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42-668: Constance Lake First Nation ( Severn Ojibwa : ᑾᐣᐢᑕᐣᐢ ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ ) is an Oji-Cree First Nations band government located on the shores of Constance Lake near Hearst , Cochrane District in northeastern Ontario , Canada . It is directly north of the community of Calstock along a continuation of Ontario Highway 663 . Constance Lake First Nation is home to close to 1605 members of Cree and Ojibway with approximately 820 living on reserve. The reserves , Constance Lake 92 and English River 66 , total 7,686 acres (3,110 ha) in size. The Constance Lake First Nation members are of: "Cree, Oji-Cree and Ojibway descent. Our ancestors inhabited

84-481: A 100 years of mining activity that will spin-off jobs and economic activity for generations." Challenges facing the development of the Ring of Fire mineral include lack of access to the remote region, infrastructure deficits such as roads, railway, electricity and broadband, First Nations' land rights and environmental issues On 4 February 2013, Tony Clement, acknowledged that the nine first First Nations, on and off-reserve in

126-580: A layer of vocabulary items in Severn appears to be of Plains Cree origin, despite the fact that Severn speakers are at a significant distance from Plains Cree speakers. Valentine has suggested that "The logical means by which Plains Cree could exert an influence on Severn Ojibwe is through the Cree Bible, and other liturgical materials, which are used widely and extensively in the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches in

168-568: A massive planned chromite-mining and smelting development project in the mineral-rich area of the James Bay Lowlands. Tony Clement , Canada's Treasury Board President and the FedNor minister responsible for the Ring of Fire, claimed it will be the economic equivalent of the Athabasca oil sands with a potential of generating $ 120 billion. Tony Clement described how the Ring of Fire will bring "about

210-760: A northern tier consisting of Severn and Algonquin; a southern tier consisting of "Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe, the Ojibwe of the Border Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario, and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone between these two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features." It has been noted that, along with Algonquin and Odawa , Severn Ojibwa "…show[s] many distinct features, which suggest periods of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe." However, while each of these dialects has undergone innovations that make each of them distinctive in some respects, their status as part of

252-776: A portage of three miles (4.8 km) and of sufficient depth to provide one square mile (2.6 km) for each family of five upon the ascertained population of the band" by Treaty 9 in 1905. By 1912, Hearst was established with the construction of the National Transcontinental Railway in 1913. Between 1908 and 1912, Hearst became a meeting place for First Nations Peoples engaged in the fur trade. Calstock National Transcontinental Railway's east–west secondary mainline connected Calstock (near Hearst) with Cochrane. Between 1925 and 1940, many families from English River, Fort Albany, and Moose Factory re-located to Pagwa River to follow employment opportunities. Pagwa, named for

294-593: A profound effect on the local native communities, five of which are not yet accessible by road." In 2002 CLFN through the Northern Boreal Initiative (NBI) began formal planning efforts to document aboriginal traditional knowledge to guide future commercial forestry opportunities. In partnership with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), they are developing a frame of reference for land use and planning using Community Based Land Use Planning under

336-659: A series of adjacent settlements: Garden Hill , Red Sucker Lake , St. Theresa Point , and Wasagamack First Nation , referred to collectively as Island Lake. As with Severn Ojibwa communities in northwestern Ontario, "According to Canadian Government sources (Canada, 1970), the Island Lake people speak "Cree" and they are in no way distinguished from the Cree of Oxford House, Gods Lake, or Norway House." Island Lake speech has been described by residents and outsiders alike as containing features of Ojibwe and Cree. A dialect study conducted in

378-667: A short counterpart. Oji-Cree words are shown in both Oji-Cree syllabics and Saulteaux-Cree Roman (with the Hybrid Double Vowel Roman in parentheses). Along with the Oji-Cree words, for comparison, Swampy Cree in Western Syllabics and Salteaux-Cree Roman, and Northwestern Ojibwa in Eastern Ojibwe Syllabics and Saulteaux-Cree Roman (with Fiero Double Vowel Roman in parentheses) are also shown. Translations of

420-668: A subdivision of the Fort Albany First Nation on James Bay , and therefore Treaty beneficiaries. The English River band were given their own twelve square miles (31 km) reserve ( English River 66 ), "[o]n the Kenogami or English River in the Province of Ontario, beginning at a point three miles (4.8 km) below Hudson Bay Post on the North side of the River known as English River then north

