Misplaced Pages

#674325

35-638: A natural continuation of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , Cordillera de Sarmiento is a mountainous peninsula about 65 kilometres (40 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) wide. The range centers about the 52° South line of latitude, 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Puerto Natales . The main summits of the range are La Dama Blanca (1,941 m; 6,368 ft), followed to the south by Cerro Trono (1,879 m; 6,165 ft) and Alas de Ángel (1,767 m; 5,797 ft). Three more summits rise over 1,700 metres (5,600 ft), and many of

70-521: A "provocation" and made a call to the central government of Chile to reinforce the sovereignty in the zone. After the Argentine government published its inventory of glaciers including undefined territory the Chilean Foreign Ministry informed that a claim note had already been sent denying the Argentine inventory. In 2021, there was a controversy since CONAF (from Chile) installed a dome in

105-401: A large accumulation of snow which, through years of compression and freezing, turns into ice. Because of the susceptibility of ice to gravity, ice fields usually form over large areas that are basins or atop plateaus, thus allowing a continuum of ice to form over the landscape uninterrupted by glacial channels. Glaciers often form on the edges of ice fields, serving as gravity-propelled drains off

140-525: A meeting over the cartographic controversy. Kirchner served as the governor of the Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003. In the maps published in Argentina, until today, the region continues to be shown without the white rectangle, as can be seen in a map of Santa Cruz on a website of an official Argentine agency. While in the official Chilean maps and most tourist maps, the rectangle is shown and it

175-799: A mountain valley located in the northern end of the Gobi Desert . There are no ice fields in Australia . New Zealand has Reference: The only large ice fields in mainland Europe are in Norway (e.g., Dovre and Jotunheimen ). There are several dozen small ice fields in the Alps and tiny remnants of permanent ice in Sweden , the Apennines , the Pyrenees and the Balkans . Since

210-459: A point defined to the west) was drawn, however, they also agreed that section B (from Fitz Roy to Murallón) would wait until completion of a detailed 1:50,000 scale map of the area with further negotiations. To date, this one section remains the final non-concluded boundary section and has been an irritant in Argentina-Chile relations . In February 2006, Ricardo Lagos appeared in a photo with

245-458: Is clarified that the boundary is not demarcated according to the 1998 treaty. In 2018, Argentina made a National Ice Inventory in which are included some disputed glaciers. From September 20 to October 4 of the same year, the Argentine army traveled to into the area that is pending to be demarcated. This caused controversy mainly in Chile where the mayor of Villa O'Higgins denounced the fact as

280-465: Is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field. At about 16,800 square kilometers, it is second only to southeastern Alaska's approximately 25,000 square kilometer Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek Ice Field . Another notable icefield is Campo de Hielo Norte ( Northern Patagonian Ice Field ), which is located entirely in Chile ; and a third smaller icefield, known as

315-465: The Circo de los Altares which its southern part is claimed by both countries. As of 2024, the demarcation is still pending. Ice field An ice field (also spelled icefield ) is a mass of interconnected valley glaciers (also called mountain glaciers or alpine glaciers) on a mountain mass with protruding rock ridges or summits. They are often found in the colder climates and higher altitudes of

350-746: The Coast Mountains , Alaska Range , and Chugach Mountains of Alaska , British Columbia , and the Yukon Territory . The 6,500 km Stikine Icecap (located between the Stikine and Taku Rivers ) and the 2,500 km Juneau Icefield (located between Lynn Canal and the Taku River ) both straddle the British Columbian-Alaskan border. Farther north, the Kluane Icecap — which feeds

385-647: The Sargent Icefield and the Harding Icefield . Throughout the Alaska Range there also large icefields (including one surrounding Denali ) which are mostly unnamed. In South America there are three main ice fields. The main ice field, known as Campo de Hielo Sur ( Southern Patagonian Ice Field ) is located at the Southern Patagonic Andes , and it is shared between Chile and Argentina . It

SECTION 10

#1732869646675

420-751: The British Crown, as part of the documentation of the 1902 award, illustrates a clear demarcation line (from the Fitz Roy to the Stokes) to the east of the Southern Patagonian Ice Fields leaving most of the territory in question in the Chilean side. The 1902 award considered that in that area the high peaks are water dividing and therefore there was no dispute. Both experts, Francisco Pascasio Moreno from Argentina and Diego Barros Arana from Chile agreed on

