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97-520: TasGovNet is the name of the on-island backbone. It is 420 km long and links the major cities of Burnie , Devonport , Launceston , and Hobart . It also links George Town , where it is intended to connect to the fibre optic cables that were laid with the Basslink submarine electricity cable. The fibre was built by private company Tas21 before being purchased by the state government in 2003 for A$ 23 million. The trans- Bass Strait segment of

194-434: A pigment , it is called titanium white , Pigment White 6 ( PW6 ), or CI 77891 . It is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black. As a pigment, it has a wide range of applications, including paint , sunscreen , and food coloring . When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million tonnes. It has been estimated that titanium dioxide

291-617: A thin film , its refractive index and colour make it an excellent reflective optical coating for dielectric mirrors ; it is also used in generating decorative thin films such as found in "mystic fire topaz". Some grades of modified titanium based pigments as used in sparkly paints, plastics, finishes and cosmetics – these are man-made pigments whose particles have two or more layers of various oxides – often titanium dioxide, iron oxide or alumina – in order to have glittering, iridescent and or pearlescent effects similar to crushed mica or guanine -based products. In addition to these effects

388-558: A "safe level for daily intake of the food additive could not be established". In 2022, the UK Food Standards Agency and Food Standards Scotland announced their disagreement with the EFSA ruling, and did not follow the EU in banning titanium dioxide as a food additive. Health Canada similarly reviewed the available evidence in 2022 and decided not to change their position on titanium dioxide as

485-657: A central economic hub. Freight rail is operated by Tasrail , and remains central to Burnie’s industrial and port activities. Now known as the Melba Line , Burnie was previously the terminus of the former Emu Bay Railway company operations. Historically, Burnie had passenger rail services, which were operated by the Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR) until the late 1970s. Known as the Tasman Limited , these services connected Burnie with other towns, primarily along

582-410: A city in 1988. At its peak in the mid 1980s, Burnie had a population exceeding 20,500, thriving as a bustling industrial centre. However, the town's success came with environmental consequences. During the 1970s, the production of titanium dioxide by Tioxide led to heavy pollution, turning the sea rust-red from effluent. Burnie also developed a reputation as one of Tasmania’s most polluted towns,

679-446: A direct hydrometallurgical process or through the main industrial production processes, the sulfate process and the chloride process . The sulfate process represents 40% of the world’s titanium dioxide production and is protected in 23% of patent families. The chloride process is only mentioned in 8% of patent families, although it provides 60% of the worldwide industrial production of titanium dioxide. Key contributors to patents on

776-698: A director of the Van Diemen's Land Company , and proclaimed a city by Queen Elizabeth II on 26 April 1988. Burnie's economy has historically been driven by heavy manufacturing , mining , forestry , and farming . Situated on the coastline of Emu Bay , the city’s fortunes are closely tied to its deep water port . An intermodal freight transport facility, the Port of Burnie handles over 5,000,000 tonnes (4,900,000 long tons; 5,500,000 short tons) of freight annually, including nearly half of Tasmania's containerised freight . As Tasmania's most north-westerly city, it provides

873-671: A diseased or physically damaged dermis could be the true cause of insufficient barrier protection. SCCS research found that when nanoparticles had certain photostable coatings (e.g., alumina , silica , cetyl phosphate, triethoxycaprylylsilane , manganese dioxide ), the photocatalytic activity was attenuated and no notable skin penetration was observed; the sunscreen in this research was applied at amounts of 10 mg/cm2 for exposure periods of 24 hours. Coating TiO 2 with alumina, silica, zircon or various polymers can minimize avobenzone degradation and enhance UV absorption by adding an additional light diffraction mechanism. TiO 2

970-609: A failed attempt to secure a buyer, marked the end of an era for one of the city's most iconic industries. Despite the mill’s closure, forestry remains an important part of Burnie's economy, with woodchip exports continuing through the Burnie Chip Export Terminal, colloquially known as the "Pyramids of Burnie". While heavy manufacturing and forestry continue to be significant, Burnie has sought to diversify its economy in recent years, exploring opportunities in renewable energy, tourism, and education. The Marinus Link project

1067-588: A future leader in Tasmania’s renewable energy sector. By 2024, the city is set to be a key player in the proposed North West Renewable Energy Zone (REZ), a project designed to foster investment in large-scale wind and solar energy developments. The Marinus Link , a high-voltage direct current submarine power cable, is also planned to connect Tasmania’s renewable energy supply to mainland Australia, potentially generating 1,400 local jobs and bringing an estimated $ 3 billion in economic investment. Current proposals for

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1164-462: A grant of 500,000 acres (200,000 ha), while Bathurst approved a smaller allotment of 250,000 acres (100,000 ha), the company received a Royal Charter in 1825, giving it broad authority to cultivate land, and build housing and wharves to support colonial development within a 250,000-acre (100,000 ha) area in North-West Tasmania. Oakleigh Park, close to Burnie’s business centre,