462-522: Is a group that recently broke off from the main Sandy Lake community; their dialect is the same as Sandy Lake. A number of communities around the periphery of the core Severn Ojibwa area share some Severn features, but also share features of other dialects and have been described as transitional communities. These include Round Lake , Lansdowne House , Ogoki Post , Fort Hope , and Summer Beaver . The Island Lake community in northern Manitoba consists of

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504-785: Is held by chief Ramona Sutherland, together with four (4) councilors: Wayne Neegan, Samantha John-George, Christine Stephen, Ricky Sutherland. As a signatory to Treaty 9 , the First Nation is a member of Matawa First Nations , a Regional Chiefs' Council; the Regional Chiefs' Council, in turn, is a member of the Nishnawbe Aski Nation , a Tribal Political Organization representing many of the First Nations in Northern and Northwestern Ontario . Constance Lake First Nation have two reserves:

546-606: Is often referred to in English as Oji-Cree , with the term Severn Ojibwa (or Ojibwe ) primarily used by linguists and anthropologists. Severn Ojibwa speakers have also been identified as Northern Ojibwa , and the same term has been applied to their dialect. Severn Ojibwa speakers use two self-designations in their own language. The first is Anishinini 'ordinary person' (plural Anishininiwag ) This term has been compared to Plains Cree ayisiyiniw 'person, human being.' The term Anishinaabe 'ordinary man,' which

588-573: Is one of eight First Nation communities along with Aundeck Omni Kaning , M'Chigeeng , Sagamok , Sheguiandah , Sheshegwaning , Whitefish River , and Zhiibaahasing (totalling a member population of 6,800+ people), served by the Anishnaabe controlled and directed Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute (KTEI), a non-profit incorporated organization. KTEI was formed in April 1994 with the merger of

630-592: Is widely used as a self-designation across the Ojibwa dialect continuum, is also used and accepted by Severn speakers. The term Anishininiimowin is the general word used in Severn Ojibwa to refer to the language itself (noun Anishinini 'ordinary person,' suffix -mo 'speak a language,' suffix -win 'nominalizer'). A similar term Anishinaabemowin with the same structure would be expected but has not been documented in published sources. Anishininiimowin

672-603: The Matawa First Nations in talks with the Ontario government about the opening of First Nations lands to the giant Ring of Fire mineral development. Noront's Eagle's Nest copper and nickel mine and the Black Thor chromite mine of Cliffs Natural Resources would generate wealth and royalties for Ontario but the mines are in a remote region. They will "require significant development to make them viable." "[D]evelopment that will have

714-730: The Pagwachuan River , one of the largest rivers in Northern Ontario, was valued by First Nations and the North-West fur traders, as an access route, along with the Albany River, to James Bay and Hudson Bay. Pagwachuan is a Cree word meaning shallow river. Pagwa, a railway divisional point , had a fur trading post, as it was at a major junction of the railway and the Pagwachuan River. Packet steamers ran between Pagwa and James Bay to serve

756-762: The Revillon Freres trading post and community early in the 1900s. In the 1930s an airfield was built in Pagwa by the Department of National Defence By May 1940, the majority of the English River First Nation resided at Pagwa River as the English River reserve was "uninhabitable", according to Reverend Clarke who had requesting funding for a new school at Pagwa. In 1943 the Department of Indian Affairs began to consider

798-621: The Saskatchewan River in northeastern Saskatchewan , along the shores of Hudson Bay and adjoining interior lands south and west as well as territories along the shores of Hudson and James Bay in Ontario . They are geographically and to some extent culturally split into two main groupings, and therefore speak two dialects of the Swampy Cree language , which is an "n-dialect": In Manitoba, The Swampy Cree's first recorded contact with Europeans

840-649: The 1940s, Constance Lake First Nation "absorbed essentially the whole of the English River Band and also members of the Albany and Moose Factory Bands who lived nearby." Joan A. Lovisek grouped the Constance Bay First Nations linguistically, with the historical Moose River Cree . The First Nation elects its leadership for a two-year term through the Act Electoral System. As of 2021, the leadership

882-417: The 3,110.5-hectare (7,686.2-acre) Constance Lake 92 Indian Reserve and the 3,108-hectare (7,680-acre) English River 66 Indian Reserve, of which Constance Lake 92 serves as the main reserve. The community has existed in this area since the early 1940s, when the reserve was first established. Constance Lake First Nation is one of the nine First Nations in the mineral-rich Northern Ontario Ring of Fire area,