455-575: The Fiordo de las Montañas), describing it as "bordered on each side by a steep range of mountains, broken here and there by deep ravines, which were filled with frozen snow, and surmounted by extensive glaciers, whence huge avalanches were continually falling." This Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Southern Patagonian Ice Field The Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Spanish : Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ), located at

490-778: The Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina , is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field . It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet , which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period , locally called the Llanquihue glaciation . The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km belong to Chile and 2,600 km belong to Argentina . The ice mass feeds dozens of glaciers in

525-529: The aforementioned Los Glaciares in Argentina. There are two known volcanoes under the ice field; Lautaro and Viedma . Due to their inaccessibility they are among the least researched volcanoes in Chile and Argentina. Circo de los Altares is an important hiking place. Thorough explorations include the expeditions of Federico Reichert (1913–1914), Alberto de Agostini (1931), and Harold William Tilman and Jorge Quinteros (1955–1956); as well as Eric Shipton (1960–61). The first (North-South) crossing of

560-594: The area, among which are the Upsala (765 km ), Viedma (978 km ) and Perito Moreno (258 km ) in the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina, and the Pío XI Glacier or Bruggen Glacier (1,265 km , the largest in area and longest in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica), O'Higgins (820 km ), Grey (270 km ) and Tyndall (331 km ) in Chile. The glaciers going to

595-701: The border arguing that the border should be in the Mariano Moreno range. In 1994, the Laguna del Desierto dispute was solved which involved territory of the Ice Field, an international tribunal awarded almost the whole zone to Argentina. After a refused appeal in 1995, Chile accepted the award. Since then, Chile has a small corridor to access Mount Fitz Roy and the Marconi Pass was defined as an international border crossing point. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of

630-428: The border between Mount Fitz Roy and Stokes. Since 1898, the demarcation of the border in the ice field, between the two mountains, was defined on the next mountains and their natural continuity: Fitz Roy, Torre, Huemul, Campana, Agassiz, Heim, Mayo and Stokes. In 1914 the Mariano Moreno range was visited by an expedition, however, Francisco Pascasio Moreno already knew of its existence. Argentina started to question

665-424: The border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón Section A (between Cerro Murallón and Daudet) and small part of B (from Fitz Roy to

700-582: The cordillera has a profile somewhat similar to the French Alps , but its glaciation is much more extensive, sending large glacier snouts into tidewater. In recent geological times the ice was thousands of feet thicker, bulldozing the long north–south fjords, rounding out basins in the main massif , and shaving smooth the neighboring ranges. From the nearby sub-Antarctic waters, the persistent west winds (the Furious Fifties) pick up moist, cold air and plaster

735-634: The disappearance of the last remaining ice field in Andalucía , with the disappearance of the Corral del Veleta glacier in 1913, the southernmost surviving permanent ice field in continental Europe is Snezhnika in Bulgaria . Beyond the mainland of continental Europe, there are substantial ice fields in Iceland , Svalbard and Franz-Josef Land and smaller surviving ice fields on Jan Mayen and Novaya Zemlya . One of

SECTION 20

#1732869646675

770-529: The field was accomplished in 1998 by Pablo Besser, Mauricio Rojas, José Montt and Rodrigo Fica. Nevertheless, some areas of the field remain largely unexplored. From the air, initial exploration was conducted in 1928–29 by Gunther Plüschow after whom a glacier is named. From April 1944 to April 1945, the United States Army Air Forces conducted an aerial survey using the Trimetrogon method at

805-539: The head of the Air Force, General Osvaldo Sarabia, in the undemarcated area, this caused controversy with Argentina. In 2006, the Argentine Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) (today Instituto Geográfico Nacional ) edited a map without a note about the nondefined border but showed the Argentine claims as the official borderline. After Chilean diplomatic protests, the Argentine government withdrew

840-581: The ice field which is in turn replenished by snowfall. While an ice cap is not constrained by topography, an ice field is. An ice field is also distinguishable from an ice cap because it does not have a dome-like form. There are several ice fields in the Himalayas and Altay Mountains (the border range between the Central Asian Republics and China ). One unexpected ice field is located in Yolyn Am ,

