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84-732: In colonial times the Gulf of Corcovado was a major obstacle that prevented major contact between the Spanish settlers in Chiloé Archipelago and the southern Chonos living in the archipelagoes of Guaitecas and Chonos . In the early 17th-century, Jesuits rounded the gulf instead of crossing it when traveling south by dalcas from their base in Castro . 43°22′00″S 73°21′13″W  /  43.36667°S 73.35361°W  / -43.36667; -73.35361 This Los Lagos Region location article

168-600: A coastal people, arrived from the mainland north of Chiloé and settled on the eastern shore of the Isla Grande, practicing horticulture and fishing. Some accounts mention the northern half of the Chiloé Island as Cunco territory. It can be said that Chiloé was a contact zone between the Mapuche (Araucanian) world and the southern tribes. The main island was first discovered by Spaniards in 1553 by Francisco de Ulloa. In 1567,

252-510: A colony rich enough to conquer, it later became a problematic region due to its geographical isolation from mainland Chile and the War of Arauco in the mainland. Chiloé Island was largely exempt from the turmoil that affected the Chilean mainland due to conflicts with Huilliches and Mapuches, but was notably affected in 1712 by a large Huilliche rebellion . During colonial times, Chiloé served as base for

336-449: A crofter's dwelling thereon. A crofter is one who has tenure and use of the land, typically as a tenant farmer , especially in rural areas. Smallholder farms, also known as small-scale farms, encompass a diverse array of agricultural operations, varying from those owning the land they cultivate to those who do not. These farmers, often family-oriented, rely significantly on family labor to meet production needs, with women contributing

420-421: A high output per worker , some small-scale, sustainable, polyculture farmers can produce more food per acre of land. Small farms have some economic advantages. Farmers support the local economy of their communities. An American study showed that small farms with incomes of $ 100,000 or less spend almost 95 percent of their farm-related expenses within their local communities. The same study took into comparison

504-615: A higher percentage of the retail price , although they will spend more time selling the same amounts of product, which is an opportunity cost . Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve food security in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of Sustainable Development Goal 2 . The International Fund for Agricultural Development has an ongoing program for Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture. During

588-580: A major role in shaping life in the islands. In colonial times , Chiloé was an important bulwark in the defence against Dutch and British incursions to Chile and Patagonia . The archipelago was the last Spanish possession in Chile, successfully repelling patriot invasions until 1826 . In the 19th century, the archipelago was a starting point for the Chilean colonisation of Patagonia . Not only were major expeditions assembled in Chiloé, but thousands of Chilotes migrated to

672-528: A mosaic of pastures, forests and cultivated fields. The archipelago is known within Chile for its distinctive folklore, mythology , potatoes , cuisine and unique architecture . The culture of Chiloé is the result of mixing of Huilliche , Spanish and Chono influences in centuries of isolation without much contact with the rest of Chile or the Western World. Its cool temperate climate, abundance of sea resources and large and lush forests have also played

756-501: A pagan land; the result was a mixing of Catholicism and pagan beliefs. In addition, the use of flat wooden tiles as shingles ( wood shingles ) became a staple in its architecture. Sixteen of these Churches of Chiloé still remain and have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Nearly all the houses and buildings in colonial Chiloe were built with wood, and wood shingles were extensively employed. Roof shingles of Fitzroya came to be used as money and called Real de alerce . In

840-646: A range of roles including buying crops, providing seed, and acting as financial institutions. In low-income countries, women make up 43 percent of smallholding agricultural labor but produce 60–80 percent of food crops. In India, there is five sizes classification for smallholders. These are 'marginal' less than 1 hectare ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 acres), 'small' between 1 and 2 hectares ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 acres), 'semi medium' between 2 and 4 hectares (5 and 10 acres), 'medium' between 4 and 10 hectares (9.9 and 24.7 acres), 'large' above 10 hectares (25 acres). If we use 4 hectares (10 acres) (marginal + small + medium) as

