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130-833: Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations , and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the "Father of the United Nations". Cordell Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, Tennessee , which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee , but was then part of Overton County . He was the third of the five sons of William Paschal Hull (1840–1923) and Mary Elizabeth Hull (née Riley) (1841–1903). His brothers were named Orestes (1868), Sanadius (1870), Wyoming (1875), and Roy (1881). According to John Gunther, Hull's father had tracked down and killed

260-584: A $ 100,000 check to the Italian Consul General, part of a total $ 700,000 raised from Italian-Americans to help fund the invasion. La Guardia sponsored labor legislation and railed against immigration quotas. His major legislation was the Norris–La Guardia Act , cosponsored with Nebraska senator George Norris in 1932. It circumvented Supreme Court limitations on the activities of labor unions, especially as those limitations were imposed between

390-540: A 14-part message from the Japanese government that officially notified of a breakdown in negotiations. The United States had broken Japanese encryption , and Hull knew the message contents. He blasted the diplomats: "In all my fifty years of public service, I have never seen such a document that was more crowded with infamous falsehood and distortion." Hull chaired the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy , which

520-433: A Democrat, but Tammany Hall leader James Joseph Hines opposed him and had the nomination given to James J. Lanzetta . Lanzetta defeated La Guardia in the election due to the coattail effect of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's victory in the presidential election . Robert M. La Follette Jr. stated that "the people have temporarily lost one of their most faithful servants". La Guardia was interested in airplanes and served as

650-549: A better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead"), and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." However, it has been questioned whether or not the obituary in question actually existed. It is also unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which

780-573: A black New York newspaper, the Amsterdam News , subsequently published it in serial form. La Guardia governed in an uneasy alliance with New York's Jews and liberal WASPs , together with ethnic Italians and Germans. An unorthodox Republican, he also ran as the nominee of the American Labor Party , a union-dominated anti- Tammany left wing group that supported Roosevelt for president beginning in 1936. La Guardia supported Roosevelt, chairing

910-647: A clerk at the U.S. consulate in Budapest and worked there from 1901 to 1904. He then served as the agent in charge of the US consulate in Fiume from 1904 to 1906. He left Europe after failing to gain a promotion to consul-general in Fiume or an appointment as consul-general in Belgrade . He worked as an interpreter for the immigration services at Ellis Island from November 6, 1907, to 1910. He

1040-589: A director and attorney for Giuseppe Mario Bellanca 's company. He enlisted to fight in World War I and was promoted to captain by October 1917. He and Major General William Ord Ryan trained Italian pilots in Foggia . La Guardia became certified to fly on December 12, 1917. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy gave him the Flying Cross. La Guardia rose to the rank of major in command of a unit of Caproni Ca.44 bombers on

1170-474: A faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace. The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev , Yitzhak Rabin , Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat , Lê Đức Thọ , Henry Kissinger , Jimmy Carter , Barack Obama , Abiy Ahmed , and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy. The 1973 award to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ may have been the most controversial, with two members of

1300-521: A former Democrat, running as the Liberty Party candidate. La Guardia supported Republican presidential and gubernatorial candidates Warren G. Harding and Nathan L. Miller during the 1920 election. However, he later attacked Miller for his public transit policies and getting rid of welfare programs. His opposition to Miller ruined his chances in the 1921 mayoral election and the Republican nomination

1430-472: A grassy playfield. The U.S. Postal Service issued a 5-cent commemorative stamp honoring Cordell Hull on October 5, 1963. Hull is one of the presidential cabinet members who are characters in the musical Annie . Nobel Peace Prize "We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough!" — Yitzhak Rabin , who

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1560-604: A letter of protest to Berlin, which elicited an "explanation" but no apology. In 1938, Hull engaged in a dialog with Mexican Foreign Minister Eduardo Hay concerning the failure of Mexico to compensate Americans who lost farmlands during agrarian reforms in the late 1920s. He insisted that compensation must be "prompt, adequate and effective". Though the Mexican Constitution guaranteed compensation for expropriation or nationalization , nothing had yet been paid. While Hay admitted Mexico's responsibility, he replied that there

1690-601: A man because of a blood feud . His mother was a descendant of Isaac Riley, who was granted 200 acres (0.81 km) in near Byrdstown in Pickett County, for Revolutionary War service, as well as Samuel Wood who emigrated from Leicestershire , England on the ship Hopewell and fought in the Virginia Militia. Hull's mother's family (Riley-Wood) had numerous ancestors who fought in the Revolutionary War. Hull devoted

1820-526: A minority of reform-minded Democrats, Socialists, a large proportion of middle-class Jews, and the great majority of Italians, whose votes had previously been overwhelmingly loyal to Tammany. During his mayoralty, La Guardia served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors from 1935 until 1945. La Guardia came to office in January 1934 with five main goals: La Guardia achieved most of

1950-466: A mistake, it's a beaut." La Guardia criticized the gangsters who brought a negative stereotype and shame to the Italian community . His first action as mayor was to order the chief of police to arrest mob boss Lucky Luciano on whatever charges could be found. La Guardia then went after the gangsters with a vengeance, stating in a radio address to the people of New York in his distinct voice, "Let's drive

2080-527: A peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite , both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood , an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in

