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83-645: Cesare Maestri (2 October 1929 – 19 January 2021) was an Italian mountaineer and writer. He was born in Trento in the Italian province of Trentino . He began climbing in the Dolomites , where he repeated many famous routes, often climbing them solo and free , and put up many new routes of the hardest difficulty, for which he was nicknamed the "Spider of the Dolomites". He became an alpine guide in 1952. His notable solos include

166-539: A broad public. The aim of this festival is to put economic terminology across to everyone. The festival takes place every year at the end of May on the historic Palazzi of the old town in Trento. Well known economists explain and interpret current economic issues, both from an economic-scientific as well as from a social and entrepreneurial viewpoint. In the course of recent years, numerous economic scholars and managers such as Sir Anthony Atkinson , Fan Gang , Zygmunt Bauman and

249-465: A challenge. Lama aborted this third attempt as well, not far from the location of the high point of the first expedition with Conrad Anker. On October 23, 2018, Lama returned for a fourth and final attempt. Again solo, he ascended the mountain in three days over the north-west ridge. He followed the same line he had taken on his first solo attempt. He had to set up a bivouac two times for the nights at temperatures of -30°C with 80km/h storm gusts. During

332-451: A climber from Canmore that a large cornice broke off above their route. He reported that the resulting avalanche swept the southeast face at 1:58, 31 minutes after they had reached a steep couloir above a basin to descend their route. Their bodies were recovered from an avalanche cone below the icefall route "Life by the Drop". The shallow layer of snow covering the climbers is a further indicator of

415-590: A cornice break as the cause of the accident. Overall winner in IFSC World Cup 2008 . The first bivouac in the Himalayas, Nepal, has been named the "David Lama Biwak" in honor of David Lama’s remarkable contributions to mountaineering and his deep connection between Nepal and Austria. This shelter, located at an altitude of 5,080 meters in Upper Jaboo, Rolwaling, Nepal, stands as a tribute to Lama's legacy in both

498-548: A film crew provided by his sponsor Red Bull . This first attempt ended in failure. Lama and his climbing partner Daniel Steuerer had to turn around due to bad weather. Back at base camp the conditions stayed bad and the team had to abandon the endeavor for the 2009/2010 season. The aftermath of this first attempt started a scandal in the mountaineering scene. Both Lama and the Red Bull film crew were heavily criticized. The film crew had left behind at least 30 drilled bolts next to

581-599: A member of the Giunta, in order to fill a vacancy in one of the 35 seats of the legislative assembly of the Trentino province, upon the resignation of member Paolo Ghezzi. Shortly after, mayor Ianeselli announced Ezio Facchin as Zanella's successor. In 1996, a joint session between the states, further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino

664-761: A research and conference center thanks to a small but renowned university and internationally renowned research centers such as Fondazione Bruno Kessler , active in both fundamental and applied research, the Italian-German Historical Institute, the Centre for Computational and Systems Biology and ECT*, active in theoretical nuclear studies and part of FBK, and as logistics and transportation thoroughfare. Valued pink and white porphyry are still excavated from some surrounding areas (Pila). This stone can be seen in many of Trento's buildings, both new and old. The city has two long-running annual sporting events:

747-430: A route already laden with bolts. 700 metres of fixed rope and five haul bags were also left behind along the route. Argentinian guides were hired to remove the equipment, but they did not manage to remove all of it and none of the bolts were removed. Lama stated that he was not aware of the large number of bolts that were drilled by the film team, but he took full responsibility for the actions and promised not to repeat

830-455: A university for the region. Feelings of loyalty were focused on the 'father-figure' emperor, not for Austria. The nationalist cause led Italy into World War I . Damiano Chiesa and the deputy in the Austrian parliament Cesare Battisti were two well-known local irredentists who had joined the Italian Army to fight against Austria-Hungary with the aim of bringing the territory of Trento into

913-1106: A wide range of altitude levels, going from just under 200 m above sea level at the city centre, to 400 m in Povo and Cognola, to 2000 m above sea level at Monte Bondone, boroughs at higher elevation, for instance Viote , have a colder alpine climate ( Dw ). Urban Trento has a humid subtropical - continental climate ( Cfa - Dfa ) according to the Köppen climate classification . Monthly average temperatures range between 1.6 °C (January) and 23.4 °C (July). Average annual precipitation exceeds 900 mm spread out on an average of 87 days, with peaks in late spring (May–June, 90 mm monthly average in 9–10 rain days) and autumn (October–November: 100–110 mm monthly average in 7–8 days), and lows in winter (January–February, 30–40 mm monthly average in 3–4 rain days). Winters are cold to freezing, with infrequent snowfall but usual frost from mid-November to mid-March. In winter, daytime highs may not exceed 5 °C and lows may rarely dip down to -10 °C, but