924-566: A series of explorations towards the interior of Patagonia as well as to its channels. The Jesuit Nicolás Mascardi crossed the Andes through the Vuriloche Pass and set up a mission on the shores of Nahuel Huapi Lake in 1670. The Jesuits established in Chiloé brought Chonos from islands south of Chiloé to settle in the archipelago, which led to acculturation with the Spanish- Huilliche of

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1008-448: A single family with a mixture of cash crops and subsistence farming . As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient. Still, they may be valued for providing supplemental sustenance, recreation, and general rural lifestyle appreciation (often as hobby farms ). As the sustainable food and local food movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability in

1092-837: A substantial portion of farm labor. The agricultural work on smallholder farms predominantly involves family members, with occasional hired labor, particularly during peak seasons. However, the productivity per hectare tends to increase with higher involvement of family members in farm activities. In addition to farm-related duties, women on smallholder farms often shoulder responsibilities such as collecting fuel and water and engaging in low-value, small-scale trading activities. Many smallholder farms supplement their income through off-farm work, crucial for sustaining livelihoods, particularly during agricultural downturns like droughts. Engaging in off-farm employment also serves to build social capital and resilience within these communities. Having multiple sources of income or employment opportunities off

1176-451: A threshold, 94.3% of holdings are small and these constitute 65.2% of all farmland. The bulk of India's hungry and poor people are constituted of smallholder farmers and landless people. 78% country's farmers own less than 2 hectares (5 acres), which constitutes 33% of total farmland but at the same time, they produce 41% of the country's food grains. 20% of the world's poor live in India, although

1260-457: Is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in developing countries of the world alone, supporting almost two billion people. Smallholdings are usually farms supporting

1344-565: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chilo%C3%A9 Archipelago The Chiloé Archipelago ( Spanish : Archipiélago de Chiloé , pronounced [tʃiloˈe] , locally [ʃiloˈe] ) is a group of islands lying off the coast of Chile , in the Los Lagos Region . It is separated from mainland Chile by the Chacao Channel in the north, the Sea of Chiloé in

1428-546: Is a dish made from fish , clams (almejas), ribbed mussels (cholgas), giant barnacles (picorocos), meats, and potatoes of Chiloé wrapped in leaves and cooked in a hole in the ground by hot stones. It can also be cooked in a pot over a bonfire, becoming pulmay. Chiloé has a rich folklore, with many mythological animals and spirits such as the Caleuche , the Trauco , the Pincoya and

1512-495: Is a longstanding concern among some segments of the agricultural community. Others view these changes as inevitable, and even necessary to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector. Farm typology analysis by the USDA Economic Research Service divides the small family farm category into five groups: Many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high-tech farm equipment. This

1596-540: Is due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment (or gain access to the information to allow them to do it). This has encouraged groups such as Open Source Ecology and Farm Hack to begin to make open-source agricultural machinery. The debate concerning the role of small farms within the European Union is ongoing. The European Commission states that more than three-quarters of farm holdings in

1680-651: Is grown by smallholders. These farmers rely on cocoa for up to 60 to 90 per cent of their income. Similar trends in supply chains exist in other crops like coffee , palm oil , and bananas. In other markets, small scale agriculture can increase food system investment in small holders improving food security. Today, some companies try to include smallholdings into their value chain , providing seed, feed, or fertilizer to improve production. Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve food security and sustainable food systems in less-developed contexts, addressing

1764-468: Is lack of detailed, context-specific information on what climate change portends to smallholder farmers in different and widely varying agroecological environments and socio-economic realities, and what management strategies they are employing to deal with these impacts. Especially for smallholders working in commodity crops, climate change introduces an increasing amount of variability to farmer economic viability; for example, coffee production globally

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1848-442: Is mainly restricted to Chiloe Island and nearby areas. In part because of its physical isolation from the rest of Chile, and access to different materials, Chiloé has a special architecture that differs most greatly from the typical Spanish colonial architecture . The Spanish who arrived in the 16th century, and Jesuit missionaries who followed, constructed hundreds of small wooden churches in an attempt to bring Christianity to