2210-485: A primary with Miller. La Guardia favored Smith, the Democratic nominee, during the 1928 presidential election . La Guardia ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 14th congressional district during the 1914 election . He chose to run as he noticed during a 25th Assembly district Republican club meeting that nobody was nominated for it as Frederick Marshall unexpectedly withdrew. The district

2340-598: A record 205 nominations were received, but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded. Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of

2470-580: A reputation for his disdain of isolationism ; instead he supported using American influence abroad on behalf of democracy or for national independence or against autocracy. He used his influence to speak in favor of the League of Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union as well as peace and disarmament conferences. Keeping in line with these beliefs, La Guardia supported the Irish independence movement and

2600-682: A section in his memoirs "Cabin on the Hill" to dispelling an old rumor that his father was part Cherokee Indian, and subsequent documented family history has confirmed his ancestry. Hull attended college from 1889 until 1890. He gave his first speech at the age of 16. At the age of 19, Hull became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party . Hull studied at National Normal University (later merged with Wilmington College, Ohio ) from 1889 until 1890. In 1891, he graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and

2730-455: A shortlist of candidates for further review is created. This shortlist is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the institute's Director and Research Director, and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the committee to select

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2860-568: A steamship company clerk, stenographer at Pratt Institute , and a clerk for Abercrombie & Fitch . In 1912, around 60,000 garment workers went on strike and La Guardia, who was friends with August Bellanca , gave speeches in Italian and Yiddish in support of the strike. La Guardia graduated from the Dwight School , a private school on the Upper West Side of New York City. He graduated from

2990-411: A tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi." Fiorello H. La Guardia Fiorello Henry La   Guardia ( / f iː ə ˈ r ɛ l oʊ l ə ˈ ɡ w ɑːr d i ə / fee-ə- REL -oh lə- GWAR -dee-ə ; born Fiorello Raffaele Enrico La   Guardia , Italian pronunciation: [fjoˈrɛllo raf.faˈɛ.le enˈriːko la ˈɡwardja] ; December 11, 1882 – September 20, 1947)

3120-577: A volunteer talent program, and dancers to start a physical fitness program. That led to widespread ridicule and the president replaced both of them in December 1941 with a full-time director James M. Landis . The war ended the Great Depression in the city. Unemployment ended, and the city was a gateway for military supplies and soldiers sent to Europe, with the Brooklyn Navy Yard providing many of

3250-706: A worker from joining a union. La Guardia opposed an attempt to raise the sales tax during the Great Depression and instead supported taxes on luxury items and a graduated income tax for people earning more than $ 100,000. La Guardia supported the League of Nations . He called for Fiume to be given to Italy despite it being promised to Yugoslavia by the Treaty of London . He supported the February Revolution , but criticized Ambassador David R. Francis for supporting Alexander Kerensky rather than Lavr Kornilov . La Guardia had

3380-456: A world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again". According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Alfred Nobel's will further specified that

3510-548: A year. Achille, a former Catholic , was an atheist and Irene was a nonpracticing Jew. Achille prohibited his children from speaking Italian and Fiorello would not become proficient in Italian until his time as a consular agent. Achille enlisted in the United States Army in 1885, and served in the 11th Infantry Regiment as a warrant officer and chief musician. His family lived in the Dakota Territory , New York, and

3640-521: Is "no rule universally accepted in theory nor carried out in practice which makes obligatory the payment of immediate compensation...." The so-called "Hull formula" has been adopted in many treaties concerning international investment but is still controversial, especially in Latin American countries, which have historically subscribed to the Calvo doctrine , which suggests that compensation is to be decided by

3770-477: Is Norwegian; in addition to Norwegian the committee has traditionally received nominations in French, German, and English, but today most nominations are submitted in either Norwegian or English. Nominations must usually be submitted to the committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009,

3900-589: Is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington National Cathedral. Hull's memory is preserved by Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland River near Carthage, Tennessee . The dam impounds Cordell Hull Lake , covering approximately 12,000 acres (49 km). His law school, Cumberland School of Law , continues to honor him with a Cordell Hull Speaker's Forum and

4030-483: Is given credit for many massive public works programs administered by his powerful Parks Commissioner Robert Moses , which employed thousands of voters. The mayor's relentless lobbying for federal funds allowed New York to develop its economic infrastructure. To obtain large-scale federal money the mayor became a close ally of Roosevelt and New Deal agencies such as the CWA , PWA , and WPA , which poured $ 1.1 billion into

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4160-435: The 1912 presidential election and replaced William Chadbourne as district captain due to Chadbourne's support for Theodore Roosevelt 's third-party campaign. La Guardia refused to support John Purroy Mitchel 's Fusion campaign during the 1913 mayoral election despite Mitchel's support among Republicans. Republican political boss Samuel S. Koenig convinced La Guardia to run in the 1919 special election for President of

4290-775: The 1939 New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park , Queens, opened New York Municipal Airport No. 2 in Queens (later renamed Fiorello H. La Guardia Field), and had the city buy out the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation , thus completing the public takeover of the New York City Subway system. The U.S. arrival of Georg and Maria Von Trapp and their children from Austria that fall at Ellis Island who would eventually become

4420-567: The American Jewish Congress . In 1935, La Guardia caused an international stir when he denied a masseur license to a German immigrant, stating that Germany had violated a treaty guaranteeing equal treatment of American professionals by discriminating against American Jews. Despite threats from Germany (including a bomb threat against New York City's German Consulate), La Guardia continued to use his position as mayor to denounce Nazism. During his reelection campaign in 1937, speaking before