1261-506: A limited colour change is possible in certain formulations depending on how and at which angle the finished product is illuminated and the thickness of the oxide layer in the pigment particle; one or more colours appear by reflection while the other tones appear due to interference of the transparent titanium dioxide layers. In some products, the layer of titanium dioxide is grown in conjunction with iron oxide by calcination of titanium salts (sulfates, chlorates) around 800 °C One example of

1358-536: A long time. Widely-occurring minerals and even gemstones are composed of TiO 2 . All natural titanium, comprising more than 0.5% of the Earth's crust, exists as oxides. As of 2006, titanium dioxide had been regarded as "completely nontoxic when orally administered". However, concerns persist. TiO 2 whitener in food was banned in France from 2020, due to uncertainty about safe quantities for human consumption. In 2021,

1455-562: A median household income of $ 1,148 per week, lower than the national median of $ 1,746. The city's unemployment rate was around 8.1%, higher than the national rate of 5.1%. These figures suggest some economic challenges in the area, although Burnie's role as a regional port and industrial centre still gives it economic significance within Tasmania. Burnie also has a notable Indigenous population, with around 8.5% of residents identifying as First Nations people or Torres Strait Islander , higher than

1552-462: A native woman at Emu Bay by shooting her and cutting her neck with an axe. Goldie then kidnapped the woman's five-year-old daughter and another woman. After an investigation, Goldie resigned from his position. Meanwhile, the VDL Company faced difficulties. By 1833, sheep farming at Surrey Hills had failed due to cold conditions, resulting in the near abandonment of the area. Throughout the 1840s,

1649-465: A non-English language. In terms of religion, 53.4% of Burnie's population reported no religious affiliation, while 38.8% identified with a Christian denomination, including 11.4% as Catholic and 11.2% as Anglican . Other religious groups include Hinduism (0.9%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), and Sikhism (0.2%). Burnie has a oceanic climate ( Köppen: Cfb), with very mild, relatively dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Seasonal variation

1746-423: A pearlescent pigment is Iriodin, based on mica coated with titanium dioxide or iron (III) oxide. The iridescent effect in these titanium oxide particles is unlike the opaque effect obtained with usual ground titanium oxide pigment obtained by mining, in which case only a certain diameter of the particle is considered and the effect is due only to scattering. In cosmetic and skin care products, titanium dioxide

1843-404: A period of economic uncertainty for the town. Despite these setbacks leading to unstable population and inconsistent investment, Burnie began to reinvent itself in the 1990s. The Lion cheese-making factory remained a major employer, and efforts were made to diversify the city’s economy. By the 2000s, Burnie shifted toward tourism and the arts. It became known for its clean beaches, inclusion on

1940-495: A photocatalyst, attempts have been made to mineralize pollutants (to convert into CO 2 and H 2 O) in waste water. The photocatalytic destruction of organic matter could also be exploited in coatings with antimicrobial applications. Although nanosized anatase TiO 2 does not absorb visible light, it does strongly absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation ( hv ), leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals. This occurs when photo-induced valence bond holes (h vb ) are trapped at

2037-468: A pigment, titanium dioxide can be added to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for its sterilizing, deodorizing, and anti-fouling properties, and is used as a hydrolysis catalyst . It is also used in dye-sensitized solar cells , which are a type of chemical solar cell (also known as a Graetzel cell). The photocatalytic properties of nanosized titanium dioxide were discovered by Akira Fujishima in 1967 and published in 1972. The process on

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2134-477: A result, biphasic titanium dioxide is often considered to possess enhanced functionality as a photocatalyst. It has been reported that titanium dioxide, when doped with nitrogen ions or doped with metal oxide like tungsten trioxide, exhibits excitation also under visible light. The strong oxidative potential of the positive holes oxidizes water to create hydroxyl radicals . It can also oxidize oxygen or organic materials directly. Hence, in addition to its use as

2231-524: A significant industrial milestone for Burnie, positioning it as a key player in Australia’s paper production. The city also became a centre for woodchip exports, with the construction of the woodchip terminal further bolstering its role in the forestry supply chain. However, the decline of the paper industry signaled a major economic shift for Burnie. The closure of the Burnie Paper Mill in 2010, after

2328-555: A situation highlighted by the Australian band Midnight Oil in their song “ Burnie ,” which criticised the town’s environmental issues. The rationalisation of Australian industry during the 1980s and 1990s dealt a severe blow to Burnie. APPM downgraded its operations and eventually closed the pulp mill in 2010, leading to significant job losses. Other closures followed, including the Caterpillar mining machinery factory, triggering

