An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine ) is a type of vaccine that contains pathogens (such as virus or bacteria ) that have been killed or rendered inactive, so they cannot replicate or cause disease. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated , that is, weakened). Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity and thus prevent infection from the vaccine.
56-758: CoronaVac , also known as the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine , was a whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech . It was phase III clinically trialled in Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Turkey and relies on traditional technology similar to other inactivated-virus COVID-19 vaccines, such as the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine , another Chinese vaccine, and Covaxin , an Indian vaccine. CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both
112-401: A 3 μg dose similar to those of a 6 μg dose. In July 2020, Sinovac began Phase III trials to evaluate efficacy and safety on 9,000 volunteer healthcare professionals in Brazil, collaborating with Butantan Institute. On 19 October, São Paulo Governor João Doria said the first results of the clinical study conducted in Brazil proved that among the vaccines being tested in the country, CoronaVac
168-568: A Hong Kong study found that two doses of CoronaVac provided protection of only 64% to 75% for older adults. However, an extra booster or a third dose of CoronaVac was able to raise the level of protection against COVID-19 to about 98%. In January 2024, Sinovac confirmed that it had discontinued production of CoronaVac. The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle . The initial course consists of two doses. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 4 weeks between doses, with data from Chile suggesting that
224-514: A director at São Paulo's Instituto Butantan , "The most important result was understanding that we can control the pandemic even without vaccinating the entire population." In July 2021, researchers from the Chilean Ministry of Health published a paper containing real-world data for their vaccination campaign. The study was conducted between 2 February and 1 May 2021, consisting of 10.2 million people. The effectiveness of CoronaVac vaccine after
280-658: A facility to manufacture 100 million doses of CoronaVac a year, with a target completion date in September 2021. On 10 December, São Paulo Governor João Doria said that in the interim, prior to the local manufacture of CoronaVac, Instituto Butantan aimed to fill and finish 1 million doses of the vaccine per day. In April 2021, Sinovac said its third manufacturing plant for Coronavac was ready and had started manufacturing bulk vaccine ingredients, doubling its annual capacity to 2 billion doses. In April 2021, Bio Farma of Indonesia had filled and finished 35 million doses of CoronaVac, but
336-450: A healthier, more stable society. Community health improved as a result, particularly in developed nations, where high vaccination rates led to herd immunity . Reducing diseases like polio , hepatitis A , and influenza meant fewer people suffering from debilitating illness , which in turn led to increased social productivity. Families no longer had to care for loved ones with debilitating diseases, and children could go to school without
392-478: A large scale study in Chile with 2,017,878 participants reported that, with a CoronaVac booster, effectiveness against hospitalization increased from 84% to 88% and effectiveness against symptomatic disease increased from 56% to 80%. The greatest increases were seen with a heterologous Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine booster, resulting in 96% effectiveness against hospitalization and 93% against symptomatic disease. A study by
448-554: A longer interval provides more robust immunity. Early evidence suggested that immunity wanes rapidly, so a booster dose after the initial course might be needed. In Brazil, a study was conducted in Serrana , population 45,000, where authorities attempted to vaccinate the entire adult population with CoronaVac. After 75% of the adult population received the vaccine, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86% and symptomatic cases by 80%. According to Ricardo Palacios,
504-569: A new plant in Debrecen . In June 2021, Egypt announced that it would produce about 40 million doses by the end of that year. Distribution of the locally produced vaccine would begin by August and it would be used locally and sent to other African nations. In April 2020, CoronaVac began Phase I–II trials in China with 744 participants on adults over the age 18–59, and In May, CoronaVac began Phase I–II trials in China with 422 participants on elderly adults over
560-411: A piece of the antigen, an epitope , on its surface along with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. It can now interact with and activate T cells. The resulting helper T cells will then stimulate an antibody-mediated or cell-mediated immune response and develop an antigen-specific adaptive response. This process creates an immunological memory against the specific pathogen and allows
