences he found between them were the development of the vertebrae and the proportions of the legs. During a study of dinosaurian ilia in the 1920s, Alfred Sherwood Romer proposed that the two orders of dinosaurs might have evolved separately and that birds, based on the shape and proportions of their ilia, might truly be specialized ornithischians. He used both Tyrannosaurus and Corythosaurus as

7134-662: Was concluded that the average weight of Corythosaurus was 3.82 tonnes (3.76 long tons; 4.21 short tons). The total length of Corythosaurus specimen AMNH 5240 was found to be 8.1 m (27 ft) long, with a weight close to 3.1 tonnes (3.0510 long tons; 3.4172 short tons). In 2016, Gregory S. Paul estimated that C. casuarius reached 8 metres (26 ft) long and 2.8 metric tons (3.1 short tons) in weight and that C. intermedius reached 7.7 metres (25 ft) in length and 2.5 metric tons (2.8 short tons) in weight. A "morphologically adult-sized specimen" of C. casuarius measured approximately 9 metres (30 ft) long. Proportionally,

7221-574: Was discovered in 1911 by Barnum Brown in Red Deer River of Alberta and secured by him in the Fall of 1912. As well as an almost complete skeleton, the find was notable because impressions of much of the creature's skin had also survived. The specimen came from the Belly River Group of the province. The left or underside of the skeleton was preserved in carbonaceous clay, making it difficult to expose

7308-592: Was found in the Dinosaur Park, Judith River , and Mesaverde formations, as well as the Wind River Basin and the Wheatland County area. Corythosaurus lived alongside numerous other giant herbivores, such as the hadrosaurids Gryposaurus and Parasaurolophus , the ceratopsids Centrosaurus and Chasmosaurus , and the ankylosaurids Scolosaurus , Edmontonia , and Dyoplosaurus in the earliest stages of

7395-427: Was found to be juveniles of Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus . T. erectofrons was assigned to Corythosaurus based largely on biometric information. The only non-typic specimen of Tetragonosaurus , assigned to T. erectofrons , was later found to be referable to Hypacrosaurus , although the holotype of the species was still found to be assignable to Corythosaurus . Corythosaurus was an ornithopod, therefore being

7482-459: Was named by William Parks in 1923. Originally, he named it Stephanosaurus intermedius earlier that year. The specific name of C. intermedius is derived from its apparent intermediate position according to Parks. C. intermedius lived at a slightly later time in the Campanian than C. casuarius and the two species are not identical, which supported the separation of them in a 2009 study. The invalid species, C. excavatus (specimen UALVP 13),

7569-428: Was once thought that this dinosaur lived mostly in the water, due to the appearance of webbed hands and feet. However, it was later discovered that the so-called "webs" were in fact deflated padding, much like that found on many modern mammals. A set of characters were indicated by Barnum Brown in 1914 to distinguish Corythosaurus from all other hadrosaurids from Alberta. These include a comparatively short skull with

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