4550-639: The Arizona Territory during his time at Fort Sully, Madison Barracks , Fort Huachuca , and Whipple Barracks . Fiorello was enrolled in the Episcopal Church in Prescott, Arizona , and practiced that religion all his life. The onset of the Spanish–American War led to their transfer to St. Louis, Missouri, and then Achille was sent to Mobile, Alabama . Fiorello attempted to join the army, but

4680-662: The Espionage Act of 1917 and stated that "if you pass this bill and if it is enacted into law you change all that our flag ever stood for and stands for". He supported the League of Women Voters in the 1920s. He voted in favor of the Child Labor Amendment . He proposed legislation to create a holiday in honor of Christopher Columbus . As a congressman, La Guardia was a tireless and vocal champion of progressive causes, including relaxed restriction on immigration, removal of U.S. troops from Nicaragua to speaking up for

4810-544: The Great Depression , La Guardia campaigned on his support for Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal programs and won the 1933 election . As mayor during the Great Depression and World War II , La Guardia unified the city's transit system; expanded construction of public housing, playgrounds, parks, and airports; reorganized the New York Police Department ; and implemented federal New Deal programs within

4940-478: The Italian-Austrian front . While he was away at war his office was managed by Harry Andrews and Marie Fisher while constituent services were handled by Representative Isaac Siegel . A petition with over 3,000 signatures was given to Speaker Champ Clark on January 8, 1918, asking for La Guardia's seat to be vacated, but Clark refused to allow a motion to vacate La Guardia's seat. During La Guardia's tenure in

5070-552: The King of Norway and the Norwegian royal family on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm . The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. The money awarded varies over time, depending on the profitability of the Nobel bequest's investments and the exchange rate to

5200-637: The London Economic Conference , which then collapsed when Roosevelt rejected its main plans. In 1943, Hull served as United States delegate to the Moscow Conference . At all times, his main objective was to enlarge foreign trade and lower tariffs. The more important issue of the American role in World War II was handled by Roosevelt who worked through Sumner Welles , the second-ranking official at

5330-584: The Moot Court Room. A statue of Hull graces the campus of Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park , near Byrdstown, Tennessee , was established in 1997 to preserve Hull's birthplace and various personal effects Hull had donated to the citizens of Pickett County , including his Nobel Peace Prize. A segment of Kentucky highway routes 70 , 90 , 63 , and 163 , from Mammoth Cave National Park near Cave City south to

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5460-477: The New York City Board of Aldermen created by Al Smith 's resignation to become governor . La Guardia defeated William M. Bennett for the Republican nomination and Paul Windels worked as his campaign manager. During the campaign he was endorsed by The New York Times and Citizens Union . He defeated Democratic nominee Robert L. Moran . Moran suffered from a spoiler effect caused by Michael Kelly,

5590-786: The New York University School of Law and was admitted to the bar in 1910. He became a member of the Garibaldi Lodge of the Masonic Order in 1913. Frederick C. Tanner recommended La Guardia for a job working for the Attorney General of New York on September 15, 1911, and he served as the deputy attorney general from January 1, 1915, to 1917. He left the American Bar Association in the 1930s stating that it devoted "its efforts to special interests rather than to

5720-635: The North African campaign against Germany and Italy. Hull also handled formal statements with foreign governments. Notably he sent the Hull note just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack , which was formally titled "Outline of proposed Basis for Agreement Between The United States and Japan." Hull received news of the attack while he was outside his office. The Japanese ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura and Japan's special envoy Saburō Kurusu were waiting to see Hull with

5850-620: The Norwegian Nobel Committee , which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. These nominators are: The working language of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

5980-685: The Parliament of Norway . The prize award ceremony is held in Oslo City Hall since 1990, previously in the assembly hall of the University of Oslo (1947–1989), Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), and the Parliament (1901–1904). Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history, been the subject of numerous controversies . The 2024 prize was awarded to Nihon Hidankyo from Japan, an organisation formed by survivor groups of atomic bomb victims "for its efforts to achieve

6110-783: The SS Quanza , to receive visas to enter the U.S. Through her efforts, the Jewish refugees disembarked on September 11, 1940, in Virginia. In a similar incident, American Jews sought to raise money to prevent the mass murder of Romanian Jews but were blocked by the State Department. "In wartime, in order to send money out of the United States, two government agencies had to sign a simple release—the Treasury Department under Henry Morgenthau and

6240-512: The burlesque theaters, whose shows offended his sensibilities. He also came to the assistance of comic book creators Joe Simon and Jack Kirby , when they were openly threatened by sympathizers of Nazi Germany with their new superhero character, Captain America , when he arranged police protection. As part of his campaign against organized crime in the early 1940s, La Guardia banned pinball games, calling them gambling machines. The ban held until 1976, when avid player Roger Sharpe proved

6370-428: The "so-called Secretary of State". The islands remained under the Free French until the end of the war. Hull, who always held de Gaulle in disregard, if not detestation, even before the incident, would never cease trying to maneuver against him during the rest of the war. In 1939, Hull advised Roosevelt to reject the SS St. Louis , a German ocean liner carrying 936 Jews seeking asylum from Germany. Hull's decision sent

