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52-429: ‘Coolie Begar’ or ' Coolie-Utar' referred to the law requiring locals of the hill regions of Kumaun to provide free transportation for the luggage of travelling British officials. It was the responsibility of the 'Village Head' of different villages, to make available a certain number of coolies for a certain period. For this work, there was a regular register, in which the names of all the villagers were written and everyone

104-501: A national flag ; she sometimes stands on a lotus and is accompanied by a lion . The word Bharat Mata dates to late 19th century Bengal in modern literature. She was popularised by the Bengali language -novel Anandamath (1882), wherein she was depicted in a form inseparable from the Hindu goddesses Durga and Kali . After the controversial division of Bengal province in 1905, she

156-522: A "Janev" made of 6 threads (Maximum allowed for a Hindu)). The Kings used titles such as Sri Raja, Sri Rajadhiraj or Rajadhiraja Maharaj and sometimes Maharajadhiraj Sri Raja etc. and name ended with Deo . This Deo was used by Katyuris as well. Badri Datt Pandey , in his book Kumaun Ka Itihaas lists the Chand kings as following. Pandey, relying on Pandit Rudra Datta Pant, places Som Chand's ascension to 700 CE (757 VS ). However, this date does not tally with

208-641: A Gandhi Ashram in Chanunda. After this, Gandhiji wrote about this movement in Young India stating "its effect was complete, it was a bloodless revolution." Chand kings The Chand kingdom was a kingdom that ruled the Kumaon area in present-day Uttarakhand state of India, after the decline of the Katyuri kingdom . At times, their rule also extended to the western parts of present-day Nepal . Somchand established

260-505: A force into the Chand territory and penetrated through Bhimtal in the Nainital district to Almora ; the resistance of Chand army, under its ruler, Kalyan Chand, was weak and ineffective, and Almora fell to the Rohillas, who stayed here for seven short months, though they were ultimately driven out, an exit made possible by paying them a sum of three lakh rupees, and hastened by the harsh terrain of

312-412: A gift from the nationalists Shiv Prasad Gupta and Durga Prasad Khatri, was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1936. Mahatma Gandhi said, "I hope this temple, which will serve as a cosmopolitan platform for people of all religions, castes, and creeds including Harijans , will go a great way in promoting religious unity, peace, and love in the country." The temple was founded by Swami Satyamitranand on

364-488: A medieval fort, Baleshwar temple , Nagnath Temple , etc. Other temples of their reign are Golu Devata Temple, at Ghorakhal , near Bhimtal, and Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal. Bharat Mata Bharat Mata ( Bhārat Mātā , Mother India in English ) is a national personification of India ( Bharat ) as a mother goddess . Bharat Mata is commonly depicted dressed in a red or saffron -coloured sari and holding

416-647: A novel Anandamath and introduced the hymn " Vande Mātaram ", which soon became the song of the emerging freedom movement in India. As the British Raj created cartographic shape of India through the Geological Survey of India , the Indian nationalist developed it into an icon of nationalism. In the 1920s, it became a more political image, sometimes including images of Mahatma Gandhi and Bhagat Singh . The Tiranga flag

468-715: A poll tax, and its revenue was sent to Delhi as a tribute. Baz Bahadur also built the Golu Devata Temple, at Ghorakhal, near Bhimtal , after Lord Golu, a general in his army, who died valiantly at war. He also built the Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal. Towards the end of 17th century, Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688 Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Pabateshwar temple

520-476: A symbol of Indian nationalism . There are a handful of Bharat Mata temples in India. The first was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in Varanasi in 1936. The temple has a large marble relief map of India on its floor, but originally lacked a murti (divine image used for worship). On its wall is displayed a poem written for the inauguration by the nationalist Hindi language -poet Maithili Sharan Gupt ; it proclaims

572-462: A transcendental idea of Universe as well as expressing Universal Hinduism and nationhood. Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bharat Mata as a four-armed Hindu goddess wearing saffron-colored robes, holding the manuscripts, sheaves of rice, a mala , and a white cloth. The image of Bharatmata was an icon to create nationalist feeling in Indians during the freedom struggle. Sister Nivedita , an admirer of