1932-628: Is under increased threat, and smallholders in East Africa, such as in the Ugandan , Tanzanian or Kenyan industries, are rapidly losing both viable coffee land and productivity of plants. In some cases, smallholders are an important source of deforestation . For example, smallholders are an important component of the oil palm industry of Southeast Asia, contributing 40% of the production. Because such farmers are less able to access financing than larger businesses, they are unable to fund methods to increase

2016-559: The Guaitecas Archipelago south of Chiloé, to deprive enemies of any eventual support from native populations. This was in line with the ideas of Governor Antonio Narciso de Santa María , who thought the Spanish should concentrate efforts in defending Chiloé Island. Depopulation of Guaitecas Archipelago meant the indigenous Chono population settled in the Chiloé Archipelago, where they became gradually assimilated. Ancud

2100-678: The Invunche . Chilota mythology is based on a mixture of indigenous religions, (the Chonos and Huilliches ), that live in the Archipelago of Chiloé, and the legends and superstitions brought by the Spanish Conquistadores . In 1567, the process of conquest in Chiloé by the conquistadors brought forth the fusion of elements that would form a separate mythology. Chilota mythology flourished, isolated from other beliefs and myths in mainland Chile, due to

2184-517: The Isla Guafo , for a total land area of approximately 9,181 square kilometres (3,545 square miles). The administrative center of the province is the city of Castro , while the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic bishopric is Ancud . The province of Chiloé is part of the Los Lagos Region ( Región de los Lagos ), which primarily consists of the Chilean lakes region on the mainland north of Chiloé;

2268-558: The Llanquihue Lake , where German settlers were given land. The last major portion of Patagonia to be incorporated into Chile, Aysén was also explored and settled from Chiloé. In the colonization process of Patagonia, Chilotes immigrants constituted a large part of the work force of the livestock enterprises that were established in Patagonia between 1890 and 1950. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Chilotes migrated to

2352-492: The Spanish conquest , and historical and molecular evidence suggests that it is the progenitor of the world's most widely cultivated variety of potato, S. tuberosum tuberosum . The native fauna includes many birds, a few subspecies of which are endemic to the archipelago. Among land mammals, the largest are Darwin's fox (named as such because Charles Darwin was the first to collect a specimen, on Isla San Pedro , Chiloé ) and

2436-664: The US Secretary of Agriculture . A 1997 study by the United States Small Farms Commission defined small farms as those with less than $ 250,000 in gross receipts annually on which day-to-day labor and management are provided by the farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production, or owns or leases the productive assets. In 2000, such farms accounted for about 90% of the more than 2.1 million U.S. farms, but only about 40% of U.S. farm production. The concentration of production on fewer and larger operations

2520-489: The brown-hooded gull , and the - we suffix means 'place'. The adjective and demonym for this region is chilote in the masculine and chilota in the feminine. Many placenames across the archipelago have Chono etymologies, despite Veliche being the main indigenous language at the Spanish arrival in the 16th century. 42°36′S 73°57′W  /  42.600°S 73.950°W  / -42.600; -73.950 Smallholding A smallholding or smallholder

2604-472: The native potatoes , given the adverse climate. During the first years of the colony, the spiritual labour was carried out by Mercedarians and Franciscans . The first Jesuits arrived in 1608 and founded in 1612 the first church in Castro . Because of the scattered population living in different islands, the Jesuits established a circular mission system with numerous chapels and churches. The priests of

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2688-573: The pudú , a small deer. Marine mammals include Commerson's dolphins and South American sea lions , which form colonies at rock outcrops close to the sea. Several species of whale have been sighted around the island, notably blue whales (see also Alfaguara project ) and critically endangered southern right whales . The Chiloé Archipelago may have been populated as early as 12,000 to 11,800 BC , according to archaeological discoveries in Monte Verde , located less than 50 kilometres (31 miles) north of