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924-659: The Big Trout Lake area and the other the Deer Lake area. The Big Trout Lake area is divided into two subgroups, Western, composed of communities situated in the Severn River system, and Eastern, made up mostly of communities in the drainage area of the Winisk River." (A) Big Trout Area (i) Western Big Trout (Severn River System) (ii) Eastern Big Trout (Winisk River System) (B) Deer Lake Area The Keewaywin community

966-624: The Centre for the North at the Conference Board of Canada , stressed traditional hunting as one of the key issues while . Bob Rae was appointed as chief negotiator to represent the nine different native governments, Marten Falls First Nation , Webequie First Nation , Neskantaga First Nation , Nibinamik First Nation , Aroland First Nation , Long Lake 58 First Nation , Ginoogaming First Nation , Fort Hope (Eabametoong) First Nation , Mishkeegogamang First Nation and Constance Lake First Nation, for

1008-627: The Constance Lake First Nation, Ontario Works, and Contact North entered into a partnership whereby Contact North "local online learning centre will provide local on-site staff, free local access to educational technology, high-speed Internet, and computer workstations" to access a wide range of "online and distance programs and courses from Ontario's public colleges, universities, school boards, literacy and other training providers," currently available from Ontario's "publicly funded education and training providers." Constance Lake First Nation

1050-618: The Deer Lake-Favourable Lake area and approximately 25% in the Sandy Lake-Big Trout Lake areas of northwestern Ontario. A complex migration history includes the return of a number of these migrants to their original communities with a subsequent migration of some back to Island Lake. Stop and affricate sounds /p t k tʃ/ and fricatives /s ʃ/ can have fortis and lenis variants. Preaspiration can often occur among fortis sounds. The mid-front vowel /eː/ , does not have

1092-642: The First Nation businesses" in addition to the land "lease agreement." Constance Lake is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service , an Aboriginal-based service. By 26 March 2012 Industry Canada's Broadband Canada, the Northwestern Ontario Broadband Expansion Initiative, was already laying 2300 kilometers of fibre optic cable to 26 First Nations across the Far North including the Ring of Fire. On 10 June 2013

1134-582: The Kenogami, Kabinakagami, Nagagamisis, Nagagami, Pagwachuan, Fushimi, Pledger Lake, Little Current, Drowning, Ridge, Albany, Kabinakagami, Nagagami and Shekak River systems since in time of memorial in the eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds." Mammamattawa (English River), where the Kenogami River joins with the Kabinakagami and Nagagami Rivers , was the site of Hudson's Bay Company 's and rival Revillon Frères ' fur trading posts. This area became

1176-502: The Mammamattawa (English River) Reserve which was renamed the Constance Lake First Nation (CLFN). Constance Lake First Nation were known as the English River Band of Oji-Cree. Prior to Treaty 9 , according to a 1901 Canadian census, there were 85 people inhabiting the English River area, 60 miles (97 km) inland from the mouth of the Kenogami or English River. On 27 July 1905, English River Band of Oji-Cree were attached to Treaty 9 as

1218-538: The Ojibwa language complex is not in dispute. Many communities adjacent to these relatively sharply differentiated dialects show a mix of transitional features, reflecting overlap with other nearby dialects. Cree has historically had a significant cultural influence on Severn Ojibwa and its speakers. Cree Anglican catechists evangelized Severn Ojibwa speakers in the late nineteenth century. For example, Cree missionary William Dick established an Anglican mission in Severn Ojibwa territory at Big Trout Lake, where he served from

1260-443: The Ring of Fire area are some of the "most socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in all of Canada." Chronic housing shortages, low education outcomes and lack of access to clean drinking water jeopardize the ability of local First Nations to benefit from the significant economic, employment and business development opportunities associated with the Ring of Fire developments. In an interview with CBC on 27 June 2013, Les Louttit,

1302-514: The Severn region." The liturgical language of many of these communities is Plains Cree, a separate mutually unintelligible language. A number of core Severn speaking communities have been identified. Dialect research in the 1970s suggested a relatively shallow set of differences that distinguish a core Big Trout Lake subgroup (itself further divided into two minor subgroups), and a Deer Lake area subgroup. "Nichols 1976 determined that there exist two minor subdialects of Severn Ojibwe, one designated