616-466: A production capacity of 2 billion doses per year. It was manufactured at several facilities in China, with overseas manufacture planned for Brazil in September 2021 and eventually Egypt and Hungary. On 1 June 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the vaccine for emergency use. Sinovac has signed purchase agreements for 380 million doses from COVAX . As of July 2021, CoronaVac
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#1732869141580672-505: A third dose of the Comirnaty vaccine given to those who received two doses of either Comirnaty or CoronaVac provided protective levels of measured antibodies against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Three doses of CoronaVac, however, did not provide adequate levels of protective antibodies by the same measure, in direct contradiction to claims made by the vaccine manufacturer. In October 2022,
728-516: Is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated by the President of Chile . Notably, all employees pay 7% of their monthly income to FONASA , the funding branch of the Chilean Ministry of Health. The current Minister of Health is Ximena Aguilera . The minister has two adjuncts:
784-422: Is the safest, the one with the best and most promising immunization rates. On 23 October, São Paulo increased the number of volunteers in the trial to 13,000. Brazil briefly paused the trials on 10 November after the suicide of a volunteer before resuming them the next day. The suicide was unrelated to the vaccine trial. In August, a trial was started in Chile run by Pontifical Catholic University of Chile which
840-566: The Gamma variant was dominant in the country, indicate that effectiveness is markedly reduced in those aged 90 or older, attributable to immunosenescence : On 21 October 2021, the WHO recommended a third dose as part of the initial course for older adults 3–6 months after the second dose and for immunocompromised individuals 1–3 months after the second dose because these groups mount a weaker immune response compared to healthy adults. Where supplies are limited,
896-617: The Ministry of Health found that CoronaVac recipients were 4.59 times more likely to have severe COVID-19 as well as 2.37 times more likely to be infected, compared to those who took the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. In the following tables, a vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval . Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time. A test-negative case-control study from 17 January to 29 April 2021 in
952-657: The Undersecretary of Public Health ( Spanish : Subsecretaria de Salud Pública ) and the Undersecretary of Assistance Networks ( Spanish : Subsecretaria de Redes Asistenciales ). In 1808, the Committee of Vaccines ( Spanish : Junta de Vacunas ) was founded, and then in 1832 the Board of Directors of Hospitals ( Spanish : Junta Directiva de Hospitales ) began operations. Both organizations were precursors of what would become
1008-496: The adjuvant aluminium hydroxide . CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both the vaccine and raw material for formulating the new doses could be transported and refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept. CoronaVac could remain stable for up to three years in storage, which might offer some advantage in vaccine distribution to regions where cold chains are not developed. In November 2020, Brazil's Instituto Butantan began building
1064-401: The state of São Paulo , during which 86% of the collected genotype isolates were of the Gamma variant , with 43,774 participants aged 70 years or older, found an effectiveness after two doses of 47% (95% CI , 39 – 54% ) against symptomatic disease, 56% (95% CI , 47 – 63% ) against hospitalization and 61% (95% CI , 49 – 71% ) against death. After a single dose, the effectiveness
1120-450: The 3 μg group, 117 (98%) of 119 in the 6 μg group, after the days 0 and 14 schedule; whereas at day 28 after the days 0 and 28 schedule, seroconversion was seen in 114 (97%) of 117 in the 3 μg group, 118 (100%) of 118 in the 6 μg group. Phase II results for older adults published in The Lancet showed CoronaVac was safe and well tolerated in older adults, with neutralising antibody induced by
1176-548: The N ( nucleocapsid ) protein were weak for both groups, although CoronaVac contains significant amounts of the N protein. A robust increase of T helper cells (CD4) secreting interferon gamma was detected 14 days after both doses in response to stimulation with peptides of the S protein and of other viral particles, but the response to S protein peptides was reduced in the elderly due to a natural reduction of activated CD4 T cells in this age group, as found in studies of other vaccines. The immune response of cytotoxic T cell (CD8)
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#17328691415801232-512: The S1-RBD ( receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike protein ) and 96% for neutralizing anti-S1-RBD IgG. For the elderly, seroconversion rates were 100% 14 days and 87.5% 28 days after the second dose for the S1-RBD specific IgG, 90% 14 days, and 100% 28 days after the second dose for neutralizing anti-S1-RBD IgG. As found in studies in animals , seroconversion rates for IgG specific against