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624-717: Is displayed in the Victoria Memorial Museum in Kolkata . By the late 19th century, maps of India produced by the British Raj , and based on the Great Trigonometrical Survey , had become widely available. Over the background of a map, Bharat Mata was depicted on the cover of the poet Subramania Bharati 's Tamil language -magazine Vijaya in 1909. In the decades following, she appeared throughout India in popular art: in magazines, posters, and calendars, becoming

676-528: The 1770 Bengal famine , depicts a woman and her husband who go to the forest and encounter rebels. A priest takes them to a temple where they are shown Bharat Mata. Thus they are inspired and lead a rebellion which results in the defeat of the British. The Manushi magazine story traces origin to a satirical work Unabimsa Purana or The Nineteenth Purana by Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay which was first published anonymously in 1866. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1882 wrote

728-698: The Bagnath Temple to offer prayers, and then about 40 Thousand people went to Saryu Bagad, in front of the procession carrying a flag, with the words "End the Coolie Begar". After that, there was a meeting in Saryu Ground, Badri Datt Pandey, while addressing the gathering, took an oath saying, "Taking the water of the sacred Saryu, and with the Bagnath temple as a witness, we pledge that we will not tolerate 'Coolie Utar', 'Coolie Begar' and 'Coolie Burdayash' any more." All

780-546: The Darśana of Bharat Mata during his visit with his guru Sister Nivedita . In the book Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India , Kalyani Devaki Menon argues that " the vision of India as Bharat Mata has profound implications for the politics of Hindu nationalism " and that the depiction of India as a Hindu goddess implies that it is not just the patriotic but also the religious duty of all Hindus to participate in

832-512: The Garhwal Kingdom for the first time, though this attack was repulsed by then king, Dularam Sah, and so were his subsequent attacks. Rudra Chand was a contemporary of Akbar , and even paid him a visit in Lahore in 1587, as a mark of his obeisance. Akbarnama mentions him as "one of the great landlords of India", and further talks about his initial hesitation in approaching the court of Akbar, it

884-684: The Ghaznavid invasion of the Kannauj kingdom during 1018-1019 CE. Singh, therefore, dates the beginning of the Chand rule to 1019-1021 CE. This dates aligns with Katyuri chronology and with the placement of the eighth Chand king Vina (Vinaya) Chand in 1223 CE. Som Chand continued to call his state Kurmanchal, and established its capital in Champawat in Kali Kumaon, called so, due to its vicinity to river Kali . Many temples built in this former capital city, during

936-693: The Katyuri chronology, and historical evidence suggests that Som Chand's rule began much later, probably around 1019-1021 CE. Kumaon invasion of Chandpur garh (1679) Panchpurviya Five Clans namely: Deopa (Village Roba, Garkha Paspa), Serari (Village Sangor, Sorari Talli Malli), Puruchuda (Village Rundakot, Garkha Puruchudi), Chiral (Village Chhawati Chiral) and Paderu (Garkha Paderu) were known as Panch-purviyas. They were introduced in Doti and settled in Kumaon by King Ratan Chand (1450–1488) after granting them jagirs. These Five kind of Rajputs were relatives of

988-706: The National Armed Forces , Army , Navy , for example the Indonesian Air Force 's motto Swabhuana Paksa ("Wings of The Motherland") and the Indonesian National Police 's motto Rastra Sewakottama ("Nation's Best Servants"). The Bharat Mata Temple is located in the Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth campus in Varanasi . The temple houses a marble idol of Bharat Mata along with a marble relief map of India. The Temple,

1040-520: The Rajwars of Askot , though the latter were allowed to hold their land on the payment of a tribute. The hill station of Binsar , 30 km from Almora was a summer retreat of the Chand kings. In the coming years, Jagat Chand's successor, Debi Chand (1720-6) took part in the wars of Rohillas of Rohilkhand , and was defeated by the British troops. In 1744, Ali Mohammed Khan , the Rohilla leader, sent

1092-591: The 11th and 12th century exist today, this include the Baleshwar and Nagnath temples. Later their capital was shifted to Almora by Raja Kalyan Chand in 1563, when he laid the foundation of a town name 'Alam Nagar', which was also called, 'Rajapur', a name that still used and has been found inscribed on a number of copper plates of the time. In 1581, the Chand King, Rudra Chand (1565–1597), son of Raja Kalyan Chand seized Sira defeating Raika king Hari Malla and attacked