2425-458: A small number of crystallites from the mean crystal size and modifies the physical behaviour of TiO 2 . The optical properties of the finished pigment are highly sensitive to purity. As little as a few parts per million (ppm) of certain metals (Cr, V, Cu, Fe, Nb) can disturb the crystal lattice so much that the effect can be detected in quality control. Approximately 4.6 million tons of pigmentary TiO 2 are used annually worldwide, and this number

2522-440: A surge in employment and population growth, setting Burnie on the path to becoming an industrial powerhouse. The post-war era saw Burnie become synonymous with industry. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, APPM expanded its workforce to around 3,500 employees, while other secondary industries, including pigment producer Tioxide and North West Acid , were established. This industrial boom led to Burnie’s official recognition as

2619-737: A vital role in the well-being of the wider community. Burnie is also home to key educational institutions, including the Cradle Coast campus of the University of Tasmania , where the Cuthbertson Research Laboratories are part of the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research . The town also hosts campuses for the Tasmanian Polytechnic and Tasmanian Academy , ensuring a range of learning opportunities for students in

2716-471: Is also represented in Burnie, with Burnie Bowmen Archery Club . They were founded in 1958 and have influenced the development of archery along the northwest coast of Tasmania. Its first target championship was held in 1959. In 1972 Burnie Bowmen Archery Club was given the honour of holding the first national championships to be held outside of a capital city. In 2017 Burnie Bowmen Archery club hosted Archery for

2813-504: Is distinct from the crystalline forms in which Ti coordinates to 6 oxygen atoms. Synthetic TiO 2 is mainly produced from the mineral ilmenite . Rutile , and anatase , naturally occurring TiO 2 , occur widely also, e.g. rutile as a 'heavy mineral' in beach sand. Leucoxene , fine-grained anatase formed by natural alteration of ilmenite, is yet another ore. Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from oriented inclusions of rutile needles. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as

2910-555: Is expected to further boost Burnie's economy. This $ 3.5b (2021) project will connect Heybridge to Waratah Bay, Victoria via 255 kilometres (158 mi) of high voltage direct current submarine power cable , supplying renewable energy to the Australian mainland . Supporting infrastructure, including the North West Transmission Developments, will reinforce Burnie’s position as a renewable energy hub. The project

3007-829: Is expected to generate 1,400 local jobs and contribute $ 3b in direct economic investment while supplying enough electricity to power 1.5 million homes and significantly reducing carbon emissions. Construction is expected to begin in 2026 and be completed by 2030. Burnie was chosen as the site for Australia’s first commercial-scale e-fuels facility due to Tasmania's 100% renewables grid, its deep water port facilities and its proximity to Forico’s Surrey Hills plantation. This nationally significant, $ 1b facility will produce up to 100,000,000 litres (22,000,000 imp gal; 26,000,000 US gal) of carbon-neutral e-fuels annually, helping to decarbonise industries that still rely on liquid fuels, such as aviation , shipping , and heavy transport. By using renewable energy to power its processes,

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3104-474: Is expected to increase as use continues to rise. TiO 2 is also an effective opacifier in powder form, where it is employed as a pigment to provide whiteness and opacity to products such as paints , coatings , plastics , papers , inks , foods , supplements , medicines (i.e. pills and tablets), and most toothpastes ; in 2019 it was present in two-thirds of toothpastes on the French market. In paint, it

3201-557: Is found as a mineral in magmatic rocks and hydrothermal veins, as well as weathering rims on perovskite . TiO 2 also forms lamellae in other minerals. The largest TiO 2 pigment processors are Chemours , Venator , Kronos  [ de ] , and Tronox . Major paint and coating company end users for pigment grade titanium dioxide include Akzo Nobel , PPG Industries , Sherwin Williams , BASF , Kansai Paints and Valspar . Global TiO 2 pigment demand for 2010

3298-765: Is found in the majority of physical sunscreens because of its strong UV light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discolouration under ultraviolet light. This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light. Nano-scaled (particle size of 20–40 nm) titanium dioxide particles are primarily used in sunscreen lotion because they scatter visible light much less than titanium dioxide pigments, and can give UV protection. Sunscreens designed for infants or people with sensitive skin are often based on titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide , as these mineral UV blockers are believed to cause less skin irritation than other UV absorbing chemicals. Nano-TiO 2 , which blocks both UV-A and UV-B radiation,

3395-447: Is generally used in cosmetic and sunscreen products due to it not possessing any observed ability to damage the skin under normal conditions and having a higher UV absorption . In 2016 Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) tests concluded that the use of nano titanium dioxide (95–100% rutile, ≦5% anatase) as a UV filter can be considered to not pose any risk of adverse effects in humans post-application on healthy skin, except in

3492-585: Is low due to moderation from the Bass Strait . Average maxima vary from 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) in February to 12.8 °C (55.0 °F) in July while average minima fluctuate between 13.3 °C (55.9 °F) in February and 6.0 °C (42.8 °F) in July. Mean average annual precipitation is moderate, 947.4 mm (37.30 in) spread between 158.0 precipitation days, and is concentrated in winter . The town

