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31-600: The college was founded under the name Det Tekniske Institut (The Technical Institute) at the initiative of the joiner Lasenius Kramp. The school was situated in Læderstræde (No. 26) and run by the newly founded Technical Society (Danish: Det Tekniske Selskab). It was supported by the Association of Craftsmen in Copenhagen , which Kramp had co-founded a few years prior, various foundations and individual guilds. Disagreements over

62-712: A marine joiner may work with materials other than wood such as linoleum, fibreglass, hardware, and gaskets. The terms joinery and joiner are in common use in Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The term is not in common use in America, although the main trade union for American carpenters is called the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America . In the UK, an apprentice of wood occupations could choose to study bench joinery or site carpentry and joinery. Bench joinery

93-412: A general respiration rate; a generally-assumed time length for acclimating a board to its locale is 1 year per inch of thickness. In preparing raw wood for eventual usage as furniture or structures, one must account for uneven respiration and changes in the wood's dimensions, as well as cracking or checking. Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across

124-399: A joiner is colloquially known as a "chippy". The Institute of Carpenters recognizes the following professionals working in wood: Biscuit joiner A biscuit joiner or biscuit jointer (or sometimes plate joiner ) is a woodworking tool used to join two pieces of wood together . A biscuit joiner uses a small circular saw blade to cut a crescent-shaped hole (called the mouth) in

155-455: Is considered a form of carpentry . Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood , often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. While every culture of woodworking has a joinery tradition, wood joinery techniques have been especially well-documented, and are celebrated, in the Indian, Chinese , European, and Japanese traditions. Because of

186-647: Is important to use the same face when cutting the slots, so the boards are perfectly flush. Biscuits are also used to align edges of workpieces, such as when forming a 90° angle between workpieces. The biscuit provides a quick means of getting a perfectly flush joint, while at the same time reinforcing the joint. Typically, the machine will have an adjustable fence, so it can be set on an angle for joining mitered pieces. Also, there are other types of specialty biscuits available, from metal connectors, used for removable panels, to hinges, making these portable machines even more flexible. The workpieces are brought together and

217-548: Is located on Jagtvej (No. 163) in Østerbro . The seven remaining locations are: Joiner Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood , engineered lumber , or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate ), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings). The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from

248-564: Is only distantly related to the modern practice of woodworking joints , which are the work of carpenters. This new technique developed over several centuries and joiners started making more complex furniture and panelled rooms. Cabinetmaking became its own distinct furniture-making trade too, so joiners (under that name) became more associated with the room panelling trade. By the height of craft woodworking (late 18th century), carpenters, joiners, and cabinetmakers were all distinct and would serve different apprenticeships . In British English ,

279-476: Is the preparation, setting out, and manufacture of joinery components while site carpentry and joinery focus on the installation of the joinery components, and on the setting out and fabrication of timber elements used in construction . In Canada, joinery is considered a separate trade from carpentry. Both having their own apprenticeship path and red-seal certification. In the history of technology in Europe, joinery

310-567: The Eastern societies, though later, did not attempt to "hide" their joints. The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular required the use of hundreds of types of joints. The reason was that nails and glues used did not stand up well to the vastly fluctuating temperatures and humid weather conditions in most of Central and South-East Asia. As well, the highly resinous woods used in traditional Chinese furniture do not glue well, even if they are cleaned with solvents and attached using modern glues. As

341-554: The education of craftsmen led to the foundation of the New Craftsmen's School (Danish: Ny Haandværkerskole ) in 1868. Instigated by Industriforeningen, the rivalry of the between the two schools led to a reorganization of the Technical Society and a merger of the two schools under the name Det Tekniske Selskabs Skole ( The Technical Society's School ) in 1876. A new school building designed by Ludvig Fenger on Ahlefeldsgade

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372-561: The following names: A joiner is an artisan and tradesperson who builds things by joining pieces of wood , particularly lighter and more ornamental work than that done by a carpenter , including furniture and the "fittings" of a house, ship, etc. Joiners may work in a workshop, because the formation of various joints is made easier by the use of non-portable, powered machinery, or on job site. A joiner usually produces items such as interior and exterior doors, windows, stairs, tables, bookshelves, cabinets, furniture, etc. In shipbuilding

403-414: The grain (radially and tangentially). Wood is a natural composite material; parallel strands of cellulose fibers are held together by a lignin binder. These long chains of fibers make the wood exceptionally strong by resisting stress and spreading the load over the length of the board. Furthermore, cellulose is tougher than lignin, a fact demonstrated by the relative ease with which wood can be split along

434-524: The grain compared to across it. Different species of wood have different strength levels, and the exact strength may vary from sample to sample. Species also may differ on their length, density and parallelism of their cellulose strands. Timber expands and contracts in response to humidity , usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. As tracheophytes , trees have lignified tissues which transport resources such as water, minerals and photosynthetic products up and down

465-401: The introduced spanning material make use of the item's cellulose fibers to resist breakage. Biscuits or dominos may provide only slight strength improvement while still forming a strong alignment guide for the joint's pieces. Most-commonly referenced joints carried forward from historical Western traditions. When material is removed to create a woodworking joint , the resulting surfaces have

