Conger Sound ( Danish : Conger Sund ), also known as Conger Inlet , is a fjord in Peary Land , far northern Greenland .
51-578: The sound was first put on the map at the time of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition led by Adolphus Greely . It was named after U.S. Senator Omar D. Conger , a sponsor of the venture. Conger Sound is a marine channel with a fjord structure, It is part of the Weyprecht Fjord system, extending for over 22 km (14 mi) in a roughly north / south direction to the east of Lockwood Island and west of Roosevelt Land . It opens to
102-471: A State of Defense (Verteidigungsfall) or against soldiers abroad or at sea. The existence of military courts, naval courts and air courts is provided for in the Constitution of Greece, which in article 96 paragraph 4 states that: "Special laws define: a. Those related to military courts, naval courts and air courts, to the jurisdiction of which private individuals cannot be subject". The first chapter of
153-468: A court martial during WWI, which he receives at the end of the story for disobeying orders and cowardice in the face of the enemy. Several courts-martial occur in the British naval TV series Warship , including notably that of Lieutenant Palfrey, a Royal Marines officer accused of killing a foreign officer during a military exercise, and that of Fleet Air Arm pilot Edward Glenn, brother of Alan Glenn, one
204-602: A court martial. Courts martial are provided for in the Constitution of Ireland , which states in Article 38.4.1 that: "Military tribunals may be established for the trial of offences against military law alleged to have been committed by persons while subject to military law and also to deal with a state of war or armed rebellion." There are three classes of courts martial in the Irish Defence Forces: Outside of
255-470: A promotion in rank by the Army, although Greely reportedly refused. Rumors of cannibalism arose following the return of the corpses. On August 14, 1884, a few days after his funeral, the body of Lieutenant Frederick Kislingbury, second in command of the expedition, was exhumed and an autopsy was performed. The finding that flesh had been cut from the bones appeared to confirm the accusation. However, Greely and
306-462: A standard court-martial which convenes whenever a ship is lost; this does not presume that the captain is suspected of wrongdoing, but merely that the circumstances surrounding the loss of the ship be made part of the official record. Most military forces maintain a judicial system that tries defendants for breaches of military discipline. Some countries like France have no courts-martial in times of peace and use civilian courts instead. Court-martial
357-466: Is hyphenated in US usage, whether used as a noun or verb. However, in British usage, a hyphen is used to distinguish between the noun, "court martial", and the verb, "to court-martial". Usually, a court-martial takes the form of a trial with a presiding judge, a prosecutor and a defense attorney (all trained lawyers as well as officers). The precise format varies from one country to another and may also depend on
408-518: Is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom . The Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes the court martial as a permanent standing court. Previously courts-martial were convened on an ad hoc basis with several traditions, including usage of swords . The court martial may try any offence against service law . The court is made up of a judge advocate, and between three and seven (depending on
459-695: Is the highest level military court (High Military Court, a special people's court executing the authority of the High People's Court) established by the People's Republic of China within the Chinese People's Liberation Army with jurisdiction over the nation's armed forces (including the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police ), organized as a unit under the dual leadership of the Supreme People's Court and
510-657: The Canadian Arctic was led by Lieutenant Adolphus Greely , and was promoted by the United States Army Signal Corps . Its purpose was to establish a meteorological-observation station as part of the First International Polar Year , and to collect astronomical and magnetic data. During the expedition, two members of the crew reached a new Farthest North record, but of the original twenty-five men, only seven survived to return. The expedition
561-554: The Israeli settlements , the West Bank remains under direct Israeli military rule , and under the jurisdiction of martial law in the form of military courts . The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the West Bank, and considers Israel's control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history. The military court system for
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#1732884473234612-597: The Netherlands , members of the military are tried by a special military section of the civilian court in Arnhem . This section consists of a military member and two civilian judges. The decision whether or not to prosecute is primarily made by the (civilian) attorney general . Service members of the New Zealand Defence Force are tried under a court martial for offences pertaining to the most serious offences against
663-639: The Political and Legal Committee of the Central Military Commission . In Finland, the military has jurisdiction over two types of crimes: those that can be committed only by military personnel and those normal crimes by military persons where both the defendant and the victim are military persons or organizations and the crime has been defined in law as falling under military jurisdiction. The former category includes military offences such as various types of disobedience and absence without leave , while