3589-500: Is not very sunny, with 141.1 cloudy days and only 51.7 clear days per annum. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) on 14 July 1967 to 33.8 °C (92.8 °F) on 31 January 2009. Sunshine data was sourced from Elliott , a rural locality 14.3 kilometres (8.9 mi) west-northwest of Burnie. There are nine councillors that govern the Burnie City Council , each serving four-year terms. Teeny Brumby

3686-413: Is often referred to offhandedly as "brilliant white", "the perfect white", "the whitest white", or other similar terms. Opacity is improved by optimal sizing of the titanium dioxide particles. In food, it is commonly found in ice creams, chocolates, all types of candy, creamers, desserts, marshmallows, chewing gum, pastries, spreads, dressings, cakes, some cheeses, and many other foods. When deposited as

3783-742: Is popular in Burnie. The city's team is the Burnie Dockers Football Club in the Tasmanian State League . Their ground is West Park Oval . Rugby union is also played in Burnie. The local club is the Burnie Rugby Union Club . They are the current Tasmanian Rugby Union Statewide Division Two Premiers and were promoted to the Statewide First Division for the 2008 season. Soccer is also represented in Burnie, with Burnie United FC having four teams compete in

3880-524: Is produced in varying particle sizes which are both oil and water dispersible, and in certain grades for the cosmetic industry. It is also a common ingredient in toothpaste. The exterior of the Saturn V rocket was painted with titanium dioxide; this later allowed astronomers to determine that J002E3 was likely the S-IVB stage from Apollo 12 and not an asteroid . Titanium dioxide is an n-type semiconductor and

3977-406: Is reportedly most pronounced at the {001} planes of anatase, although the {101} planes are thermodynamically more stable and thus more prominent in most synthesised and natural anatase, as evident by the often observed tetragonal dipyramidal growth habit . Interfaces between rutile and anatase are further considered to improve photocatalytic activity by facilitating charge carrier separation and as

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4074-405: Is surpassed only by a few other materials (see list of indices of refraction ). Titanium dioxide crystal size is ideally around 220 nm (measured by electron microscope) to optimize the maximum reflection of visible light. However, abnormal grain growth is often observed in titanium dioxide, particularly in its rutile phase. The occurrence of abnormal grain growth brings about a deviation of

4171-596: Is the birthplace of Burnie and the cradle of the northwest coast. In 1827, chief surveyor of the VDL Company, Henry Hellyer , camped beside Whalebone Creek there. With approval from the Company’s chief agent, Edward Curr, Hellyer selected Emu Bay as the port to service the Company’s inland holdings at Hampshire and Surrey Hills, located around 50 kilometres (31 mi) inland. A year later, government surveyor John Helder Wedge recommended Emu Bay be reserved as an official township due to its strategic value for shipping . Still,

4268-716: Is used as a pigment, sunscreen and a thickener . As a sunscreen, ultrafine TiO 2 is used, which is notable in that combined with ultrafine zinc oxide , it is considered to be an effective sunscreen that lowers the incidence of sun burns and minimizes the premature photoaging , photocarcinogenesis and immunosuppression associated with long term excess sun exposure. Sometimes these UV blockers are combined with iron oxide pigments in sunscreen to increase visible light protection. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are generally considered to be less harmful to coral reefs than sunscreens that include chemicals such as oxybenzone , octocrylene and octinoxate . Nanosized titanium dioxide

4365-436: Is used extensively in plastics and other applications as a white pigment or an opacifier and for its UV resistant properties where the powder disperses light – unlike organic UV absorbers – and reduces UV damage, due mostly to the particle's high refractive index. In ceramic glazes , titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation. It is used as a tattoo pigment and in styptic pencils . Titanium dioxide

4462-528: Is used in dye-sensitized solar cells . It is also used in other electronics components such as electrodes in batteries. Between 2002 and 2022, there were 459 patent families that describe the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite . The majority of these patents describe pre-treatment processes, such as using smelting and magnetic separation to increase titanium concentration in low-grade ores, leading to titanium concentrates or slags. Other patents describe processes to obtain titanium dioxide, either by

4559-406: Is used in fiber and paper applications. The sulfate process is run as a batch process ; the chloride process is run as a continuous process . In chloride process , the ore is treated with chlorine and carbon to give titanium tetrachloride , a volatile liquid that is further purified by distillation. The TiCl4 is treated with oxygen to regenerate chlorine and produce the titanium dioxide. In

4656-429: Is used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products. The EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety considered nano sized titanium dioxide to be safe for skin applications, in concentrations of up to 25 percent based on animal testing. The risk assessment of different titanium dioxide nanomaterials in sunscreen is currently evolving since nano-sized TiO 2 is different from the well-known micronized form. The rutile form