2772-399: The 1980s to more than 60% urban in 2012. In part because of its physical isolation from the rest of Chile, Chiloé has a special architecture and local culture. During the colonization of Patagonia and southern Chile in the 19th century, cultural elements of Chiloé spread to that zone, as many chilotes migrated and settled there. Chilotan architecture is a unique architectural style that

2856-478: The 1980s, the economy of Chiloé has become increasingly dependent on large-scale commercial fishing ventures, aquaculture ( salmon farming in particular), and, more recently, tourism. The rapid industrialization of the region, triggered by Chile's adoption of a neoliberal economic model under the Pinochet dictatorship in the 1970s, has led to a major demographic shift of the island's population, from majority rural in

2940-474: The 2-kilometre-wide (1.2-mile) Chacao Channel in the north. Most of the good harbors are located on the island's northern and eastern shores. The eastern shore is marked by a series of peninsulas and inlets, notably Estero de Castro where the capital, Castro, is located. The western part of Chiloé Island, as well as the whole of Guafo Island, is hilly and covered by forests. The hills are subdivided into two north–south ranges, Piuchén and Pirulil , separated by

3024-618: The Chilote households to host a group of cultural heritage tourists for the first time. The visits were successful and should be the first of more to come, helping establish the credibility of Chiloé's agrotourism network among other tour operators. Origenes Tour (25 October 2017). "Tourism in Chiloe" . Origenes Tour . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Chiloé is derived from the Mapuche word chillwe , meaning "seagull place". Chill or chülle refers to

3108-559: The Chiloé Archipelago. It has distinct differences from standard Chilean Spanish in accent, pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, especially influenced by the Huilliche variant of Mapudungun . The cuisine of Chiloé has its origin in pre-Hispanic traditions among native Chonos and Huilliches . Typical features of Chilote cuisine include earth oven and asado barbecues. Chilote cuisine makes extensive use of fish, shellfish and potatoes , of which there are plenty of varieties growing in

3192-529: The Chiloé diocese of Ancud established a private foundation called "Fundación con Todos" (One for All Foundation). The foundation helps repair damaged churches on the islands and assists local residents in developing tourism. In cooperation with the EOMF and the Chiloé Model Forest, a cultural and natural heritage tour was organized to Argentina and Chile, including a three-day visit to Chiloé, permitting some of

3276-495: The Sea of Chiloé are Quinchao , Lemuy , Tranqui , and Desertores Islands . To the northeast and southeast of the archipelago lie the Gulf of Ancud and the Gulf of Corcovado ; the former is part of the Sea of Chiloé. Some 40 kilometres (25 miles) southwest of Chiloé Island lies Guafo Island , the southernmost island of the archipelago. Chiloé Island is separated from the Chilean mainland by

3360-506: The administrative center of the region is Puerto Montt . Chiloé Island is by far the largest island in the archipelago, at 8,394 square kilometres (3,241 square miles). It is roughly rectangular, with its long axis oriented from north to south. To the east of Chiloé Island lies the Sea of Chiloé , which contains most of the other islands in the archipelago. The Sea of Chiloé is a marginal sea separating Chiloé Island from Palena Province (also called Continental Chiloé). The main islands in

3444-483: The airport opened in Castro, the only way to reach the islands was by ferry. Main cultural attractions include the islands' local culture, coastline, and clear waters. Some of the islands' churches are UNESCO World Heritage sites; however, not all of them are always accessible to the public. In order to overcome the cultural and organizational barriers that keep suppliers of living cultural heritage and tour operators apart,

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3528-524: The archipelago's different islands. Chiloé is a center of diversity of potatoes and the origin of most of cultivated potatoes outside Andes, belonging to subspecies Solanum tuberosum tuberosum . Lamb is considered the most appreciated meat and is eaten and prepared as an asado , especially around Christmas and New Year. Apple chicha ( cider ) is a common alcoholic beverage. Other typical alcoholic beverages are murtado and licor de oro liqueurs. Traditional cuisine includes curanto and pulmay. Curanto