875-713: The immense Malaspina and Hubbard Glaciers as well as the Bagley Icefield — sits upon the British Columbia-Yukon Territory-Alaska border and surrounds most of the Saint Elias Mountains as well as both Mount Saint Elias and Mount Logan ; it extends as far west as the Copper River . There are also large ice fields located in the Kenai Peninsula - Chugach Mountains area, such as

910-629: The map and urged Chile to expedite the demarcation of the international border according to the 1998 agreement. On August 24, 2006, the Argentine Undersecretary of Tourism stated that the maps used by the Secretariat of Tourism's website were official because they were approved by the National Geographic Institute of Argentina. In 2006, president of Chile Michelle Bachelet and president of Argentina Néstor Kirchner held

945-592: The more celebrated North American ice fields is the Columbia Icefield located in the Rocky Mountains between Jasper and Banff , Alberta . Easy access by road contributes to the status of this ice field as one of the most visited in North America, although it is actually a comparatively small ice field within the huge and largely ice-free American Cordillera . Many particularly expansive ice fields lie in

980-584: The mountain range, now named after him, "cordillera nevada" (snowy range). Little further exploration was done in these waters for 250 years. In the 1830s, however, as Robert Fitz Roy and his crew explored the southern end of South America in HMS ; Beagle , they discovered the fjord that gives access to the eastern flanks of Cordillera de Sarmiento. This they called the Canal of the Mountains (now most commonly known as

1015-567: The peaks are ice-covered towers or sharp rock spires, flanked by vertical walls. On the official maps of the Chilean IGM ( Instituto Geográfico Militar ), not a single feature of the Cordillera de Sarmiento has been given a name, in part due to the total lack of human presence in the area. Nevertheless, over the years, explorers and climbers have named the summits, lakes, glaciers, and rivers. With nearly 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) of jagged relief,

1050-534: The peaks with thick frost. This forms the infamous "cauliflower ice", similar to the rime that forms on peaks bordering the Patagonian Ice Cap , farther north, but much denser and more persistent. Nearly all ascents, to date, have been on snow and ice. The rock, part of the rare Rocas Verdes formation, originated at the end of the Gondwana super-continent, when Patagonia started to break up and an oceanic basin

1085-477: The relentless and deadly European colonization process. The range was first recorded in written history by Juan Ladrillero in 1558, but his tales were quickly forgotten as 58 of his 60 men died during that expedition, and the rest, including Ladrillero, died soon afterward. Twenty years later, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa followed in Ladrillero's wake and claimed for himself the discovery. Sarmiento originally called

Cordillera Sarmiento - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-449: The request of the Chilean government. Although the boundary between Argentina and Chile in the area was established by the 1881 treaty and delimited in 1898 by the experts of both countries during the works of the experts of both countries for the 1902 award , in which they agreed they didn't have differences on that part of the border. The award is established "to perpetuity" by both countries under British tutelage. The map published by

1155-668: The west flow into the fjords of the Patagonian channels of the Pacific Ocean ; those going to the East flow into the Patagonian lakes Viedma and Argentino , and eventually, through the rivers de la Leona and Santa Cruz , to the Atlantic Ocean . An important part of the ice field is protected under different national parks, such as the Bernardo O'Higgins and Torres del Paine in Chile, and

1190-446: The world where there is sufficient precipitation for them to form. The higher peaks of the underlying mountain rock that protrude through the icefields are known as nunataks . Ice fields are larger than alpine glaciers, but smaller than ice caps and ice sheets . The topography of ice fields is determined by the shape of the surrounding landforms, while ice caps have their own forms overriding underlying shapes. Ice fields are formed by

1225-525: Was formed between the volcanic arc and the continent. The basin filled with large extrusions of basalts , sandstones , shales , and cherts . Still at depth, the rock was metamorphosed and then uplifted to roughly its present position. To all appearances the rock that underpins Sarmiento is solid. The rugged lands surrounding these fjords were home of the Kawésqar ( Alacalufe ) and Yaghan people for thousands of years. Sadly, their names and tales were erased by

#674325