The term Constitutional arch ( Italian : Arco costituzionale ) was used in the post-war Italian political discourse to describe the parties that had taken part in the drafting and approval of the Italian Constitution , and which persisted as a loose coalition on certain policymaking issues.
15-511: According to historian Claudio Pavone the arch was the informal heir to the National Liberation Committee , which had been established in 1943 to represent the anti-fascist parties that would go on to form the political leadership of post-war Italy. Even if the left-wing Socialist and Communist parties had been expelled from the government coalition in 1947 the anti-fascist arch survived as a consensus on parliamentary institutions and
30-736: The Italian Liberal Party , and the Italian Republican Party . These were all the major parties at the time with the exception of the Monarchist National Party and the Italian Social Movement . The Action Party , which had a significant role in the resistance movement and contributed to the works of the Constituent Assembly, disbanded in 1947 and is thus not included in the definition. The main effect
45-559: The CLN were primarily divided between three main groups, Communist Garibaldi Brigades , the Action Party's Giustizia e Libertà Brigades, and Socialist Matteotti Brigades. Smaller groups included Catholic and monarchist partisans. There were partisan units not represented in the CLN, including the Maiella Brigades and anarchist , republican , and Trotskyist formations. The CLN led
60-614: The Italian resistance and was subdivided into the Central Committee for National Liberation (CCLN), which was based in Rome, and the later National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy (CLNAI), which was based in Milan. The CNL was a multi-party entity, whose members were united by their anti-fascism . The CLN was formed on 8 September 1943, following Italy's armistice and Germany's invasion of
75-1309: The chairmanship of the Board of Elections of the Chamber of Deputies to the Italian Social Movement. The arch finally ended in the early 1990s, with the collapse of all of its member parties and the decision of Silvio Berlusconi to found the Pole of Good Government , a coalition that included the Italian Social Movement and its post-fascist successors. National Liberation Committee Central Europe Germany Italy Spain ( Spanish Civil War ) Albania Austria Baltic states Belgium Bulgaria Burma Czechia Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Japan Jewish Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Slovakia Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Germany Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States The National Liberation Committee ( Italian : Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale , CLN )
90-964: The country. The member parties were the Italian Communist Party , the Italian Socialist Party , the Action Party , the Christian Democracy , the Labour Democratic Party , and the Italian Liberal Party . With the backing of the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies of World War II , the CLN gained official recognition as the representative of the Italian resistance movement, and had several leaders operating underground in German-occupied Italy. The partisan formations controlled by
105-410: The exclusion of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement from government roles and political influence. The concept became prominent after the fall of the controversial Tambroni Cabinet in 1960, and was used throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The arch included the Christian Democracy , the Italian Communist Party , the Italian Socialist Party and its splinter Italian Democratic Socialist Party ,
120-448: The government of national unity Bonomi gave the powers of direction in northern Italy to CLNAI, thus effectively assumed the role of "third-party government" or "shadow government" in the occupied territories. Organized as a "government of the great North", the CLNAI managed to maintain cohesion among the different political positions, and maintained the relationship, sometimes difficult, with
135-493: The governments of Italy from the liberation of Rome in June 1944 until the 1946 Italian general election , which was the first post-war general election. After being deprived of all its functions ahead of the 1946 elections, they were disbanded in 1947. National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy The Committee of National Liberation for Northern Italy ( Italian : Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia , CLNAI)
150-553: The last overt expressions of the constitutional arch was the election of former partisan leader Sandro Pertini as President of the Republic in 1978, with the largest majority in a presidential vote in Italian history. The constitutional arch was challenged in the late 1970s by Bettino Craxi , the new leader of the Socialist Party, who demanded sweeping constitutional reforms, an option hitherto rejected by major parties, and offered
165-513: The need for coordination of the partisan struggle in the north and then the delegates were the Committee of Milan all political and military powers for Upper Italy, despite some disagreement with the Committee of Turin. Directed by independent Alfredo Pizzoni ("Longhi"), the committee became CLNAI Milan (National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy) and the rest of the Resistance led effectively to
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#1732870095473180-499: The partisan struggle in the heart of the Republic of the military and against the Germans. The initial members of Milan's CLN, which would later become CLNAI were: The composition changed over time. At the time of the general insurrection of 25 April 1945, the members were: The role of CLNAI grew in importance during the war, after the delegation of powers to the north of Rome CLN obtained by 31 January 1944, last on 26 December 1944 as
195-661: Was a political umbrella organization and the main representative of the Italian resistance movement fighting against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationist forces of the Italian Social Republic during the German occupation of Italy in the aftermath of the armistice of Cassibile , while simultaneously fighting against Italian fascists during the Italian Civil War . It coordinated and directed
210-697: Was set up in February 1944 by partisans behind German lines in the Italian Social Republic , a German puppet state in Northern Italy . It enjoyed the loyalty of most anti-fascist groups in the region. In Milan, a September 1944 meeting decided a northern National Liberation Committee, within the Italian Social Republic that was established in 1943, was important. National Liberation Committee (CLN) leaders of Rome led by Bonomi recognized in January 1944
225-474: Was to establish an asymmetry between the two wings of the opposition. While the Communist Party was effectively excluded from government posts and hypothetical coalitions until its dissolution in 1991 it nonetheless played an important role in policymaking through its participation in parliamentary committees and local administrations, while neo-fascists were consistently marginalised in political life. One of
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