3612-739: The case in the Global North , the reverse happened: they got smaller and more numerous. Several definitions of small farm have been formulated in legislation. In 1977 the US Congress , via the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 , defined a small farm as one with sales under $ 20,000. At the time these comprised 70% of farms in the US. The Act sponsored additional research on small farming operations by US land grant universities and their extension services and mandated that an annual report on these activities be issued by

3696-534: The circular mission travelled from September to May to the scattered missions using dalcas . The Jesuits established a collegium in 1660 in Castro. By 1767, when the Society of Jesus was suppressed , there were 13 Jesuit missioners and 79 chapels. From 1771 onwards, the Franciscans took over the functions of the Jesuits in Chiloé. As result of a corsair and pirate menace , Spanish authorities ordered to depopulate

3780-493: The colonial era, Indian towns (Queilen, Chonchi, Tenaún), Spanish towns (Chacao and Quenac) and other mixed towns (Castro, Dalcahue, etc.) were all peresent. Salmon aquaculture , tourism, agriculture and timber are the mainstays of the island economy. Some 1,400 salmon farms are spread among the islands. LAN Airlines constructed a small airport in November 2012, which opened Chiloé to more tourism than it had experienced. Before

3864-402: The country was self-sufficient in food production in 2002 due to the first Green Revolution started in the latter half of the twentieth century, numerous households lacked resources to purchase food. Holdings less than 2 ha contributed 41% of total food grain production in 1991 compared to 28% in 1971, which means a substantial increase, whereas medium holdings registered a mere 3% increase in

3948-455: The developed world as well. Small-scale agriculture is often in tension with industrial agriculture , which finds efficiencies by increasing outputs, monoculture , consolidating land under big agricultural operations, and economies of scale . Certain labor-intensive cash crops, such as cocoa production in Ghana or Côte d'Ivoire , rely heavily on smallholders; globally, as of 2008, 90% of cocoa

4032-540: The distinctions among farm sizes since the field's inception. Traditional agricultural economic theory considered small farms inefficient, a stance that began to be challenged in the 1950s. An overview of research published by the World Bank in 1998 indicated that the productivity of small farms often exceeded that of larger ones. A croft is a traditional Scottish term for a fenced or enclosed area of land, usually small and arable , and usually, but not always, with

4116-490: The east and the Gulf of Corcovado in the southeast. All islands except the Desertores Islands form Chiloé Province . The main island is Chiloé Island . Of roughly rectangular shape, the southwestern half of this island is a wilderness of contiguous forests, wetlands and, in some places, mountains . The landscape of the northeastern sectors of Chiloé Island and the islands to the east is dominated by rolling hills, with

4200-636: The eastern and northern coast of Chiloé Island. Some native plants like Gevuina avellana and Fascicularia bicolor have edible seeds, and others like the Chilean rhubarb have edible stems. The most notable edible plant native to Chiloé is the potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), which contrary to the Andean potatoes of Peru and Bolivia is adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitudes of southern Chile. Hundreds of varieties of this potato have been cultivated by local indigenous peoples since before

4284-439: The economy. Diversification of crops in smallholder farms is one of the potential strategies in sustaining agricultural productivity, and copping with marketing risks. It is also a transitional step from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Age, education of household head, type of crops, cropping system, amount of credit, and irrigation facilities are some of the factors influencing diversification in smallholder farms. Along

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4368-468: The fact that farms with incomes greater than $ 900,000 spend less than 20 percent of their farm-related expenses in the local economy. Small-scale agriculture often sells products directly to consumers. Disintermediation gives the farmer the profit that would otherwise go to the wholesaler, the distributor, and the supermarket. About two-thirds of the revenue is expended on product marketing. If farmers sell their products directly to consumers, they receive