6500-429: The 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company. There is a well known, but possibly apocryphal, story that in 1888, after the death of his brother Ludvig, several newspapers published obituaries of Alfred by mistake. One French newspaper condemned him for his invention of military explosives and this is said to have brought about his decision to leave

6630-409: The 1936 book New York Advancing: A Scientific Approach to Municipal Government, edited by Rebecca B. Rankin . In 1935, a riot took place in Harlem. Termed the Harlem riot of 1935 , it has been described as the first modern race riot because it was committed primarily against property rather than persons. During the riots, La Guardia and Hubert Delany walked through the streets in an effort to calm

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6760-446: The Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt and his running mate, Henry A. Wallace , with Senator George Norris during the 1940 presidential election . La Guardia was the city's first Italian-American mayor, but was not a typical Italian New Yorker. He was a Republican Episcopalian who had grown up in Arizona and had a Triestine Jewish mother and a lapsed Catholic father. He spoke several languages; when working at Ellis Island, he

6890-494: The Fusion Party platform, which was supported by Republicans, reform-minded Democrats, and independents. La Guardia had enormous determination, high visibility, the support of reformer Samuel Seabury and a divisive primary contest. He also represented previously underrepresented communities, appealed to a wide range of cultural backgrounds with his lineage. He secured the nominations and expected an easy win against incumbent Mayor John P. O'Brien ; however, Joseph V. McKee entered

7020-505: The Jews back to Europe on the eve of the Holocaust . Some historians estimate that 254 of the passengers were ultimately murdered by the Nazis. Okay ...there were two conversations on the subject between (Secretary of the Treasury) Morgenthau and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. In the first, 3:17 PM on 5 June 1939, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the passengers could not legally be issued U.S. tourist visas as they had no return addresses. Furthermore, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that

7150-402: The Mecca Temple on 55th Street from demolition. Together with New York City Council President Newbold Morris , La Guardia converted the building to the New York City Center of Music and Dance. On December 11, 1943, City Center opened its doors with a concert from the New York Philharmonic —La Guardia even conducted a rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner." 1939 was a busy year, as he opened

7280-422: The Nobel Committee. The committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received

7410-425: The Nobel Peace Prize "a huge bore and a fraud" in his memoir Hitch-22 . Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life. Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been levelled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by

7540-439: The Nobel Peace Prize has become increasingly politicized, in which people are awarded for aspirations rather than accomplishments, which has allowed for the prize to be used for political effect but can cause perverse consequences due to the neglect of existing power politics, including the breakdown of fragile peace processes. In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of

7670-426: The Nobel Peace Prize, more than for any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). Lê Đức Thọ is both the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize and as of 2024, the only Vietnamese who has won

7800-408: The Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question." In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part

7930-451: The People", which aired from December 1941 until December 1945, expanded his public influence beyond the borders of the city. Fiorello Raffaele Enrico La Guardia, with Raffaele later removed and Enrico Americanized to Henry, was born in Greenwich Village , New York City, on December 11, 1882, to Achille Luigi Carlo La Guardia and Irene Luzzatto-Coen. He was named in honor of his maternal grandmother, paternal grandfather, and uncle. Achille

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8060-402: The Republican nomination on August 1, 1929. In 1929, La Guardia ran for Mayor once again. This time, he received the Republican nomination, once again defeating William Bennett. However, he lost the general election to Walker in a landslide. Mayor Jimmy Walker and his Irish-run Tammany Hall were forced out of office by scandal and La Guardia was determined to replace him. La Guardia ran on

8190-402: The Republican nomination. He appealed to the different ethnic groups in the district and was endorsed by New Yorker Staats-Zeitung which traditionally supported Democratic candidates. He defeated Farley by 357 votes. Tammany Hall and the Democrats supported La Guardia in the 1918 election in order to prevent an anti-war Socialist victory. He defeated Socialist nominee Scott Nearing in

8320-436: The State Department under Secretary Cordell Hull. Morgenthau signed immediately. The State Department delayed, delayed, and delayed, as more Jews were dying in the Transnistria camps." In 1940, Jewish representatives in the USA lodged an official complaint against the discriminatory policies the State Department was using against the Jews. The results were fatal: Hull gave strict orders to every USA consulate worldwide forbidding

8450-460: The State Department. Hull did not attend the summit meetings that Roosevelt had with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin . In 1943, Hull finally destroyed Welles's career by threatening to expose his homosexuality. In a speech in 1937, New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia said that brown-shirted Nazis ought to be featured as the "climax" of a chamber of horrors in the upcoming World's Fair . The Nazi government organ, Der Angriff , called

8580-401: The Tennessee State Line near Hestand , is named "Cordell Hull Highway", and is part of that state's scenic byway system . The Cordell Hull Building , on Capital Hill in Nashville, Tennessee, is a secure 10-story building that contains the offices of the Tennessee Legislature . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (formerly the Old Executive Office Building) in Washington, DC, next to

8710-457: The Trapp Family Singers was another significant decade-ending event that year in La Guardia's mayoralty. Responding to popular disdain for the sometimes corrupt City Council, La Guardia successfully proposed a reformed 1938 City Charter that created a powerful new New York City Board of Estimate , similar to a corporate board of directors. La Guardia was also a supporter of the Ives-Quinn Act , "a law that would ban discrimination in employment on