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996-704: Is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the autonomous province of Trento . In the 16th century, the city was the location of the Council of Trent . Formerly part of Austria and Austria-Hungary , it was annexed by Italy in 1919. With 118,142 inhabitants, Trento is the third largest Italian city in the Alps and second largest in the historical region of Tyrol . Trento

1079-434: Is a mountain guide from Nepal and his mother is an Austrian from Innsbruck . He was five years old when Himalaya veteran Peter Habeler first watched Lama climb in a climbing camp organized by Habeler. Afterward, Habeler immediately called Lama's parents to tell them that their boy had an unusual talent. Lama then became part of the competition climbing team coached by Reinhold Scherer. In 2004, 14 years old, Lama won

1162-612: Is an educational, scientific, financial and political centre in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , in Tyrol and Northern Italy in general. The city contains a picturesque Medieval and Renaissance historic centre, with ancient buildings such as Trento Cathedral and the Castello del Buonconsiglio . Together with other Alpine towns Trento engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for

1245-589: Is considered a landmark building of Italian railways architecture and combines many varieties of local stone with the most advanced building materials of the time: glass, reinforced concrete, metal. The post office was once decorated with colored windows by Fortunato Depero , but these were destroyed during bombings in World War II. Other buildings of that time include the Grand Hotel by Giovanni Lorenzi with some guest rooms furnished with futurist furniture by Depero, and

1328-451: Is plentiful up to that glacier, but absent thereafter. Nevertheless, Maestri consistently maintained his version of events, as did Fava, who died in April 2008. In 2015, Rolando Garibotti and Kelly Cordes showed the photo Maestri claimed was taken on the summit of Cerro Torre, was taken on Perfil de Indio. In 1970, Maestri returned to Cerro Torre and climbed a new route on the southeast side of

1411-472: The Compressor Route , which means only natural rock and ice formations are used for the ascent of the mountain. Bolts and rope only serve as protection in case of a fall. Nobody had done this before, all previous ascents had used climbing aids of one kind or another. Alpinist legend Reinhold Messner even called the undertaking "crazy and impossible". For his first attempt in 2009, Lama brought along

1494-956: The Adige valley , just south of the Dolomite Mountains , where the Fersina River and Avisio rivers join the Adige River (the second longest river in Italy). River Adige is one of the three primary south-flowing Alpine rivers; its broadly curving course alongside Trento was straightened in 1850. The valley is surrounded by mountains, including Vigolana (2,150 m (7,050 ft)), Monte Bondone (2,181 m (7,156 ft)), Paganella (2,124 m (6,969 ft)), Marzola (1,747 m (5,732 ft)) and Monte Calisio (1,096 m (3,596 ft)). Nearby lakes include Lake Caldonazzo , Lake Levico, Lake Garda and Lake Toblino. Frazioni , or subdivisions of Trento: The municipality of Trento stretches across

1577-559: The Americas : 0.85%. The city owes much of its unique economy to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river which, prior to its diversion in the mid-19th century, ran through the center of the city. The Adige river was formerly a navigable river and one of the main commercial routes in the Alps. The original course of the river is now covered by

1660-607: The European route E45 ) highway connects Trento to Verona and to Bolzano , Innsbruck and Munich . Trento railway station , opened in 1859, forms part of the Brenner railway (Verona–Innsbruck) , which is the main rail connection between Italy and Germany. The station is also a junction with the Valsugana railway , which connects Trento to Venice . Trento has several other railway stations, including Trento FTM railway station, terminus of

1743-476: The Giro al Sas (a 10 km (6 mi) professional road running competition) was first held in the city in 1907 and continues to the present, while the Giro del Trentino is an annual road cycling race which the city has hosted every year since 1963. The Festival dell’Economia di Trento (Economy Festival of Trento) was brought into being in 2006 in order to enable and facilitate discussions between economists and

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1826-639: The Roman road that led from Verona to Innsbruck . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the independent bishopric of Trento was conquered by Ostrogoths , Byzantines , Lombards and Franks , finally becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1027, Emperor Conrad II created the Prince-Bishops of Trento , who wielded both temporal and religious powers. In the following centuries, however,

1909-468: The Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway (FTM). Bus or train services operate to the main surrounding valleys: Fassa, Fiemme, Gudicarie, Non, Primiero, Rendena, Sole, Tesino, Valsugana . The public transport network within the city consists of 20 bus lines operated by Trentino Trasporti and a cable car service to Sardagna . The various railway stations within Trento's city limits are integrated into