4452-490: The farm contributes to the economic stability of smallholder farming households. These off-farm income-generating activities offer a buffer against agricultural shocks and allow for a diversified livelihood strategy, providing families with increased financial security and access to essential resources. In many developing countries , smallholding is a small plot of land with low rental value, used to grow crops. By some estimates, there are 525 million smallholder farmers in

4536-430: The farming sector was far less in 1990's when compared to previous decades. Kenya's smallholder means someone who owns, possess or produces agricultural products in small-scale . smallholder production accounts for 78 percent of total agricultural production and 70 percent of commercial production. Majority of the smallholder population work in farm sizes averaging 0.47 hectares (1 1 ⁄ 4 acres). This represents

4620-441: The ferry that connects the village of Chacao, Ancud Comuna , on Route 5 at the northern end of Chiloé Island, across the Chacao Channel with the village of Pargua , Calbuco Comuna , on the mainland. The archipelago's original vegetation is Valdivian temperate rainforest , a forest with a very dense understory and a large diversity of plant species, including many mosses and ferns . The western and southern portions of

4704-425: The global COVID-19 pandemic , and the attendant disruptions of food systems, their role has become more important. While the historical focus on smallholders has been increasing global food supply under climate change and the role played by smallholder communities, climate adaptation efforts are still hindered by lack of information on how smallholder farmers are experiencing and responding to climate change. There

4788-461: The growth of cities such as Ancud , Castro and Quellón . Since the 1990s, salmon aquaculture and tourism have been important sources of revenue in the archipelago, complementing traditional activities such as fishing and small scale agriculture . The Chiloé Province ( Spanish : Provincia de Chiloé ) includes all of the Chiloé Archipelago, except the Grupo Desertores islands, plus

4872-513: The island are still largely covered by the native forest. Notable species include arrayán ( Luma apiculata ), coihue ( Nothofagus dombeyi ), quila ( Chusquea quila ), Chilean rhubarb , and the avellano ( Gevuina avellana ). Fitzroya cupressoides and tepú ( Tepualia stipularis ) grow in the poorly drained soils of the Piuchén and Pirulil ranges. Before the end of the Llanquihue glaciation ,

4956-462: The island was conquered for Spain by Captain Martín Ruiz de Gamboa , who was at the head of an expedition of 110 Spaniards. Gamboa named the islands Nueva Galicia (New Galicia ) in honor of the place of origin of Rodrigo de Quiroga who as governor had organized the expedition. Gamboa established a settlement at Castro in 1567, which later became the seat of a Jesuit mission and was capital of

5040-453: The island. Unlike the central region of Chile where a long war of independence resumed after a Spanish reoccupation, Chiloé never joined the Patria Vieja (Old Republic), and rather than conspiring to overthrow the local Spanish administration, its population gave Spain wide support. From 1812 on, men from Chiloé would be enlisted as soldiers and sent to fight in Chile, Bolivia and Peru for

5124-427: The lakes Cucao and Huillinco . They contain the highest points in the archipelago and do not exceed 800 metres (2,600 feet). Depressions in the western forest are occupied by numerous small lakes and bogs scattered across the landscape. A bridge to the mainland is planned for the archipelago, despite opposition from some residents who fear pollution and habitat destruction . The Chacao Channel bridge would replace

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5208-427: The late 19th century, many palafitos ( stilt houses ) were built in cities like Castro and Chonchi . Homes and hotels in the region also employ the use of wood shingles , usually painted in bright, bold colors. Depending on the region, palafitos are another distinct architecture feature of Chiloé. These are traditional fisherman's houses built on wooden stilts. Chilote is a dialect of Spanish language spoken in

5292-597: The main indigenous language of the archipelago at the arrival of the Spanish being Huilliche . A theory postulated by chronicler José Pérez García holds that the Cuncos settled in Chiloé Island in Pre-Hispanic times as consequence of a push from more northern Huilliches , who in turn were being displaced by Mapuches . Cuncos, Huilliches and Mapuches all belong to the wider Mapuche macro-ethnicity. The Cuncos, who were