8840-399: The U.S. Congress in 1938. Hull recorded twenty-five years of combined service in the House and the Senate. Hull won election to the Senate in 1930, but resigned from it in 1933 to become Secretary of State. Hull became one of Roosevelt's strongest Southern allies during the 1932 presidential campaign. Roosevelt named him Secretary of State and appointed him to lead the American delegation to

8970-419: The U.S. House, he served on the Judiciary committee. Oswald Garrison Villard , editor of The Nation , stated that he was "the most valuable member of Congress today". La Guardia supported impeaching Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon on the grounds of him serving as a director of a private company, the Aluminum Company of America , while serving in the presidential cabinet . La Guardia requested

9100-421: The White House, contains the ornately decorated "Cordell Hull Room" on the second floor, which is used for meetings. The room was Cordell Hull's office when he served as U.S. Secretary of State. Cordell Hull Park, located at 13415 Warren Avenue in the East Garrison neighborhood, an unincorporated area of Monterey County, California, is approximately 0.75-acre in size and contains a basketball court, playground, and

9230-433: The Women's Division of the American Jewish Congress , he called for the creation of a special pavilion at the upcoming New York World's Fair , "a chamber of horrors" for "that brown-shirted fanatic," referring to Hitler. He also led anti-Nazi rallies and promoted legislation to facilitate the U.S. rescue of the Jewish refugees. He also appointed more racially and religiously diverse judges to various New York courts, which

9360-406: The actual skill involved in the game. La Guardia spearheaded major raids throughout the city, collecting thousands of machines. The mayor participated with police in destroying machines with sledgehammers before dumping the remnants into the city's rivers. La Guardia's admirers credit him, among other things, with restoring the economy of New York City during and after the Great Depression . He

9490-645: The age of 45, in 1917, Hull married a widow, Rose Frances (Witz) Whitney (1875–1954), of an Austrian Jewish family of Staunton, Virginia. The couple had no children. Mrs. Hull died at age 79, in Staunton, Virginia , in 1954. She is buried in Washington D.C. at Washington National Cathedral . Hull died on July 23, 1955, at age 83, at his home in Washington, D.C., after a lifelong struggle with familial remitting-relapsing sarcoidosis (often confused with tuberculosis ). He

9620-614: The anti-tsarist February Revolution of 1917 but later opposed the October Revolution , as he disapproved of Vladimir Lenin . In 1946, President Harry S. Truman sent the ex-mayor as an envoy to Brazil but diplomacy was not his forte. Truman then gave him a major job as head of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), with responsibility for helping millions of desperate refugees in Europe. La Guardia

9750-443: The award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use

9880-445: The ban was lifted. In 1936, La Guardia had special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey , a future Republican presidential candidate, single out Lucky Luciano for prosecution. Dewey led a successful investigation into Luciano's lucrative prostitution operation, eventually sending Luciano to jail with a 30–50 year sentence. The case was made into the 1937 movie Marked Woman , starring Bette Davis . La Guardia proved successful in shutting down

10010-604: The bases of 'race, creed, color or national origin' and task a new agency, the New York State Commission Against Discrimination (SCAD), with education and enforcement." The bill passed in 1945, making New York the first state in the country to create an agency tasked with handling employment discrimination complaints. In 1941 during the run-up to American involvement in World War ;II , President Roosevelt appointed La Guardia first director of

10140-542: The bums out of town." In 1934 he went on a search-and-destroy mission looking for mob boss Frank Costello 's slot machines , rounding up thousands of the "one armed bandits," swinging a sledgehammer and dumping them off a barge into the water for the newspapers and media. In 1935 La Guardia appeared at the Bronx Terminal Market to institute a citywide ban on the sale, display, and possession of artichokes , whose prices were inflated by mobsters. When prices went down,

10270-642: The ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute . From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament). The medal for the Peace Prize was designed by the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland in 1901. Vigeland's profile sculpture of Alfred Nobel differs from Erik Lindberg 's profile of Nobel on the chemistry, literature, physics, and physiology or medicine medals. The dies for Vigeland's peace medal were made by Lindberg as Vigeland

10400-632: The city from 1934 to 1939. In turn, he gave FDR a showcase for New Deal achievement, helped defeat FDR's political enemies in Tammany Hall (the Democratic party machine in Manhattan). He and Moses built highways, bridges and tunnels, transforming the physical landscape of New York City. The West Side Highway , East River Drive , Brooklyn Battery Tunnel , Triborough Bridge , and two airports ( LaGuardia Airport , and, later, Idlewild, now JFK Airport ) were built during his mayoralty. In 1943, La Guardia saved

10530-731: The city. He pursued a long series of political reforms, curbing the power of the powerful Irish-controlled Tammany Hall political machine that controlled the Democratic Party in Manhattan. He also re-established merit-based employment and promotion within city administration. La Guardia was a highly visible national political figure. His support for the New Deal and relationship with President Roosevelt crossed party lines, brought federal funds to New York City, and cut off patronage to La Guardia's Tammany enemies. La Guardia's WNYC radio program "Talk to

10660-404: The development of a world organization to prevent a third World War. Hull and his staff drafted the " Charter of the United Nations " in mid-1943. Hull resigned on November 30, 1944, due to failing health. To this day he remains the longest-serving US Secretary of State, having served for eleven years and nine months in the post. Roosevelt described Hull upon his departure as "the one person in all