714-841: The Queen's Regulations and Orders as well as the National Defence Act . For members of the United States Armed Forces offenses are covered under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). These offences, as well as their corresponding punishments and instructions on how to conduct a court-martial, are explained in detail based on each country and/or service. In Canada, there is a two-tier military trial system. Summary trials are presided over by superior officers, while more significant matters are heard by courts martial, which are presided over by independent military judges serving under
765-527: The armed forces subject to military law , and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes . The Geneva Conventions require that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to the same procedures as would be the holding military 's own forces. Finally, courts-martial can be convened for other purposes, such as dealing with violations of martial law , and can involve civilian defendants. Most navies have
816-422: The occupied territories , modeled partially on the British military court system set up in 1937, was established in 1967. Sociology professor Lisa Hajjar argues that Israeli military courts criminalize not only Palestinian violence, but also certain forms of expression deemed to threaten Israeli security. She states the incarceration rate of Palestinians is high compared to other states, and that Palestinians in
867-492: The 1880 Howgate Expedition. Proteus arrived without problems at Lady Franklin Bay by August 11, dropped off men and provisions, and left. In the following months, Lieutenant James Booth Lockwood and Sergeant David Legge Brainard achieved a new Farthest North record at 83°24′N 40°46′W / 83.400°N 40.767°W / 83.400; -40.767 , off the north coast of Greenland. Unbeknownst to Greely,
918-539: The Armed Forces Discipline Act 1971. Offences such as mutiny, murder, sexual offences, serious assaults, drug offences, or offences where the maximum punishment exceeds a 7-year prison term will be heard by court martial. Below this 7-year threshold the accused is dealt with by their commanding officer in what is known as a summary trial. During court martial the appointed judge is either a New Zealand High Court or District Court judge and they preside over
969-596: The General Court Martial (GCM), District Court Martial (DCM), Summary General Court Martial (SGCM) and Summary Court Martial (SCM). According to the Army Act, army courts can try personnel for all kinds of offenses, except for murder and rape of a civilian, which are primarily tried by a civilian court of law. The President of India can use the judicial power under Article 72 of the constitution to pardon, reprieve, respite or remission of punishment or sentence given by
1020-542: The NZDF, or being sent to military or civilian prison. In Poland, military courts are military garrison courts and military district courts. They are criminal courts with jurisdiction over offences committed by soldiers in active military service, as well as certain offences committed by civilian military personnel and soldiers of the armed forces of foreign countries (Article 647 of the Code of Criminal Procedure ). Garrison courts rule in
1071-458: The Rules for Courts-Martial, Military Rules of Evidence, and other guidance. There are three types: Special, Summary, and General. In Herman Melville 's novella Billy Budd (first published 1924), the title character is convicted at a drumhead court-martial of striking and killing his superior officer on board HMS Indomitable , is sentenced to death, and is hanged. The novella has been adapted for
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#17328844732341122-456: The U.S. military for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which is the U.S. military's criminal code. However, they can also be convened for other purposes, including military tribunals and the enforcement of martial law in an occupied territory . Courts-martial are governed by the rules of procedure and evidence laid out in the Manual for Courts-Martial , which contains
1173-411: The West Bank are being treated as "foreign civilians". In Indonesia, any criminal offense conducted by military personnel will be held in trial by military court. There are four levels of military jurisdiction: The judges will receive temporary rank the same as the defendant if the rank of the defendant is higher than the judges. In Luxembourg, there are three levels of military jurisdiction: In
1224-669: The adjudicatory supervision of the Supreme Court (which, by the way, follows from Article 183(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland ), and the Minister of Justice has superior organizational and administrative supervision. In 2005, ex-AFP Major General Carlos Garcia ( PMA Class of 1971, assigned comptroller of the AFP was court martialled for violating two articles of the Articles of War for
1275-643: The alleged Php 303 million Peso Money Laundering/Plunder and direct Bribery against him. Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, any commissioned officer is allowed to represent servicemen when they are tried for military offences in the military courts. The cases are heard at the Court-Martial Centre at Kranji Camp II. Some of the courts martial in Singapore include that of Capt. G. R. Wadsworth in 1946 due to use of insubordinate language and, in