5376-403: The main island. Chiloé's first ethnically identifiable inhabitants are believed to be the Chonos , a seafaring nomadic people. This has led to the assumption that Chonos were the people who left behind most of the abundant shell middens (chonchales) of the Chiloé Archipelago, yet this claim is unverified. There are various placenames in the Chiloé Archipelago with Chono etymologies , despite

5460-512: The mainland, so that by 1863 Puerto Montt was made capital of its own province, and, in 1927, the Chiloé Archipelago was incorporated into a new province headed by Puerto Montt. The cathedral in Ancud was destroyed and Castro was badly damaged by the Great Chilean earthquake of 1960, the most powerful ever recorded. In 1982, the provincial capital, after over 20 years, was returned to Castro. Since

5544-523: The mainland, taking up work as railway navvies in southern Chile or in husbandry operations owned by Chileans in Argentine Patagonia. Some Chiloes also established themselves as independent settlers, as was the case of many in Valle Manso , Río Negro Territory . During the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Chiloé lost economic and political importance to Puerto Montt on

5628-516: The productivity and financial sustainability of smallholders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of Sustainable Development Goal 2 . Additionally, since agriculture has such large impacts on climate change , Project Drawdown described "Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders" an important method for climate change mitigation . According to conventional theory, economies of scale allow agricultural productivity , in terms of inputs versus outputs, to rise as

5712-419: The productivity of their farms when yields decline, increasing their need to clear more land. Increasing productivity, especially amongst smallholder farms, is an important way to decrease the amount of land needed for farming and slow environmental degradation through processes like deforestation. The definition of a small farm has varied over time and by country. Agricultural economists have analyzed

5796-495: The province according to the 2002 census was 154,775; of this, 44% lived in rural areas, according to the National Statistics Institute (INE). Chiloé's people are known as Chilotes . The population descends mainly from the mixture of natives ( Huilliches , Cuncos , Payos and Chonos) and the Spanish, with later contributions of Chileans from other regions and a few Europeans (e.g., Germans and Croats ). During

5880-422: The province until the founding of Ancud in 1768. In early colonial times, the Spanish introduced a number of Old World crops and agricultural systems. Some of these cultivars and systems ended with poor results, yet the introduction of pigs and apple trees proved a success. Pigs benefited from abundant shellfish and algae exposed by the large tides . Wheat came to be grown in lesser quantities compared to

5964-473: The royalist cause. In December 1817, the island became the last stronghold of Spanish royalists (together with Valdivia ) fleeing from the Chilean mainland. A Chilean expedition led by Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald disembarked 60 men under command of William Miller but failed to conquer it after the small but disastrous Battle of Agüi . Another unsuccessful conquest attempt occurred in 1824, when Jorge Beauchef , who had disembarked in Chiloé Island,

6048-579: The same period and large holdings registered a decline from 51 to 35%. This signifies the importance of smallholders in the Green Revolution and the attainment of national food security. Smallholder families are becoming more vulnerable and more disadvantaged due to the expansion of international trade liberalisation. The needs and aspirations of small farmers must feature prominently in policies of market reform that seek to improve food and nutritional security. India's total increase rate of productivity across

6132-644: The separation of the archipelago from the rest of the Spanish occupation in Chile, and the Mapuches occupation or destruction of all the Spanish settlements between the Bío-Bío River and the Chacao channel following the disaster of Curalaba in 1598. According to Chilotan mythology, the origin of the archipelago lies in a fierce battle between two serpents, Ten Ten-Vilu ( ten , "earth", vilu , "snake") and Coi Coi-Vilu ( Co , "water", vilu , "snake"). The population of

6216-409: The size of the farm rises. Specialization has also been a major factor in increasing agricultural productivity, for example as commodity processing began to move off the farm in the 19th century, farmers could spend more effort on primary food production. Although numerous studies show that larger farms are more productive than smaller ones, some writers state that whilst conventional farming creates