10790-682: The eastern United States. La Guardia, running with the Socialist nomination, raised $ 3,764.25 (equivalent to $ 66,923 in 2023) and defeated Frank and Siegel in the election . La Guardia's partisan affiliation in Congress was labeled as Socialist and Victor L. Berger , the only other Socialist in Congress, described him as "my whip". La Guardia returned to the Republican Party in the 1926 election and won by 55 votes against Democratic nominee H. Warren Hubbard and Socialist nominee George Dobsevage. He

10920-592: The election. La Guardia resigned from the United States House of Representatives on December 31, 1919. He was given the Republican nomination for New York's 20th congressional district to succeed retiring Representative Isaac Siegel in the 1922 election . He defeated Democratic nominee Henry Frank and Socialist nominee William Karlin . La Guardia attended the Conference for Progressive Political Action in 1922. Koenig told La Guardia that his renomination

11050-767: The enactment of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914 and the end of the 1920s. Based on the theory that the lower courts are creations not of the Constitution but of Congress, and that Congress, therefore, has wide power in defining and restricting their jurisdiction, the act forbids issuance of injunctions to sustain anti-union contracts of employment, to prevent ceasing or refusing to perform any work or remain in any relation of employment, or to restrain acts generally constituting component parts of strikes, boycotts, and picketing. It also said courts could no longer enforce yellow-dog contracts , which are labor contracts prohibiting

11180-556: The end of 1946. Despite his declining health, La Guardia attacked the emerging " Truman Doctrine " that promised American financial and military intervention to stop the spread of Communism. La Guardia opposed Prohibition in the United States . He was one of the first Republicans in Congress to voice their opinions against prohibition. He testified to that effect before the first session of Congress in 1926. On June 19, 1926, La Guardia mixed near beer and malt extract, which were legal, to create 2% beer in order to protest prohibition. He

11310-521: The federal income tax laws of 1923 and 1926 and the inheritance tax of 1926. He also served as a local judge from 1913 to 1917. After his defeat in the congressional election of 1920, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He was one of several candidates for president at the 1928 Democratic National Convention , which ultimately chose Al Smith as nominee. Hull was influential in advising Albert Gore, Sr. to run for

11440-467: The first four goals in his first hundred days, as FDR gave him 20% of the entire national CWA budget for work relief. La Guardia then collaborated closely with Robert Moses , with support from the governor, Democrat Herbert Lehman , to upgrade the decaying infrastructure. The city was favored by the New Deal in terms of funding for public works projects. La Guardia's modernization efforts were publicized in

11570-670: The host country and that as long as there is equality between nationals and foreigners and no discrimination, there can be no claim in international law. The tension between the Hull formula and the Calvo doctrine is still important in the law of international investment. Hull pursued the " Good Neighbor Policy " with Latin American nations, which has been credited with preventing Nazi subterfuge in that region. Hull and Roosevelt also maintained relations with Vichy France , which Hull credited with allowing General Henri Giraud 's forces to join allied forces in

11700-536: The issue at hand was between the Cuban government and the passengers. The U.S., in effect, had no role. In the second conversation at 3:54 PM on June 6, 1939, Morgenthau said they did not know where the ship was and he inquired whether it was "proper to have the Coast Guard look for it". Hull responded by saying that he didn't see any reason why it could not. Hull then informed him that he did not think that Morgenthau would want

11830-558: The issues of the campaign entirely in the Yiddish language. Frank, although he was Jewish, could not speak the language and was forced to decline—and lost the election. La Guardia's 1933 campaign coincided with the rise of racial and religious hostilities in Germany, and he supported a more anti-Nazi response while in office. He publicly supported groups that engaged in boycotts of German goods and spoke alongside Rabbi Stephen S. Wise , leader of

11960-534: The issuing of visas to Jews ... At the same time a Jewish congressman petitioned Roosevelt, requesting his permission to allow twenty thousand Jewish children from Europe to enter the USA. The President did not respond to the petition. Hull was the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations , as recognized by the 1945 Nobel Prize for Peace, an honor for which Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him. During World War II, Hull and Roosevelt had worked toward

12090-407: The laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but it is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October. The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of

12220-485: The left under New York's electoral fusion laws . A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him as the best big-city mayor in American history. Born to a family of Italian immigrants in New York City, La Guardia quickly became interested in politics at a young age. Before his mayoralty , La Guardia represented Manhattan in the U.S. House of Representatives and later served in the New York City Board of Aldermen . Amidst

12350-418: The mayor a "Jewish Ruffian" who had been bribed by Jewish and Communistic agents and was a criminal disguised as an officeholder. In the ensuing exchanges, Hull sent a letter of regret to Berlin for intemperate comments on both sides, but he also explained the principle of freedom of speech. As the response of Nazi propaganda organs rose in pitch to include characterizing American women as "prostitutes," Hull sent

12480-415: The most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses ." The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History describes it as "the most prestigious prize in the world." In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by

12610-440: The new Office of Civilian Defense (OCD). Roosevelt was an admirer of La Guardia; after meeting Winston Churchill for the first time he described him as "an English Mayor La Guardia". The OCD was the national agency responsible for preparing for blackouts, air raid wardens, sirens, and shelters in case of German air raids . The goal was to psychologically mobilize many thousands of middle-class volunteers to make them feel part of