4753-487: Is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have been valued at a price of $ 13.2 billion. In all three of its main dioxides, titanium exhibits octahedral geometry , being bonded to six oxide anions. The oxides in turn are bonded to three Ti centers. The overall crystal structures of rutile and anatase are tetragonal in symmetry whereas brookite is orthorhombic. The oxygen substructures are all slight distortions of close packing : in rutile,

4850-535: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ruled that as a consequence of new understandings of nanoparticles , titanium dioxide could "no longer be considered safe as a food additive", and the EU health commissioner announced plans to ban its use across the EU, with discussions beginning in June 2021. EFSA concluded that genotoxicity —which could lead to carcinogenic effects—could not be ruled out, and that

4947-596: The Labor and Liberal parties in federal elections. In the Australian Senate , Tasmania is represented by six senators, including Jacquie Lambie , the leader and founder of the Jacqui Lambie Network (JLN). Lambie, a well-known political figure, resides in Burnie, where she maintains significant support. Burnie's economy has long been shaped by its key industries of heavy manufacturing, forestry, and farming, with

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5044-568: The Sorel-Tracy plant of QIT-Fer et Titane and the Eramet Titanium & Iron smelter in Tyssedal Norway. The Becher process is another method for the production of synthetic rutile from ilmenite. It first oxidizes the ilmenite as a means to separate the iron component. For specialty applications, TiO 2 films are prepared by various specialized chemistries. Sol-gel routes involve

5141-455: The 1970s and 80s, Burnie faced pollution challenges linked to titanium dioxide production. From the 1990s, the city experienced significant industrial decline, with the closure of several manufacturing plants and the eventual shutdown of its pulp and paper mill . This downturn led to population decline and high unemployment, presenting economic hardships and uncertainty for the community. In recent years, Burnie has been positioning itself as

5238-420: The 21st century. While 2023 State Government growth estimates are positive, Burnie is yet to recover to population levels experienced in the mid 1980s. At the 2021 census, Burnie's population is slightly older compared to national averages, with a significant portion (around 19%) aged 65 and over. This reflects a trend of ageing populations common in regional areas. Economically, Burnie is a working-class hub with

5335-496: The Australian mainland. As with other ports in Tasmania, it is operated by the government-owned TasPorts . The port currently operates as a container port with a separate terminal for the exportation of woodchips. The port was planned to be expanded in 2013 so that it could accommodate extra freight from the proposed north-west mines in the Tarkine . Burnie's strong regional freight rail connections further solidify Burnie's role as

5432-529: The North West Coast, such as Wynyard and Devonport . The rise of road transport and declining demand led to the discontinuation of passenger services. Burnie is connected with Devonport via the four-lane Bass Highway and a rail link used for freight purposes. Burnie is also connected to the west coast of Tasmania by the Murchison Highway . Bus service Metro Tasmania provides transport around

5529-467: The Port of Burnie playing a central role. Historically, the port became the main hub for exporting minerals from Tasmania's west coast after the Emu Bay Railway opened in 1897, cementing Burnie’s status as an industrial centre. The railway and the port served as the backbone of Burnie's early industry, driving the city’s growth and development. Over time, the agriculture industry, once prominent in

5626-538: The Tasmanian Government announced Aurora Energy as being the preferred Strategic Alliance Partner to commercialise the government's on-island fibre network. Burnie, Tasmania Burnie ( / ˈ b ɜː r n i / BER -nee ; pirinilaplu / palawa kani : pataway ) is a port city located on the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia . It is the fourth largest city on the island, located approximately 325 kilometres (202 mi) north-west of

5723-651: The VDL Company began leasing bush blocks to tenant farmers, although Burnie’s growth remained slow. In 1843, the town was surveyed by Nathaniel Kentish and renamed after William Burnie, then serving as on of eighteen directors of the VDL Company. By 1853, Burnie had a population of approximately 200, with basic services such as a doctor and clergyman located in Port Sorell , and a lawyer and banker in Launceston . Transport and communication systems were rudimentary at this time, with no metal roads or established wharves. Nevertheless,

5820-613: The VDL Company was already occupying the area. At that time, the Emu Bay settlement consisted of a store, a small jetty, a sawpit, and a few huts. Hellyer also cut the Old Surrey Road through dense rainforest , establishing the first road on the North West Coast, starting from the South Burnie beach. However, Burnie’s settlement wasn’t peaceful. Between 1828 and 1832, Tarenorerer , a Tommeginne woman who had escaped from sealers , became

5917-768: The XVI Australian Masters Games. In 2020 and 2021 they were to host the National Youth Archery Championships and National Archery Championships, but due to COVID-19 these events were cancelled. Presently, Target and Clout shoots are conducted at Parklands High School Oval in Romaine, Burnie. Indoor is conducted at the Upper Burnie Memorial Hall. Field is conducted at the Blythe Scout Camp at Heybridge. The Advocate newspaper