1326-421: The case to the local district attorney who commences prosecution. The crimes with military jurisdiction are handled by the civilian district court which has a special composition. In military cases, the court consists of a civilian legally trained judge and two military members: an officer and a warrant officer, an NCO or a private soldier. The verdict and the sentence are decided by a majority of votes. However,
1377-616: The court cannot give a more severe sentence than the learned member supports. The appeals can be made as in civilian trials. If a court of appeals handles a military matter, it will have an officer member with at least a major's rank. The Supreme Court of Finland has, in military cases, two general officers as members. Courts-martial proper are instituted only during a war, by decree of the government. Such courts-martial have jurisdiction over all crimes committed by military persons. In addition, they may handle criminal cases against civilians in areas where ordinary courts have ceased operation, if
1428-406: The crew of twenty-one officers and men. They sailed on the ship Proteus and reached St. John's , Newfoundland , in early July 1881. At Godhavn , Greenland , they picked up Jens Edward and Thorlip Frederik Christiansen , two Inuit dogsled drivers, as well as physician Octave Pierre Pavy and Mr. Clay who had continued scientific studies instead of returning on Florence with the remainder of
1479-424: The defendant's own unit. The civilian police has always the right to take the case from the military. If the case does not warrant a punishment greater than a fine or a disciplinary punishment, the punishment is given summarily by the company, battalion or brigade commander, depending on severity of the crime. If the brigade commander feels that the crime warrants a punishment more severe than he can give, he refers
1530-461: The first instance, appeals against their decisions and orders are heard by district courts, which also have first-instance jurisdiction in the most serious cases. The Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court then acts as the second instance; in addition, cassation appeals against judgments rendered in the second instance are heard in the Criminal Chamber. The military courts are therefore subject to
1581-647: The frozen Lincoln Sea in the north, between Cape Kane in the east and Cape Christiansen in the west. To the south it opens to the inner section of Weyprecht Fjord. This article about a fjord in Greenland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lady Franklin Bay Expedition The Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881–1884 ( a.k.a. the Greely Expedition ) to Lady Franklin Bay on Ellesmere Island in
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1632-584: The independent Office of the Chief Military Judge. Appeals are heard by the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada . Capital punishment in Canada was abolished generally in 1976, and for military offences in 1998. Harold Pringle was the last Canadian soldier executed pursuant to a court martial, in 1945, having been convicted of murder. The Military Court of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
1683-412: The latter category includes civilian crimes such as murder, assault, theft, fraud and forgery. However, war crimes and sexual crimes are not under military jurisdiction. In crimes where the military has jurisdiction, the military conducts the investigation. In non-trivial cases, this is done by the investigative section of Defence Command or by civilian police, but trivial cases are investigated by
1734-557: The matter is urgent. Such courts-martial have a learned judge as a president and two military members: an officer and an NCO, warrant officer or a private soldier. The verdicts of a war-time court-martial can be appealed to a court of appeals. The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) (adopted after the Second World War in 1949) establishes in Art. 96 para. 2 that courts-martial can be established by federal law. Such courts-martial would take action in
1785-521: The members of the Greely Expedition, both living and dead, was published. After a stay of ten days the ships left for New York. Civil War hero David Lewis Gifford served as an ice master on HMS Alert . The surviving members of the expedition were received as heroes. A parade attended by thousands was held in Portsmouth, New Hampshire . It was decided that each of the survivors was to be awarded
1836-629: The modern day, misbehaviour by conscripted servicemen. The governing law in Thailand's military courts is the Military Court Organisation Act 1955 ( Thai : พระราชบัญญัติธรรมนูญศาลทหาร พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๘ ). The act allows the Judge Advocate General of Thailand ( Thai : เจ้ากรมพระธรรมนูญ ) to establish court regulations. In wartime or during the imposition of martial law , military courts may adopt special procedures. The court martial
1887-588: The play on which it was based ) deals almost entirely with the court martial of two enlisted Marines. In the 2008 to 2014 sci-fiction animated TV show " Star Wars: The Clone Wars 's 2011 fourth season's episode "Plan of Dissent" clone troopers Fives and Jesse, both serving in the Grand Army of the Republic, act against orders from their acting superior in a war situation and in revenge are threatened with court-martial and consequent execution. They found themselves court-martialed and about to be executed by firing squad in
1938-551: The principal characters, charged with a range of offences relating to a dangerous flight manœuvre. In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Battle" it was stated that, as the loss of a starship was a court martial offense, Picard was court-martialled for the loss of the Stargazer , zealously prosecuted by Phillipa Louvois. In the end, he was absolved of all charges. The 1992 movie A Few Good Men (and