1288-684: The University of Hong Kong in December 2021 found that a third dose of CoronaVac does not provide sufficient protection against the Omicron variant, directly contradicting the vaccine manufacturer's claim and a study by the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile that it does. In April 2022, a Singapore study by infectious diseases experts from the National Centre for Infectious Diseases and
1344-590: The age 60 and above. Preliminary results indicate that neutralizing antibodies fell below the seropositive threshold 6 to 8 months after the first two doses, and that a third dose given 6 or more months after the second dose raised neutralizing antibody levels beyond that of an initial course consisting of 3 doses. In the Phase II trial completed in July 2020 published in The Lancet , CoronaVac showed seroconversion of neutralising antibodies for 109 (92%) of 118 participants in
1400-477: The authors to unmeasured confounding leading to downward bias in the efficacy estimate. In Chile, the effectiveness against symptomatic disease dropped from 67% between February–April 2021 to 58.5% in early July. Because of this, on 11 August, Chile began giving an additional dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine to people over 55 who were fully vaccinated with CoronaVac before 31 March. In October 2021,
1456-399: The composition of volunteers was similar to that of the general population. Inactivated vaccine Inactivated vaccines were first developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s for cholera , plague , and typhoid . In 1897, Japanese scientists developed an inactivated vaccine for the bubonic plague. In the 1950's, Jonas Salk created an inactivated vaccine for the poliovirus, creating
1512-712: The constant fear of contraction. Inactivated vaccines increased public trust in public health systems, normalizing vaccinations to the point where yearly flu shots and childhood immunization are seen as routine parts of life, especially in developed countries. Inactivated vaccines can be divided by the method used for killing the pathogen. A minority of sources use the term inactivated vaccines to broadly refer to non-live vaccines. Under this definition, inactivated vaccines also include subunit vaccines and toxoid vaccines. Types include: Ministry of Health (Chile) The Ministry of Health of Chile (Spanish: Ministerio de Salud de Chile ), also known as MINSAL ,
1568-518: The doses. A total of 12,396 volunteers participated in the study between 21 July and 16 December 2020. All participants received at least one dose of the vaccine or placebo. Of this total, 9,823 participants received both doses. Further detail published by Sinovac showed an efficacy 50.65% (95% CI , 35.66 – 62.15% ) against all symptomatic cases, 83.70% ( 57.99 – 93.67% ) against cases that require medical treatment, and 100.00% ( 56.37 – 100.00% ) against severe, hospitalized and fatal cases. In
1624-458: The earlier analysis. Ricardo Palácios, medical director of Brazil's Instituto Butantan , said Sinovac's relatively low efficacy rate of 50% was due to more rigorous standards for what counted as an infection among trial participants. The Institute split cases in six categories: asymptomatic, very mild, mild, two levels of moderate, and severe; the first two didn't require medical assistance. Possible explanations for lower efficacy rate included: trial
1680-456: The elderly (60 years or older) similar to previous phase II trials conducted in China with the same age groups and immunization schedule consisting of two doses with a 14-day interval. The side effects were mild and local, mainly limited to pain at the injection site, which was more common in adults. Seroconversion rates for adults 14–28 days after the second dose were 95.6% for the IgG specific against
1736-657: The elderly aged 60–80 in the Philippines involving 352 volunteers. In September 2020, Sinovac began Phase I–II trials in China on children and adolescents ages 3–17. In May 2021, Sinovac began Phase IIb trials in China with 500 participants for children and adolescents 3–17 years old. In June 2021, it was announced that the vaccine was safe and immunogenic in this age group. In July, Sinovac began Phase III trials in Chile with 14,000 participants for children and adolescents and expand from 6 months to 17 years old. Peer-reviewed Phase III results from Turkey showed an efficacy of 83.5% (95% CI , 65.4 – 92.1% ). The final efficacy rate
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1792-447: The final product and the raw material for formulating CoronaVac can be transported refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), the temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept. A real-world study of tens of millions of Chileans who received CoronaVac found it to be 66% effective against symptomatic COVID-19, 88% effective against hospitalization, 90% effective against ICU admissions, and 86% effective against deaths. In Brazil, after 75% of
1848-475: The first vaccine that was both safe and effective against polio . Today, inactivated vaccines exist for many pathogens, including influenza , polio (IPV), rabies , hepatitis A , CoronaVac , Covaxin and pertussis . Because inactivated pathogens tend to produce a weaker response by the immune system than live pathogens, immunologic adjuvants and multiple " booster " injections may be required in some vaccines to provide an effective immune response against