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6014-511: The annual cruise ship itinerary, and its growing community of artists and makers. In 2016, Elphinstone Group , previously a designer and manufacturer for Caterpillar equipment in Australia, relaunched its original brand and developed the Haulmax 3900 series off-highway haul truck . The company continues to be a major local employer, with a workforce of 2,500 people. Today, Burnie positions itself as

6111-504: The case the application method would lead to substantial risk of inhalation (ie; powder or spray formulations). This safety opinion applied to nano TiO 2 in concentrations of up to 25%. Initial studies indicated that nano-TiO 2 particles could penetrate the skin, causing concern over its use. These studies were later refuted, when it was discovered that the testing methodology couldn't differentiate between penetrated particles and particles simply trapped in hair follicles and that having

6208-706: The city and its suburbs. Redline coaches used to service the North-West through to Hobart but ceased this service in January 2021. The development of a coastal pathway will connect Burnie and Wynyard to Latrobe as part of a State Government and Local Government Council initiative to upgrade infrastructure on the north-west coast of Tasmania. The city of Burnie consists of a number of small suburbs including Parklands, Park Grove, Shorewell Park, Acton, Montello, Hillcrest, Terrylands, Upper Burnie, Romaine, Havenview, Emu Heights, South Burnie and Wivenhoe. Australian rules football

6305-518: The first official birth registrations in Burnie began that year. Burnie’s first school was opened in 1862 by Mrs. Mary Morris in West Burnie, followed by the construction of the first government school on a rocky hill off Wilmot Street. In 1875, the VDL Company established its headquarters in Oakleigh (now Oakleigh Park), which remained in Burnie until the early 1950s. Burnie became the base for developing

6402-511: The focus shifted toward enhancing and consolidating the region’s existing cultural facilities. In addition to these cultural landmarks, Burnie provides essential health services through the North West Regional Hospital , located on Brickport Road. As the third-largest hospital in Tasmania, it offers a range of in-patient and out-patient services, including general medicine, surgery, orthopaedics, psychiatry, and paediatrics, playing

6499-534: The gateway to Tasmania’s northwest, including the Tarkine forest, and as a hub for new industries and outdoor recreation. Burnie had a population of 19,918 according to the 2021 census , making it one of the key urban centres in North West Tasmania . Historically, Burnie has experienced periods of rapid growth, particularly in the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, followed by fluctuations in more recent decades, with some signs of stabilisation and recovery in

6596-421: The hydrolysis of titanium alkoxides such as titanium ethoxide : A related approach that also relies on molecular precursors involves chemical vapor deposition . In this method, the alkoxide is volatilized and then decomposed on contact with a hot surface: First mass-produced in 1916, titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment because of its brightness and very high refractive index , in which it

6693-581: The idea of creating a land company in Van Diemen's Land, following the model of the Australian Agricultural Company in the Colony of New South Wales . With backing from William Sorell , a former lieutenant governor, and Edward Curr , who had recently returned from the colony, they established the VDL Company, with William Burnie its inaugural Governor of Company. They applied to Lord Bathurst for

6790-739: The lattice structure of the surface layer of titanium dioxide nanocrystals, permitting infrared absorption. Visible-light-active nanosized anatase and rutile has been developed for photocatalytic applications. In 1995 Fujishima and his group discovered the superhydrophilicity phenomenon for titanium dioxide coated glass exposed to sun light. This resulted in the development of self-cleaning glass and anti-fogging coatings. Nanosized TiO 2 incorporated into outdoor building materials, such as paving stones in noxer blocks or paints, could reduce concentrations of airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides . A TiO 2 -containing cement has been produced. Using TiO 2 as

6887-656: The leader of the Emu Bay people (Plairhekehillerplue). She led a resistance against settlers during the Black War, attacking VDL Company employees until she was eventually captured. Alexander Goldie, the first superintendent of the Company's land assets around Emu Bay, led armed attacks against the Plairhekehillerplue clan. In 1828, Goldie and his men massacred several people inland from the settlement and in August 1829 they murdered

6984-537: The minerals rutile and anatase . Additionally two high-pressure forms are known minerals: a monoclinic baddeleyite -like form known as akaogiite , and the other has a slight monoclinic distortion of the orthorhombic α-PbO 2 structure and is known as riesite. Both of which can be found at the Ries crater in Bavaria . It is mainly sourced from ilmenite , which is the most widespread titanium dioxide-bearing ore around

7081-505: The national figure of 3.2%. This reflects Tasmania's broader demographics where Indigenous representation is above the national average. The majority of residents (84.4%) were born in Australia, with smaller populations from England (2.4%), New Zealand (0.9%), India (0.8%), Nepal and the Philippines (0.4%), and mainland China (0.3%). English is the dominant language, spoken by 90.2% of residents at home, while 5.9% of households speak