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1144-529: The British etc. The locals were being exploited by the British physically and mentally. Eventually, people started to unite to protest against this. The Chand rulers , during their reign, initiated a tax related to horses in the state. It was possibly the earliest form of the 'Coolie Begar' exploitation. This practice took a widespread form of governance under the rule of Gorkhas . Though the British ended it initially, they gradually not only re-enforced this system, but brought it to its formidable form. Earlier this

1196-617: The British's exploitation of the forests of Kumaon. Coolie Begar was made mandatory for the residents of Kumaon division in 1913. It was opposed everywhere; Badri Datt Pandey led the movement in Almora , while other leaders like Anusuya Prasad Bahuguna and Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant also played an active role in the Movement in Garhwal and Kashipur respectively. Through his Almora Akhbar , Badri Datt Pandey started protesting against this evil. In 1920,

1248-404: The Chand dynasty are available, but these are not completely reliable, having been compiled in the mid-19th century. According to such traditional lists and chronicles, Som (or Soma) Chand established the Chand dynasty in the 7th century. Based on this, an 1849 British Raj -era report assigned the start of the Chand rule to 685 CE (742 VS ). However, historians dispute this date, as it contradicts

1300-500: The Chand kings and had matrimonial relations amongst each other. They are considered to be subcastes/clans of the Chands . After some time the Chiral family went back to Doti but other clans stayed. The first capital of Chand rulers, Champawat , in the stronghold popularly known as Kali Kumaon, is now a district headquarters town, and hold many remnants of once powerful Chand reign, including

1352-772: The Chands, under the titular Chand Raja, were driven to the Bhabhar and finally expelled. The Terai and Kashipur were ceded to the British by the Nawab of Awadh in 1801, along with the rest of Rohilkhand . Nepalese rule lasted for twenty-four years. The end came because of their repeated intrusion into British territories in the Terai from 1800 onwards. Lord Moira , the Governor-General of India , decided to attack Almora in December 1814, marking

1404-581: The annual Convention of the Congress was held in Nagpur . several leaders including Pt Govind Ballabh Pant , Badri Datt Pandey , Hargovind Pant , Victor Mohan Joshi, Shyam Lal Shah etc. attended the session, to take the blessings of Mahatma Gandhi for the Coolie Begar movement. When they came back, they started raising awareness against this evil. On 14 January 1921, on occasion of the Uttarayani fair, this movement

1456-625: The banks of the Ganges in Haridwar . It has 8 storeys and is 180 feet tall. It was inaugurated by Indira Gandhi in 1983. Floors are dedicated to mythological legends, religious deities, freedom fighters and leaders. The temple is located in Michael Nagar on Jessore Road, barely 2 km away from the Kolkata Airport . Here, Bharat Mata is portrayed through the image of "Jagattarini Durga " . This

1508-701: The beginning of the Anglo-Nepalese War . After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora (present cantonment), was renamed ‘Fort Moira’. Harak Deo Joshi, the minister of the last Chand Raja, took the side of the British, a force of 4500 men marched from Kashipur in February, 1815. Champawat was first taken in March from Pilibhit , through the Kali River. Within two months, a strong British army under Colonel Nichols attacked and captured Almora, on 26 April 1815. A truce

1560-505: The chronology of the Katyuri kingdom , who are known to have ruled Kumaon until the third quarter of the 10th century. For example, the Pandukeshwar copper-plate inscription attests that the Katyuri king Lalita Sura Deva was ruling Kumaon during the 9th century, and held the imperial title Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parmaeshvara . It also attests that his descendants continued to rule

1612-477: The dynasty, establishing his capital at Rajbunga in present-day Champawat . The traditional genealogical lists of the Chand dynasty date their founder's ascension to as early as the 7th century, but historical evidence suggests that the Chand rule began only in the early 11th century. Their rule ended in 1790, when Bahadur Shah of Nepal invaded the region, forcing the last king - Mahendra Chand - to flee. Several traditional genealogical lists ( vamshavali s) of