1989-688: The procedural part of the Military Penal Code (MPC) regulates the matters related to the courts and judicial persons that make up the Military Justice. Specifically in article 167 of the MPC, it is defined that criminal justice in the Army is awarded by the military courts (military courts, air courts, naval courts, review court) and the Supreme Court . There are four kinds of courts-martial in India. These are
2040-544: The relief ships should depot supplies along the Nares Strait , around Cape Sabine and at Littleton Island , if they were unable to reach Fort Conger, which should have made for a comfortable wintering of Greely's men. But with Neptune not even getting that far and Proteus sunk, in reality only a small emergency cache with 40 days worth of supplies had been laid at Cape Sabine by Proteus . When arriving there in October 1883,
2091-597: The season was too advanced for Greely to either try to brave the Baffin Bay to reach Greenland with his small boats, or to retire to Fort Conger, so he had to winter on the spot. In 1884, Secretary of the Navy, William E. Chandler , was credited with planning the ensuing rescue effort, commanded by Cdr. Winfield Scott Schley . While four vessels— USS Bear , USS Thetis , HMS Alert , and Loch Garry —made it to Greely's camp on June 22, only seven men had survived
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2142-478: The seriousness of the offence) officers and warrant officers. Rulings on matters of law are made by the judge advocate alone, whilst decisions on the facts are made by a majority of the members of the court, not including the judge advocate, and decisions on sentence by a majority of the court, this time including the judge advocate. Most commonly, courts-martial in the United States are convened to try members of
2193-593: The severity of the accusation. Courts-martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury. Others, like cowardice, desertion, and insubordination, are purely military crimes. Military offences are defined in the Armed Forces Act 2006 for members of the British Military. Regulations for the Canadian Forces are found in
2244-545: The stage, film and television; notably in Benjamin Britten 's 1951 opera Billy Budd . In C.S. Forester 's 1938 novel Flying Colours , Captain Horatio Hornblower is court-martialled for the loss of HMS Sutherland . He is "most honourably acquitted". In Michael Morpurgo 's novel Private Peaceful , the main character of "Tommo" reflects on the childhoods of himself and his brother, Charlie as Charlie awaits
2295-517: The summer had been extraordinarily warm, which led to an underestimation of the difficulties which their relief expeditions would face in reaching Lady Franklin Bay in subsequent years. By summer of 1882, the men were expecting a supply ship from the south. Neptune , laden with relief supplies, set out in July 1882 but, cut off by ice and weather, Captain Beebe was forced to turn around prematurely. All he could do
2346-409: The surviving crew denied knowledge of cannibalism, and it was surmised some members were trapping sea-lice for food and needed meat for bait. Court-martial A court-martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial , as "martial" is a postpositive adjective ) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of
2397-450: The trial. Defendants are assigned legal counsel, and for the prosecution, a lawyer is assigned who generally comes from a military background. The judge advocate is usually made up of senior NZDF officers and warrant officers who hear the defence and prosecution evidence during court martial. Punishment on guilty findings of a defendant will see them face being charged with a punishment such as serious reprimand, loss of rank, dismissal from
2448-470: The winter. The rest had succumbed to starvation, hypothermia , and drowning, and one man, Private Henry, had been executed on Greely's order for repeated theft of food rations. Of the seven rescued, Joseph Elison died on July 8 following multiple amputations. The relief party arrived at St. John's, Newfoundland on July 17, 1884, from which the news was telegraphed throughout the States, and a sketched portrait of
2499-541: Was leave some supplies at Smith Sound in August, and the remaining provisions in Newfoundland, with plans for their delivery the following year. On July 20, Pavy's contract ended, and Pavy announced that he would not renew it, but would continue to attend to the expedition's medical needs. Greely was incensed, and ordered the doctor to turn over all his records and journals. Pavy refused, and Greely placed him under arrest. Pavy
2550-524: Was not confined, however Greely claimed he intended to court-martial him when they returned to the United States. In 1883, new rescue attempts by Proteus , commanded by Lieutenant Ernest Albert Garlington , and Yantic , commanded by Commander Frank Wildes, failed, with Proteus being crushed by pack ice. In the summer of 1883, in accordance with his instructions for the case of two consecutive relief expeditions not reaching Fort Conger , Greely decided to head South with his crew. It had been planned that
2601-588: Was under the auspices of the Signal Corps at a time when the corps' chief disbursements officer, Henry W. Howgate , was arrested for embezzlement . However, that did not deter the planning and execution of the voyage. The Lady Franklin Bay Expedition was led by Lieutenant Adolphus W. Greely of the Fifth United States Cavalry, with astronomer Edward Israel and photographer George W. Rice among
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