12740-425: The pardon of Thomas Mooney . In 1931, James Smith, a black railroad porter, was put on trial for assault but was unable to pay for a lawyer. La Guardia took the case pro bono after being requested by A. Philip Randolph and Smith was acquitted on September 26. La Guardia's supporters wanted him to run for mayor in the 1925 election , but he declined as he would be unlikely to defeat Jimmy Walker . He received

12870-477: The prize as an instrument for nation-building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests. In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will. Author Christopher Hitchens called

13000-494: The prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner ,

13130-486: The prize. Some commentators have suggested that the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements, or with the intention of encouraging future achievements. Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers. Further criticism holds that

13260-402: The race as the nominee of the new "Recovery Party" at the last minute. McKee was a formidable opponent, sponsored by Bronx Democratic boss Edward J. Flynn . La Guardia promised a more honest government, championing for greater efficiency and inclusiveness. La Guardia's win was based on a complex coalition of Republicans (mostly middle-class German Americans in the boroughs outside Manhattan),

13390-505: The recipient's local currency. Around 2020, typical awards were on the order of roughly 10 million SEK , which translated to roughly 1 million USD. Since 1990, the ceremony has taken place at Oslo City Hall . From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law , a few hundred meters from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946,

13520-523: The rights and livelihoods of striking miners, impoverished farmers, oppressed minorities, and struggling families. He supported progressive income taxes , greater government oversight of Wall Street , and national employment insurance for workers idled by the Great Depression. He supported allowing the direct election of the Governor of Puerto Rico . In domestic policies, La Guardia tended toward socialism and wanted to nationalize and regulate; however, he

13650-408: The search for the ship to get into the newspapers. Morgenthau said "Oh no. No, no. They would just—oh, they might send a plane to do patrol work. There would be nothing in the papers." Hull responded "Oh, that would be all right." In September 1940, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt maneuvered with another State Department official to bypass Hull's refusal to allow Jewish refugees aboard a Portuguese ship,

13780-427: The selection committee resigning in protest and widespread derision in the press. Foreign Policy has listed Corazon Aquino , Mahatma Gandhi , Eleanor Roosevelt , U Thant , Václav Havel , Ken Saro-Wiwa , and Fazle Hasan Abed as people who "never won the prize, but should have." The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of

13910-519: The situation. After the riots, La Guardia convened the Mayor's Commission on Conditions of Harlem to determine the causes of the riot and a detailed report was prepared. The report identified "injustices of discrimination in employment, the aggressions of the police, and the racial segregation" as conditions which led to the outbreak of rioting; however, the mayor shelved the committee's report, and did not make it public. The report would be unknown, except that

14040-452: The thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration. Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain . Nominations from 1901 to 1971 have been released in a database. Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where

14170-558: The uplift and welfare of the profession". In 1925, La Guardia formed the La Guardia Publishing Company using his savings and a second mortgage to publish L'Americolo , an Italian-language magazine. He competed against Generoso Pope's Il Progresso Italo-Americano and Corriere d'America . The magazine failed, with La Guardia losing $ 15,000 and his mortgage. La Guardia joined the Republican club while attending NYU School of Law. He supported William Howard Taft during

14300-715: The war effort. At the urging of aviation advocate Gill Robb Wilson , La Guardia, in his capacity as Director of the OCD, created the Civil Air Patrol with Administrative Order 9 , signed by him on December 1, 1941, and published December 8, 1941. La Guardia remained Mayor of New York, shuttling back and forth with three days in Washington and four in the city in an effort to do justice to two herculean jobs. La Guardia focused on setting up air raid systems and training volunteer wardens; however, Roosevelt appointed his wife Eleanor Roosevelt as his assistant. She issued calls for actors to lead

14430-403: The warships and the garment trade providing uniforms. The city's great financiers, however, were less important in decision-making than the policymakers in Washington, and very high wartime taxes were not offset by heavy war spending. New York was not a center of heavy industry and did not see a wartime boom, as defense plants were built elsewhere. Roosevelt refused to make La Guardia a general and

14560-642: The world who has done his most to make this great plan for peace (the United Nations) an effective fact". The Norwegian Nobel Committee honored Hull with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 in recognition of his efforts for peace and understanding in the Western Hemisphere , his trade agreements, and his work to establish the United Nations. In January 1948, Hull published his two-volume memoirs, an excerpt from which appeared in The New York Times . At

14690-491: Was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden . It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union 's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration. The Norwegian Parliament appoints

14820-586: Was a Croatian, Italian, and German interpreter and Felix Frankfurter , who met La Guardia during his time at Ellis Island, described him as "a gifted interpreter". Upon returning to the U.S., La Guardia worked as a fireproof brick manufacturer in Portsmouth, Ohio . He returned to New York City and worked a series of odd jobs such as a translator for the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ,

14950-416: Was a strongly Democratic and Tammany Hall . He lost to Democratic nominee Michael F. Farley , whom he accused of being illiterate. Clarence Fay, the Republican district leader in the 25th Assembly district, sought to have Hamilton Fish III nominated for the seat in the 1916 election . Tanner unsuccessfully attempted to convince La Guardia to not run. Fish withdrew before the primary and La Guardia won