496-521: The joining face, for example 45°, which greatly speeds up the assembly of things like cabinets. Six-depth settings of biscuit joiner (six-size biscuits with no blade change) include Nos. 00, 10, 20, D, S, S6 The sizes were taken verbatim from the Porter-Cable website. Detail biscuits are smaller than standard biscuits and are typically used to join smaller pieces of wood together, and offer less structural support. For most portable plate joiners,

527-526: The joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Some furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is a masterful work that may suffer from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glued block, which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between

558-422: The materials being joined. The body of the machine with the blade is spring-loaded, and in the normal position the blade is retracted. The operator aligns the machine and uses firm pressure to push the body forward against the base plate to make the cut. The waste material is blown out of the slot on the right of the base plate. Because the slots are slightly longer than the biscuits, it is still possible to slide

589-464: The middle of the 1950s, while looking for a simple means of joining the recently introduced chipboard, invented the Lamello joining system. In the succeeding years there followed further developments such as the circular saw and the first stationary biscuit (plate) joining machine in 1956 followed by the first portable biscuit joiner for Lamello grooves in 1968. In 1969 the family operation was incorporated by

620-672: The name of Lamello AG. Lamello continues to manufacture biscuit joiners. Several other companies such as Porter Cable , DeWalt and Makita also manufacture compatible biscuit joiners, including some models with interchangeable blades, enabling the user to cut both 4-and-2-inch (102 and 51 mm) biscuit slots. Biscuits are predominantly used in joining sheet goods such as plywood , particle board and medium-density fibreboard . They are sometimes used with solid wood, replacing mortise and tenon joints, as biscuit joints are easier to make and almost as strong. They are also used to align pieces when joined edge-to-edge in making wider panels. It

651-564: The opposite edges of two pieces of wood or wood composite panels . An oval-shaped, highly dried and compressed wooden biscuit ( beech or particle wood ) is covered with glue, or glue is applied in the slot. The biscuit is immediately placed in the slot, and the two boards are clamped together. The wet glue expands the biscuit, further improving the bond. The biscuit joining system was invented in 1956 in Liestal , Switzerland , by Hermann Steiner . Steiner opened his carpenter's shop in 1944, and, in

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682-503: The panels sideways after the joint is assembled (before the glue sets). This fact makes the biscuit joiner easy to use, because it does not require extreme accuracy or jigs to achieve perfect joints. The depth of the cut can be altered by an adjustable stop. The smaller base can be rotated through 90°, and accessories are provided for altering the offset of the base to the blade (for use with thicker or thinner materials as required). Some models allow slots to be cut at angles other than 90° to

713-525: The physical existence of Indian and Egyptian examples, we know that furniture from the first several dynasties show the use of complex joints, like the Dovetail, over 5,000 years ago. This tradition continued to other later Western styles. The 18th-century writer Diderot included over 90 detailed illustrations of wood joints for building structures alone, in his comprehensive encyclopedia published in 1765. While Western techniques focused on concealment of joinery,

744-422: The pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly available and used during that period. In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning causes more severe respiration demands between the environment and the wood's interior fibers. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement. Each wood species has

775-401: The plant. While lumber from a harvested tree is no longer alive, these tissues still absorb and expel water causing swelling and shrinkage of the wood in kind with change in humidity. When the dimensional stability of the wood is paramount, quarter-sawn or rift-sawn lumber is preferred because its grain pattern is consistent and thus reacts less to humidity. All reinforcements using wood as

806-452: The properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture , although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery

837-510: The trade modernized new developments have evolved to help speed, simplify, or improve joinery. Alongside the integration of different glue formulations, newer mechanical joinery techniques include "biscuit" and "domino" joints, and pocket screw joinery. Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic : its material properties are different along different dimensions. This must be taken into account when joining wood parts together, otherwise

868-408: The user marks the location for the biscuits. Precise measurement is not required, as the biscuits are hidden when the pieces are assembled, so a quick pencil stroke that marks both pieces where they align is all that is required. The parts are separated and the machine is used to cut the slots in each piece. The machine has reference marks on the centerline of the blade for easy alignment to the marks on

899-590: Was dissolved in 1878. In 2004 the school merged with AMU-Center København . On 1 January 2016, Copenhagen Technical College merged with Cph West . Copenhagen Technical College occupies a total of nine locations in the Greater Copenhagen area. The school headquarters are located at Carl Jacobsens Vej 25 in Valby . The Valby campus is also home to HTX Sukkertoppen. The building is a former sugar processing plant from 1913. Another school with HTX programmes, HTX Vibenhus,

930-454: Was inaugurated on 1 October 1881. In 1924–25, the school had 4104, who received their education in the main school or one of the four large and two small branch schools. The Technical Society's School absorbed several other schools over the years while Københavns Teknikum was spun off in 1963 and the School of Applied Arts in 1873. The school revived its current name when the Technical Society

961-444: Was the medieval development of frame and panel construction, as a means of coping with timber 's movement owing to moisture changes. Framed panel construction was utilised in furniture making. The development of joinery gave rise to "joyners", a group of woodworkers distinct from the carpenters and arkwrights (arks were an intermediate stage between a carpenter's boarded chest and a framed chest). The original sense of joinery

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