7178-614: The network is the submarine fibre optic cable which was laid alongside the Basslink HVDC electrical cable. It will connect to the TasGovNet cable at George Town . The Tasmanian Research and Education Network (TREN) intends to use the TasGovNet and Basslink fibre as part of a network to link major educational and research organisations in Tasmania, including the University of Tasmania , TAFE Tasmania , Australian Maritime College and Australian Antarctic Division . On 21 December 2007,

7275-594: The northern premier league; the women's team, under 18 team, reserve team and division one team. They also have youth sides in the under 14 and under 16 competitions. Their ground is located in Montello, Tasmania . Burnie hosts an ATP Challenger Tour tennis event, the Burnie International , during the week following the Australian Open. Athletics events include the annual Burnie Gift and Burnie Ten . Archery

7372-409: The oxide anions are arranged in distorted hexagonal close-packing, whereas they are close to cubic close-packing in anatase and to "double hexagonal close-packing" for brookite. The rutile structure is widespread for other metal dioxides and difluorides, e.g. RuO 2 and ZnF 2 . Molten titanium dioxide has a local structure in which each Ti is coordinated to, on average, about 5 oxygen atoms. This

7469-634: The plant aims to reduce global carbon emissions by approximately 260,000 tonnes (260,000 long tons; 290,000 short tons) per year, equivalent to decarbonising 52,000 cars. Designed by France’s Technip Energies NV , the facility is set to be active by 2028 and create 200 permanent jobs. Several wind farm projects proposed in the surrounding region, notably the Guildford and Hellyer Wind Farms, located south of Burnie, are part of Tasmania's broader push to increase its renewable energy capacity. These wind farms are expected to generate significant power, contributing to

7566-469: The production of titanium dioxide are companies from China, Australia and the United States, reflecting the major contribution of these countries to industrial production. Chinese companies Pangang and Lomon Billions Groups hold major patent portfolios. Nanosized titanium dioxide, particularly in the anatase form, exhibits photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This photoactivity

7663-536: The region include the Guildford and Hellyer Wind Farms, as well as Australia’s first synthetic electrofuel facility. Other growing sectors in Burnie include education, healthcare, and logistics, contributing to its economic diversification. Burnie's history is closely tied to the establishment of the Van Diemen's Land Company (VDL Company) in the early 19th century. In 1824, a group of wool merchants, bankers, investors, and woollen mill owners gathered in London to explore

7760-463: The region, shifted focus following the handover of the Surrey Hills and Hampshire Hills lots. This transition marked the rise of the forestry sector, which began to dominate Burnie’s economy in the 20th century. Forestry played a pivotal role in the city’s development, particularly with the establishment of Associated Pulp and Paper Mills (APPM) in 1938. The founding of the pulp and paper mill marked

7857-448: The region. Alongside these, Burnie boasts numerous sporting and social organisations that contribute to the vibrant community life. Burnie Airport is located in the adjacent town of Wynyard , a 20-minute drive from the City of Burnie. Burnie Port is Tasmania's largest general cargo port and was once Australia's fifth-largest container port. It is the nearest Tasmanian port to Melbourne and

7954-479: The region. The centre is also home to one of Australia's largest regional art galleries, which opened in 1978, and the Burnie Regional Museum , designed by architects Leith and Bartlett, which houses the historic Federation Street—the first indoor streetscape of its kind in the country. In 2021, plans for a new $ 18m North West Museum and Art Gallery, designed by Terrior Architects , were abandoned. Instead,

8051-458: The region’s road and rail infrastructure. In the late 1870s, modern communication systems arrived, with the telegraph and telephone reaching Burnie. A horse-drawn tramway on wooden rails was established to connect Burnie to Waratah . The VDL Company later upgraded this tramway to iron and steam, facilitating the transport of tin from the Mount Bischoff mine, which commenced Burnie’s role as

8148-529: The shortest sea lines of communication between mainland Tasmania and mainland Australia . The city is a key exporter of Tasmanian minerals, including copper , silver , gold , tin , lead , zinc , iron , tungsten , and ultra-high purity silica , alongside forestry products such as logs , pulpwood , and wood chips . The Burnie Chip Export Terminal, often referred to as the "Pyramids of Burnie", surpassed 1,500,000 tonnes (1,500,000 long tons; 1,700,000 short tons) of annual wood chip exports in 2017. During

8245-458: The state capital of Hobart , 147 kilometres (91 mi) north-west of Launceston , and 47 kilometres (29 mi) west of Devonport . As of the 2021 census , Burnie has a population of 19,918, with a municipality area spanning 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi), administered by the City of Burnie . Founded in 1827 as Emu Bay, the township was renamed in the early 1840s after William Burnie,