6300-420: The southern parts of Chiloé Island constituted open landscapes. This changed around 12,500 years ago when the climate became warmer and forests colonized the region. The upper portions of Cordillera del Piuchén , locally known as la Campaña , have a Magellanic moorland vegetation. The arrival of agriculture in pre-Hispanic times was the origin of the patchy landscape of pastures and farms that now dominates

6384-467: The sparsely populated mainland to work in sheep-raising estancias , as railway navvies , or to become independent settlers. Belief in witchcraft has been common in the archipelago, reaching such influence that in 1880 Chilean authorities put on trial warlocks said to rule the archipelago through a secret society . Once considered an isolated and backward part of Chile, today the archipelago retains its rural character despite increased connectivity and

6468-654: The upper and middle reaches of the Nduruma River in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania, there is not enough water to go around. Smallholder farmers address inequities in land and water distribution by enforcing existing traditional local rules. Whilst larger estate farms may have governmental licences guaranteeing rights to the water, a study found that those large-scale farms which adhere to the traditional water rights structures fare better in terms of social reputation, which better ensures their access to water. Adhering to

6552-462: The vast majority of Kenya's rural poor population who depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Adverse risk events during the period 1980–2012 led to production losses in smallholder farms resulting in a drop in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) of 2 percent or more. Increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers is encouraged due to its potential of improving food availability, increasing rural incomes, lowering poverty rates, and growing

6636-697: The water law in order to enforce their permits is less effective, as regional Tanzanian local governments generally attempt to avoid conflict with their populace. On a larger scale, however, existing traditional rules are ineffective in maintaining cooperation among users along the Nduruma River. In 1975, there were 4.2 million smallholder farming households in Thailand. In 2013, Thailand had 5.9 million smallholder farming households. The average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from 3.7 to 3.2 hectares ( 9 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 8 acres) over that period. Instead of farms getting larger and less numerous, as has been

6720-542: The world. These farms vary in land sizes, production and labor intensities. The distribution of farm sizes depends on a number of agroecological and demographic conditions, as well as on economic and technological factors. Smallholders are critical to local and regional food systems, as well as livelihoods, and especially so during periods of food supply chain disruptions. Smallholders dominate production in certain key sectors such as coffee and cocoa. Various types of agribusinesses enterprises work with smallholding farmers in

6804-521: Was ambushed at the Battle of Mocopulli . Only on 15 January 1826 did the Royalist forces of Antonio de Quintanilla negotiate a surrender to a new military expedition led by Ramon Freire , and the island was fully incorporated into the independent Republic of Chile, although Spain did not recognize Chile until 1844. The last Spanish military governors were: Charles Darwin arrived in Chiloé on 28 June 1834 and

6888-400: Was based there for six months, writing about his impressions of southern Chile in his diaries . The archipelago had been an old royalist stronghold, and its inhabitants were known during the 19th century for complaining about not having a king. Darwin wrote of Chiloé in 1834: "The Indians ended all their complaints by saying, 'And it is only because we are poor Indians, and know nothing; but it

6972-453: Was made capital of the Chiloé in 1767. In 1784, Chiloé Island was made a direct dependency of the colonial viceroyalty of Peru as a consequence of the Bourbon reforms , while continental Chile was a captaincy-general within the viceroyalty. The change of capital and shift to dependency corresponded to a new strategic view of the Chiloé Archipelago. While initially Chiloé was viewed by Spaniards as

7056-517: Was not so when we had a King. ' " As Chiloé had been a defensive stronghold during colonial times, the Republic of Chile used Chiloé as a starting point for its territorial expansion into the southern territories. The expedition to the Straits of Magellan , that founded Fuerte Bulnes in 1843, was assembled in Chiloé. In the 1850s, Chiloé was again instrumental in the logistical support of the colonization of

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