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1664-531: The hills, under Dip Chand, fought side by side with the Rohillas at Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In 1760, he renamed the old Parbateshwer temple as Dipchandeshwar temple. During British rule, then divisional commissioner of Kumaon, George William Trail, got the statue of the Nanda Devi, which had been relocated to the Udyot Chandeshwar temple, from the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of Chand kings, where

1716-689: The nationalist struggle to defend the nation. This association has caused controversy with devout Muslims, whose belief in the oneness of God keeps them from assigning divinity to any god other than Allah . The motto Bharat Mata ki Jai ("Victory for Mother India") is used by the Indian Army . In contemporary colloquial usage, however, the expression is analogous to "Long live Mother India" or "Salute to Mother India." (See also Jai Hind .) Muslim-majority Indonesia's several dozen national armed units also use Hindu-origin Sanskrit language mottoes, including

1768-457: The opposition of local people. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Haldwani , that was the gateway to the Kumaon area , was seized by the rebels of Rohilkhand . Though the British succeeded in crushing the rebellion in its infancy itself, the tension of suppression of that time sporadically flared into different forms of resistance from time to time. There was also a dissatisfaction with

1820-456: The painting, opined that the picture was refined and imaginative, with Bharatmata standing on green earth and blue sky behind her; feet with four lotuses, four arms meaning divine power; white halo and sincere eyes; and gifts Shiksha-Diksha-Anna-Bastra of the motherland to her children. Indian Independence activist Subramania Bharati saw Bharat Mata as the land of Ganga . He identified Bharat Mata as Mahadevi . He also says that he has got

1872-469: The people took this oath and the Village heads who had brought the 'record registers' with them, flung these registers into the confluence while raising slogans in praise of Bharat Mata . The then deputy commissioner of Almora district was also present in the crowd. Though he wanted to open fire on the crowd, he had to step back due to the lack of police force. After the success of this movement, people gave

1924-638: The present collectorate exists, and in time, the temple started being called the 'Nanda Devi temple'. The 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of Chand rulers now houses the District Hospital. Due to internal strife, in the coming thirty years the kings lost most of the land they had previously ruled in the plains, and retained only the Bhabhar region. In early 1790, the Gurkhas invaded the Kumaon hills and Almora, they advanced by crossing River Kali , through Gangoli; and

1976-457: The region in the 10th century. By the first quarter of the thirteenth century, the Chand kings appear to have been ruling in Kumaon as feudatories. For example, the 1223 CE Baleshwar Temple inscription of Krachalla Deva , a conqueror from present-day Nepal, lists his ten counsellors and feudatories. The names of three of these men suggest that they may have belonged to the Chand family: Chandra Deva, Vinaya Chand and Vidya Chand. Vina Chand, whom

2028-518: The region. This peace didn't last long as after just three months, unhappy over his lieutenants, Ali Mohammed Khan attacked again, though this time, he was stopped right at the entrance to the hills, at Barakheri, and defeated; and he made no further attempts to conquer the Kumaon kingdom, nor did the Muslim rulers of Delhi, and this remained the first and the last attack by Muslim rulers on the region. Reconciliation subsequently came into effected; troops from

2080-542: The temple to be open to all castes and religions. Most visitors to the temple are foreign tourists. Indian Muslims and Sikhs have opposed the chanting of her name, because in Islam and Sikhism , God cannot be worshipped in human form. The image of Bharat Mata formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Banerjee , Bharat Mata , was first performed in 1873. The play, set during

2132-422: The three principal genealogical lists name as the 8th Chand king, was probably same as Vinaya Chand of the inscription. The tradition states that Som Chand was an immigrant from Jhusi , a relative of the king of Kannauj, and a contemporary of the last Katyuri king Brahma Deva. Based on this, historian Krishna Pal Singh theorizes that Som Chand may have migrated to Kumaon amid the political upheaval resulting from

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2184-498: The title of 'Jannayak' to Hargovind Pant and that of 'Kumaon Kesari' to Badri Datt Pandey . People not only supported the movement but also strictly followed it and continued to protest against this practice. The result was that the government was forced to end the tradition by bringing a bill in the House. Mahatma Gandhi was very impressed with this movement and paid a visit to Bageshwar and Kausani himself in 1929. He also established