1904-477: The immune system to respond more effectively and rapidly after subsequent encounters with that pathogen. Inactivated vaccines tend to produce an immune response that is primarily antibody-mediated. However, deliberate adjuvant selection allows inactivated vaccines to stimulate a more robust cell-mediated immune response. The use of inactivated vaccines helped reduce morbidity and mortality from diseases like tetanus , diphtheria , and pertussis , creating
1960-458: The ministry was divided into the Ministry of Public Health ( Spanish : Ministerio de Salud Pública ), the modern form of the ministry, and, assuming the functions regulating the welfare of Chileans, the Ministry of Work and Social Welfare ( Spanish : Ministerio del Trabajo y Previsión Social ). Finally, from 1973 to 1979, the internal structure of the ministry, now simply the Ministry of Health,
2016-453: The modern institutions of public health. In 1907, a division charged with the administration of public hygiene was created under the Ministry of the Interior ( Spanish : Ministerio del Interior ). Then on 14 October 1924, this division was made into the cabinet-level Ministry of Hygiene, Social Assistance and Welfare ( Spanish : Ministerio de Higiene, Asistencia y Previsión Social ), with
2072-442: The pathogen. Attenuated vaccines are often preferable for generally healthy people because a single dose is often safe and very effective. However, some people cannot take attenuated vaccines because the pathogen poses too much risk for them (for example, elderly people or people with immunodeficiency ). For those patients, an inactivated vaccine can provide protection. The pathogen particles are destroyed and cannot divide, but
2128-445: The pathogens maintain some of their integrity to be recognized by the immune system and evoke an adaptive immune response. When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is not infectious, but improper inactivation can result in intact and infectious particles. When a vaccine is administered, the antigen will be taken up by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and transported to a draining lymph node in vaccinated people. The APC will place
2184-458: The placebo group (N=4870), there were 168 COVID cases, 30 cases requiring medical attention, and 10 severe cases including one death. In the vaccine group (N=4953), there were 85 COVID cases, 5 cases requiring medical attention, and no severe cases or deaths. On 1 April 2021, a preliminary report from a phase III clinical trial in Chile revealed that CoronaVac is safe and induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity in adults (18–59 years old) and
2240-445: The population in Serrana, São Paulo , received CoronaVac, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86%, and symptomatic cases by 80%. In Indonesia, real-world data from 128,290 healthcare workers showed 94% protection against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, beating results in clinical trials. Phase III results from Turkey, published in The Lancet , showed an efficacy of 84% based on 10,218 participants in
2296-408: The same function (Decree No. 44, 1924). In 1927 all the ministries underwent an important restructuring; with these change it became the Ministry of Social Welfare ( Spanish : Ministerio de Bienestar Social ), and was charged with, as well as the coordination of public health policies, the investigation of the application of laws relating to society, public welfare, and social security. In 1932, it
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2352-495: The second dose was 66% (95% CI , 65 – 67% ) in preventing symptomatic disease, 88% ( 87 – 88% ) for hospitalization, 90% ( 89 – 91% ) for ICU admission, and 86% ( 85 – 88% ) in preventing COVID-19 related deaths. The effectiveness after the first dose was 16% (95% CI , 14 – 17% ) against symptomatic disease, 37% ( 35 – 40% ) against hospitalization, 45% ( 41 – 48% ) against ICU admission, and 46% ( 41 – 50% ) against deaths. The study concluded that
2408-588: The third dose for seniors should be given after achieving high coverage with two doses. As an inactivated vaccine like the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine and Covaxin , CoronaVac uses a more traditional technology that is similar to the inactivated polio vaccine . Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 from China was used to grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells . From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-propiolactone , which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with
2464-501: The trials. Phase III results from Brazil previously showed 50.7% efficacy in preventing symptomatic infections and 83.7% effectiveness in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of at least 21 days between the doses. CoronaVac is being used in vaccination campaigns in various countries in Asia, South America, Central America, and Eastern Europe. By April 2021, Sinovac had
2520-576: The unvaccinated healthcare workers. The vaccine reduced the risk of hospitalization and death of the inoculated medical workers by 96% and 98% respectively. Uruguay released real-world data based on 795,684 people who have received both doses of CoronaVac for more than 14 days as of 1 June 2021. In this group, 8,298 tested positive, 45 were admitted to the ICU, and 35 died of COVID-19. This indicated 64.52% and 61.47% effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 cases for people aged 18–49 and 50 and older respectively. The vaccine