1992-549: The first free ascent of the southeast ridge, proving the face was climbable without the use of bolts. Lama described his ascent as the greatest adventure of his life. Trento Trento ( Italian: [ˈtrento] or [ˈtrɛnto] ; Ladin and Lombard : Trent ; German : Trient [tʁiˈɛnt] ; Cimbrian : Tria ; Mócheno : Trea't ; Venetian : Trénto/Trènt ; Latin : Tridentum ), also known in English as Trent ,

2075-585: The "R. Sanzio" Primary School built in 1931–34 and designed by Adalberto Libera . The University of Trento was founded in 1962 and has its headquarters in the city of Trento. The other university location is in Rovereto . In total, over 16,000 students study in Trento. Through the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino , the university also works closely together with the universities of Innsbruck and Bolzano . The Autostrada A22 (part of

2158-673: The Allies over targets from Verona to the Brenner Pass , with 10,267 tons of bombs dropped. Parts of the city were hit by the Allied bombings, including the church of S. Maria Maggiore, the Church of the Annunciation and several bridges over the Adige river. In spite of the bombings, most of the medieval and renaissance city center was spared. It was finally liberated on 3 May 1945. In 1947, Trento became

2241-520: The European Youth Cup. In the same year, he climbed his first 5.14b  (8c) route. He repeated his win at the European Youth Cup in 2005 and moved on to Senior competitions in 2006. The International Federation for Sport Climbing (IFSC) changed their rules so that Lama, only 15 years old at the time, could compete in the Senior World Cup . Lama became the youngest person to compete at

2324-698: The Napoleonic era, when it changed hands among various states. Under the reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire in 1802, the Bishopric was secularized and annexed to the Habsburg territories. The Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 ceded Trento to Bavaria , and the Treaty of Schönbrunn four years later gave it to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy . The population staged armed resistance to French domination. The resistance leader

2407-550: The Nobel Prize winner Gary Becker took an active part. Trento is governed by the City Council of Trento. Voters elect directly 40 councilors and the mayor of Trento every five years. The current mayor of Trento is Franco Ianeselli , elected for the first time on 21 September 2020. Ianeselli, a former trade unionist, was elected as a left-leaning independent with the support of a wide coalition of parties. These parties ranged from

2490-474: The Smart City Index. The township of Trento encompasses the city centre as well as many suburbs of extremely varied geographical and population conditions (from the industrial suburb of Gardolo, just north of the city, to tiny mountain hamlets on Monte Bondone). Various distinctive suburbs still retain their traditional identity of rural or mountain villages. Trento lies in a wide glacial valley known as

2573-800: The Solleder route on the Civetta , the Solda-Conforto Route on the Marmolada , and the southwest ridge of the Matterhorn in winter. In 1959, Maestri, together with Cesarino Fava and Austrian guide Toni Egger  [ it ] , travelled to Patagonia to attempt the north-east ridge of the unclimbed Cerro Torre . The three climbed up a steep corner below the Col of Conquest (between Cerro Torre and Torre Egger ), then Fava turned back and Maestri and Egger headed for

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2656-509: The University of Trento is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs ( Apsia ), a selected group of institutions for higher education in the field of international relations. It is the first, and currently unique, Italian institute and one of the few Europeans present in the club of the best international study schools in the world that form policy makers. In

2739-617: The Via Torre Vanga, Via Torre Verde and the Via Alessandro Manzoni. As late as World War II, Trento depended on wine-making and silk. Sparkling wine made in the Trentino province is part of the Trento DOC classification. The manufacturing industry installed in the post-war period has been mostly dismantled. Today, Trento thrives on commerce, services, tourism, high-quality agriculture and food industry (including wine and fruit), as

2822-527: The Waputik Range of the Canadian Rockies . The group had climbed a new route on the east face of Howse Peak , one of the most challenging Canadian rock-and-ice faces. Photographs from Roskelley's phone indicate that the three climbers had reached the summit on Tuesday, 16 April at 12:44 PM. Their bodies were found on 21 April 2019. It can be deduced from a photograph taken from Icefields Parkway by

2905-683: The World Cup and the first to win both a lead and a bouldering World Cup final in his first season. Lama became European Champion both in competition lead climbing (2006) and in competition bouldering (2007). In 2008 he won the overall ranking in the World Cup . In 2009, he placed 3rd at the World Championships in the lead discipline. In 2011, he retired from competition climbing so he could focus solely on mountaineering . In 2009, Lama announced his intention to free climb Cerro Torre via