2236-547: Was also started being included during this period. In 1930s, the image entered in religious practice. The Bharat Mata temple was built in Varanasi in 1936 by Shiv Prashad Gupt and was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi. This temple does not have any statuary but only a marble relief of the map of India. Bipin Chandra Pal elaborated its meaning in idealizing and idealist terms, along with Hindu philosophical traditions and devotional practices. It represented an archaic spiritual essence,

2288-442: Was called the same day, and with the ratification of Treaty of Sugauli on 4 March 1816, Kumaon and Garhwal became a part of the British Raj . Chand princes used Maharajkumar, Kunwar or Gusain as title. Maharajkumar was at the start of the name, while Kunwar or Gusain was used at the end. Doti princes used Rainka. Katyuris and Chands also used Rajwar as titles.(Chand's are also referred to as (६ पल्ल्या रजबार). A Rajbar who wears

2340-493: Was forced to do this work alternately. The dissatisfaction between the public, due to the collusion of the Village Heads, the landlords and the patwaris, and the discrimination between the people increased as the head and patwari of the village started promoting this virtue to get rid of their personal interests. Sometimes, people were also forced to do extremely disgusting things. Such as picking up garbage or washing clothes for

2392-484: Was highlighted during the boycott of British-made goods organized by Sir Surendranath Bannerjee . In numerous protest meetings, she was invoked in the rallying cry Vande Mataram (I bow to the mother). Bharat Mata was painted as a four-armed goddess by Abanindranath Tagore in 1904, in the style associated with the Bengal School of Art , in a form derived from typical depictions of Hindu goddesses. This painting

2444-627: Was inaugurated on October 19, 2015 (Mahashashti Day of Durga Puja that year) by Keshari Nath Tripathi , the Governor of West Bengal . The initiative to build the temple, which has been named Jatiya Shaktipeeth , was taken by the Spiritual Society of India in order to mark the 140th anniversary of " Vande Mataram " . In July 2019, the Chief Minister of Haryana , Manohar Lal Khattar , granted 5 acre land near Mahabharta -era Jyotisar tirth to

2496-471: Was initiated from the grounds of Confluence (Bagad) of Saryu and Gomati . Before the commencement of this movement, a notice was issued by the District Magistrate to Hargovind Pant , Lala Chiranjilal and Badri Datt Pandey , but it had no effect on them. To participate in this movement, people from different villages came out to the fair ground, and turned it into a huge show. The people first went to

2548-426: Was not on the general public, but on those salaried farmers who used to collect tax from the landowners or collectors. Hence, this practice directly influenced those tenants who owned land. But the reality was that these rich landlords and jurists had imposed their parts of slavery on landless farmers, laborers and weak sections of society who accepted it as conditional remuneration. Thus, this practice continued, despite

2600-509: Was only Raja Todar Mal himself, sent his son Kalyan Das to assure him, did his proceed to meet Akbar. Subsequently, the two met and agreed on a concord, and thus Ain-e-Akbari , written during period of Akbar, also mentions the Sarkar of Kumaon , containing 21 Mahals (a geographical unit of the times) and the revenue collected. After death of Rudra Chand in 1597, his son, Lakshmi Chand, also continued attacks of Garhwal for many years, though he too

2652-506: Was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple. Later, Jagat Chand (1708–20), defeated the Raja of Garhwal and pushed him away from Srinagar , and his kingdom was given to a Brahmin. However, a subsequent king of Garhwal, Pradip Shah (1717–72), regained control over Garhwal and retained Doon till 1757, when Rohilla leader Najib-ul-Daula established himself there, though he was ousted soon by Pradip Shah. The Chand kings also defeated

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2704-541: Was repulsed. He also constructed the ' Bagnath temple ' at Bageshwar in 1602. One of the most powerful rulers of the Chand dynasty was Baz Bahadur (1638–78), who met Shahjahan in Delhi, and in 1655 joined forces with him to attack Garhwal, which was under its king, Pirthi Sah, and subsequently captured the Terai region including Dehradun , which was hence separated from the Garhwal kingdom. Baz Bahadur extended his territory east to Karnali river. In 1672, Baz Bahadur started

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