2576-436: The vaccine is 35% (95% CI , −7 to 61% ) effective against asymptomatic infections and 50% (95% CI , 11 – 71% ) against symptomatic disease. The one-dose group consisted of 53,176 healthcare professionals. During the study, 66% of the samples were of the Gamma variant . The same study found paradoxically reduced effectiveness against symptomatic disease in another group that received two doses, an effect attributed by
2632-487: The vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. In May 2021, real-world data from Indonesia showed the vaccine was highly effective, with 94% of inoculated health care workers protected against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, besting results of clinical trials. In this study of 128,290 health workers in Jakarta, less than 1% of the vaccinated healthcare workers contracted symptomatic COVID-19, compared to more than 8% among
2688-459: Was 94.95% and 92.18% effective in reducing ICU admissions, and 95.35% and 95.2% effective to prevent deaths. Among fully-vaccinated healthcare professionals, the vaccine was 66% effective in preventing cases, and 100% effective in preventing ICU admissions and deaths. Preliminary results from a test-negative case-control study from 19 January to 13 April 2021 in Manaus suggest that, after just one dose,
2744-544: Was based on 41 infections, 32 of which had received a placebo. The vaccine prevented hospitalization and severe illness in 100% of cases, with all six people who were hospitalized in the placebo group. The final results were based on 10,218 participants in the trials. Phase III results from Brazil submitted to Lancet showed 50.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infections, 83.7% effective in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of 21 days or more between
2800-575: Was expected to include 3,000 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 65. In August, Sinovac began trials in Indonesia with Bio Farma in Bandung involving 1,620 volunteers. In September, Turkey began trials with 13,000 volunteers on a two-dose 14-day interval. The monitoring process took place at 25 centers in 12 cities across the country. In October, Sinovac began trials in China involving 1,040 volunteers. In April 2021, Sinovac began Phase II/III trials for
2856-405: Was facing some production delays because of diminished supply of bulk delivered CoronaVac from China. In May 2021, Malaysian company Pharmaniaga obtained local approval for its fill and finish CoronaVac. In May 2021, Turkey was provided a license to produce CoronaVac. In May 2021, Hungary announced an agreement to fill and finish CoronaVac, with the goal to eventually manufacture it locally in
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#17328691415802912-538: Was largely made up of frontline health care workers who were more exposed to the virus; two vaccine doses were given at shorter intervals (2 weeks); counting very mild cases; and the Gamma variant (lineage P.1), more transmissible and perhaps evaded immunity better, was circulating. According to Instituto Butantan director Dimas Covas, the Brazilian group was considered more vulnerable to infection and exposure to higher viral loads. In Turkish and Indonesian Phase III trials,
2968-492: Was not as robust. The observed CD4 T cell response is considered a balanced immune response capable of viral clearance and is similar to that observed in other COVID-19 vaccines, such as BNT162b1 and Convidecia . In early January 2021, Brazilian health officials announced that the vaccine had an efficacy of 78%. One week later, they revised this figure to 50.4%, stating that the revised figure now included "very mild" cases of COVID-19 among trial participants which were omitted in
3024-413: Was once again renamed, becoming the Ministry of Public Health ( Spanish : Ministerio de Salubridad Pública ), then the Ministry of Public Health, Social Assistance and Welfare ( Spanish : Ministerio de Salubridad Pública, Asistencia y Previsión Social ) in 1936, and later the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare ( Spanish : Ministerio de Salud Pública y Previsión Social ) in 1953. In 1959,
3080-429: Was only 13% ( 4 – 21% ) against symptomatic disease, 17% ( 6 – 27% ) against hospitalization and 31% ( 18 – 43% ) against death, highlighting the importance of receiving the second dose. The study also found that effectiveness against symptomatic disease decreased with increasing age: Preliminary data from a large effectiveness study in Brazil with 61 million individuals from 18 January to 30 June 2021, when
3136-577: Was the most widely used COVID-19 vaccine in the world, with 943 million doses delivered. As of 14 October 2021, CoronaVac is the COVID-19 vaccine with the most doses administered worldwide. It was reported in December 2021 that a study jointly conducted by the LKS Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong (HKUMed), and the Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CU Medicine), showed that
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