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1344-470: The Wautebek Training Institute and Nda-Gkenjge-Gamig Educational Institute. KTEI provides educational services that "complement First Nation's education delivery in meeting the needs of all learners in school and post-school programs". 49°48′18″N 84°08′05″W  /  49.80500°N 84.13472°W  / 49.80500; -84.13472 Severn Ojibwa language The language

1386-738: The authority of the Far North Act. In March 2013 they published a draft entitled, Community Based Land Use Planning. Lecours Lumber Company Ltd. which operates a saw mill located in Calstock on a long-term federal lease, is the main employer of the community. After months of negotiations, on 25 February 2013 Ben Lecours of Lecours Lumber Company Ltd. and Constance Lake First Nation negotiated memorandum of agreements through Regina based mediator, Kenneth Gamble regarding Lecours operations on Constance Lake First Nation. The MOAs cover "employment and training for Constance Lake members, and business opportunities for

1428-661: The coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe . West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with

1470-593: The creation of a new Band for those living at Pagwa. Inspector Arneil chose Calstock, near Constance Bay, as the most suitable location. On 21 September 1944 the government purchased land for an Indian reserve for the use and benefits of the Constance Bay First Nation, previously known as the Calstock Reserve. Arneil recommended that the Constance Lake First Nation include members of Albany and Moose Factory (Attawapiskat) Bands who also resided at Pagwa. In

1512-478: The deputy grand chief of the Nishnawbe Aski Nation, the group that represents the nine First Nations, argued that serious problems have been neglected for decades. Two to three years is not enough time to for skills training to train locals for construction jobs, for example. Louttit noted the gap in First Nations high school and post-secondary education that's existed for many years. Anja Jeffrey, director of

1554-587: The early 1970s concluded that "the speech of Island Lake is Ojibwa with an admixture of Cree." Available information indicates as well that Island Lake Ojibwe shares Severn features: "The dialect affiliation of Island Lake Ojibwa is with Severn Ojibwe. Consistent informant responses indicate almost complete intelligibility with Severn Ojibwa on the one hand, and reduced intelligibility with Berens River, Bloodvein, Little Grand Rapids, and Pikangikaum…". A review of Island Lake family history indicates that approximately 50% of families listed in 1909 documents originated in

1596-497: The late nineteenth century until the early twentieth century (approximate dates 1887–1917). Although their language is clearly a dialect of Ojibwe, in the late 1970s, it was noted that "The northern bands of Northern Ojibwa prefer to be called Cree, a usage that has confused students and government officials: the Trout Lake, Deer Lake, and Caribou Lake bands of Northern Ojibwa are not distinguished from their Cree-speaking neighbours to

1638-672: The north in Canadian government publications …". Referring specifically to grammatical features in Severn Ojibwe, research indicates that "… the amount of Cree influence on Ojibwe grammar actually appears rather small. The common designation of northern Ojibwe linguistic varieties [i.e. as 'Oji-Cree'] is profoundly misleading in terms of the relative grammatical representation of each language in that these varieties are decidedly Ojibwe in structure." Several different Cree dialects appear to have been sources of Severn Ojibwa vocabulary. For example,

1680-462: The words are also given. Swampy Cree The Swampy Cree people, also known by their autonyms Néhinaw , Maskiki Wi Iniwak , Mushkekowuk, Maškékowak, Maskegon or Maskekon (and therefore also Muskegon and Muskegoes ) or by exonyms including West Main Cree, Lowland Cree , and Homeguard Cree , are a division of the Cree Nation occupying lands located in northern Manitoba , along

1722-578: Was in 1682 at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers in northern Manitoba by a Hudson's Bay Company party travelling about 100 mi (160 km) inland. In Ontario, contact with the Swampy Cree (Omuskegowuk) is in the early 1600s with Henry Hudson's arrival into James Bay. Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along

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1764-552: Was one of only six aboriginal languages in Canada to report an increase in use in the 2001 Canadian census over the 1996 census. Although sometimes described as a separate language, Severn Ojibwa is most accurately described as a dialect of the larger Ojibwe language complex with a number of distinctive innovations in addition to an increment of vocabulary borrowed from Cree and a modest amount of Cree morphology. Valentine has proposed that Ojibwe dialects are divided into three groups:

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