15080-711: Was admitted to the bar. Hull served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 until 1897. During the Spanish–American War , he served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. Hull was elected to the United States House of Representatives where he served 11 terms (1907–1921 and 1923–1931) totaling 22 years. As a member of the powerful Ways and Means committee , he fought for low tariffs and claimed authorship of

15210-489: Was an American attorney and politician who represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives and served as the 99th mayor of New York City from 1934 to 1946. He was known for his irascible, energetic, and charismatic personality and diminutive, rotund stature. An ideologically socialist member of the Republican Party , La Guardia was frequently cross-endorsed by parties other than his own, especially parties on

15340-570: Was born in Foggia , Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , on March 26, 1849, and his father, Don Raffaele La Guardia, was a municipal official. Achille visited the United States in 1878, while on tour with Adelina Patti . Irene, a member of the Sephardic Jewish Luzzatto family, was born in Trieste , Austria , on July 18, 1859. They married on June 3, 1880, after having known each other for half

15470-475: Was certified as an interpreter for Italian , German , Yiddish , and Croatian . It served him well during a contentious congressional campaign in 1922. When Henry Frank, a Jewish opponent, accused him of antisemitism, La Guardia rejected the suggestion that he publicly disclose that his mother was Jewish as "self-serving". Instead, La Guardia dictated an open letter in Yiddish that was also printed in Yiddish. In it, he challenged Frank to publicly and openly debate

15600-637: Was created in February 1942. When the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle occupied the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon , south of Newfoundland , in December 1941, Hull lodged a very strong protest and went as far as referring to the Gaullist naval forces as "the so-called Free French." His request to have the Vichy governor reinstated was met with strong criticism in the American press: newspapers mocked

15730-605: Was dependent on him supporting the Republicans in the 1924 presidential election . La Guardia considered supporting the Democrats but declined to do so after the nomination of John W. Davis . He gave his support to Robert M. La Follette and the Progressive Party . La Guardia announced his departure from the Republican Party on the front page of The New York Times . He and Gilbert Roe managed La Follette's presidential campaign in

15860-597: Was exhausted and after seeing the horrors of war in Europe called for a massive aid program. Critics ridiculed that as worldwide WPA and the biggest boondoggle ever. He sided with Henry A. Wallace in calling for peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union, and attacked the new breed of Cold Warriors. He provided UNRRA funds to the Soviets despite warnings that the Kremlin was funneling the money towards its military. UNRRA shut down at

15990-659: Was given the award in 1994, said on behalf of the Israeli people after the historical handshake with Yasser Arafat . The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish and Norwegian : Nobels fredspris ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to people who have "done

16120-472: Was given to Henry Curran. He attempted to defeat Curran in the primary, despite warnings from Koenig and Windels and was defeated. La Guardia considered running in the 1922 gubernatorial election and published his ideas for the Republican state platform in the column in the New York Evening Journal given to him by William Randolph Hearst . Koenig was able to compromise with La Guardia to avoid

16250-669: Was never close to the Socialist Party and never bothered to read Karl Marx . When Benito Mussolini 's Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia on October 3, 1935, a Black protest of Italian vendors at the King Julius General Market on Lenox and 118th Street turned into a riot and 1,200 extra New York City policemen were deployed on "war duty" to quell the riot. In December 1935, at an Italian-American rally, attended by 20,000, in Madison Square Garden, La Guardia presented

16380-434: Was not an engraver. The reverse of the medal features three men in a 'fraternal bond' and the inscription " Pro pace et fraternitate gentium " ("For the peace and brotherhood of men"). The edge of the medal is inscribed with the year of its awarding, with the name of its recipient and "Prix Nobel de la Paix". As of October 2023 , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 111 individuals and 27 organizations; 19 women have won

16510-463: Was one of his most powerful weapons against Nazi prejudice. These appointments included Rosalie Loew Whitney , Herbert O'Brien, Jane Bolin , and Hubert Thomas Delany . La Guardia would soon regret appointing O'Brien, who used his position as Domestic Relations judge to oppose some New Deal policies, leading to La Guardia's condemnation of him with the famous line, "Senator, I have made a lot of good appointments and I think I am good ... but when I make

16640-565: Was rejected. He was accepted as a war correspondent for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Achille and Fiorello did not reach Cuba because Achille contracted hepatitis and malaria after consuming embalmed beef . He was discharged from the military on account of his illness and given a pension of $ 8 per month (equivalent to $ 293 in 2023). The La Guardia family moved to Trieste , and Achille died in Capodistria on October 21, 1904. La Guardia became

16770-471: Was the only Republican elected to the U.S. House from New York City. He defeated Democratic nominee Saul J. Dickheiser in the 1928 election . He defeated Democratic nominee Vincent H. Auleta in the 1930 election . La Guardia considered running for reelection to Congress as a Democrat in the 1932 election and the option received support from William Green , John L. Lewis , and Robert F. Wagner . Political boss John H. McCooey supported him running as

16900-407: Was unable to provide fresh money for the city. By 1944, the city was short of funds to pay for La Guardia's new programs. La Guardia was frustrated and his popularity slipped away and he ran so poorly in straw polls in 1945 that he did not run for a fourth term. In July 1945, when the city's newspapers were closed by a strike, La Guardia famously read the comics on the radio. La Guardia opposed

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