8342-587: The state level, Burnie falls within the Tasmanian House of Assembly ’s electoral division of Braddon , a multi-member electorate that includes both Labor and Liberal members. Nationally, Burnie is located in the federal electorate of Braddon , currently represented by Gavin Pearce of the Liberal Party of Australia . Braddon has traditionally been a marginal seat, with representation often alternating between

8439-588: The state's goal of 200% renewable energy by 2040. Burnie has long been a hub for cultural, educational, and health services in the northwest region of Tasmania. At the heart of its cultural precinct is the Burnie Arts and Function Centre , which replaced the old Burnie Theatre in 1965. Originally known as the Civic Centre, this multi-functional venue is an important space for the community, hosting performances, events, and exhibitions that attract visitors from across

8536-413: The sulfate process, ilmenite is treated with sulfuric acid to extract iron(II) sulfate pentahydrate . This process requires concentrated ilmenite (45–60% TiO 2 ) or pretreated feedstocks as a suitable source of titanium. The resulting synthetic rutile is further processed according to the specifications of the end user, i.e. pigment grade or otherwise. Examples of plants using the sulfate process are

8633-561: The surface of TiO 2 leading to the formation of trapped holes (h tr ) that cannot oxidize water. Anatase can be converted into non-carbon nanotubes and nanowires . Hollow TiO 2 nanofibers can be also prepared by coating carbon nanofibers by first applying titanium butoxide . Titanium dioxide is insoluble in water, organic solvents, and inorganic acids. It is slightly soluble in alkali , soluble in saturated potassium acid carbonate, and can be completely dissolved in strong sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid after boiling for

8730-551: The surface of the titanium dioxide was called the Honda-Fujishima effect  [ ja ] . In thin film and nanoparticle form, titanium dioxide has the potential for use in energy production: As a photocatalyst, it can break water into hydrogen and oxygen. With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel. The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon. Further efficiency and durability has been obtained by introducing disorder to

8827-462: The west coast’s export gateway for minerals. By the 1880s, Burnie's fortunes had dramatically improved as west coast mineral deposits were discovered. The Emu Bay Railway Company extended the railway to Zeehan by 1900, propelling the town's population to over 1,500. During this time, Burnie’s business district rapidly grew, thanks to improved port facilities and the expansion of the town's infrastructure. By 1900, T. Wiseman's motor coach service

8924-651: The world. Rutile is the next most abundant and contains around 98% titanium dioxide in the ore. The metastable anatase and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above temperatures in the range 600–800 °C (1,110–1,470 °F). Titanium dioxide has twelve known polymorphs – in addition to rutile, anatase, brookite, akaogiite and riesite, three metastable phases can be produced synthetically ( monoclinic , tetragonal , and orthorhombic ramsdellite-like), and four high-pressure forms (α-PbO 2 -like, cotunnite -like, orthorhombic OI, and cubic phases) also exist: The cotunnite -type phase

9021-399: Was 5.3 Mt with annual growth expected to be about 3–4%. The production method depends on the feedstock. In addition to ores, other feedstocks include upgraded slag . Both the chloride process and the sulfate process (both described below) produce titanium dioxide pigment in the rutile crystal form, but the sulfate process can be adjusted to produce the anatase form. Anatase, being softer,

9118-510: Was claimed to be the hardest known oxide with the Vickers hardness of 38 GPa and the bulk modulus of 431 GPa (i.e. close to diamond's value of 446 GPa) at atmospheric pressure. However, later studies came to different conclusions with much lower values for both the hardness (7–20 GPa, which makes it softer than common oxides like corundum Al 2 O 3 and rutile TiO 2 ) and bulk modulus (~300 GPa). Titanium dioxide (B)

9215-487: Was elected mayor of the City of Burnie in 2022. The council oversees Burnie's infrastructure, community services, and local regulations. The council also plays a key role in fostering the arts and supporting projects like the Burnie Arts and Function Centre. Burnie’s political landscape is shaped by a mix of conservative and independent influences, reflecting broader trends in Tasmania’s evolving political dynamics. At

9312-499: Was established in 1890 servicing the North West region. The mailroom is located in Burnie whilst the local press operations ceased in mid-2008 and were relocated to Launceston. Titanium dioxide 3.15   eV (rutile) Titanium dioxide , also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania / t aɪ ˈ t eɪ n i ə / , is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula TiO 2 . When used as

9409-507: Was operating between Burnie and Stanley, reflecting Burnie's growing importance as a regional transport hub. A major turning point occurred in 1936 with the construction of the Associated Pulp and Paper Mill (APPM) in South Burnie. By 1939, the mill produced 15,000 tonnes (15,000 long tons; 17,000 short tons) of fine paper annually, the first time in the world that paper was made entirely from eucalypt pulp. This industrial expansion caused

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