2988-495: The ascent. In 2015, Lama teamed up with American climber Conrad Anker in order to climb the 6,895 m (22,621 ft) Lunag Ri , one of the highest unclimbed peaks in the Himalayas . Their first attempt was on November 12, 2015. They picked a rock crevice that would allow them to climb up to the northwest pillar of the mountain. Up on the ridge they planned to follow it up to the peak using mixed climbing techniques. It

3071-432: The bolts they deemed unnecessary in order to restore the challenge of the mountain. They removed more than 120 bolts in total, most of them from the historical 1970 Cesare Maestri gas-powered compressor ascent. The headwall of the compressor route and one pitch below were completely freed of bolts. This move caused a heated debate in the mountaineering community. Both climbers were briefly detained by Argentinian police and

3154-545: The counts of Tyrol . A dark episode in the history of Trento was the Trento blood libel . When a 3-year-old Christian boy, Simonino, later known as Simon of Trent , disappeared in 1475 on the eve of Good Friday , the city's small Jewish community was accused of killing him and draining his blood for Jewish ritual purposes. Eight Jews were tortured and burned at the stake, and their families forced to convert to Christianity. The bishop of Trento, Johannes Hinderbach, sought (without success) to have Simonino canonized and published

3237-404: The entire third day he was unable to feel his toes. He decided to push on despite this and reached the summit at 10:00 a.m. After a few minutes on the summit, he immediately rappeled back down. At midnight he was back at base camp. He did not lose any of his toes. On 16 April 2019, Lama, along with climbers Jess Roskelley and Hansjörg Auer , was caught in an avalanche on Howse Peak in

3320-583: The first "fair means" ascent of the southeast ridge of Cerro Torre. On their descent, they chopped about 120 bolts from the Compressor Route , with the effect of restoring most of the original challenge. In a statement, Kennedy and Kruk, who climbed the route in 13 hours, said they decided to remove the Maestri line after arriving at the summit having only used five bolts from the original line. On 21 January 2012, Austrian climbers David Lama and Peter Ortner made

3403-658: The first book printed in Trento, "Story of a Christian Child Murdered at Trento" , embellished with 12 woodcuts. In a governmental ceremony in the 1990s, Trento apologized to the Jewish community for this dark episode and unveiled a plaque commemorating the formal apology. In the 16th century, Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which gave rise to the Counter-Reformation . The adjective Tridentine (as in "Tridentine Mass") literally means pertaining to Trento, but can also refer to that specific event. Among

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3486-430: The first decade of the next century. Among the doubters are many well-known alpinists including Carlo Mauri , who had failed to climb the mountain in 1958 and in 1970, Reinhold Messner , and Ermanno Salvaterra, who had defended Maestri until successfully completing roughly the same route himself in 2005. The criticism was also taken up by British climber and writer Ken Wilson , editor of Mountain magazine. Besides citing

3569-439: The first free ascent of Cerro Torre via the south-east ridge compressor route in 24 hours in total. According to Lama, they brought five bolts along, but they did not have to place any of them. They ascended to the left of the crack climbed by Salvaterra and Mabboni, here Lama took one fall, but he managed to climb it on the second attempt. He later rated this crux 8a  (5.13b) in terms of difficulty. The two climbers slept for

3652-445: The former usually stand around 8°C, while the latter usually hover between -3 °C to 0 °C. Spring brings unpredictable weather with wind blowing north to south or vice-versa through the valley. Many spring days are pleasant, but the transition may be very quick, for example going from frosty mornings to 30 °C in two months. In May, it is possible to have either rainy days with daytime highs below 18 °C, or sunny days with

3735-518: The highest point. The Compressor Route was controversial. Hand bolting of short sections of unprotectable rock was an accepted practice. The use of a mechanical compressor, large numbers of bolts, and their use near naturally protectable features, was considered excessive. Mountain Magazine ran a story titled "Cerro Torre: A Mountain Desecrated", and the bolting of Cerro Torre prompted Messner to write

3818-473: The host of the Rally Stella Alpina . Since the 1950s, the region has enjoyed prosperous growth, thanks in part to its special autonomy from the central Italian government. On 4 August 2015, the cathedral tower caught fire by "spontaneous combustion". The clock stopped at 10:50 AM, a matter of minutes after the fire began. In 2020, Trento was listed as the most sustainable city in Italy, according to

3901-588: The implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Trento was awarded the title of Alpine Town of the Year 2004. The city often ranks highly among Italian cities for quality of life , standard of living , and business and job opportunities , being ranked 3rd in 2023. Trento is also one of the nation's wealthiest and most prosperous cities, with its province being one of

3984-410: The impossibility of the climb given the ice-climbing tools available in those years, the critics point out that Maestri's description of his route is detailed and accurate up to a glacier substantially lower than where Cesarino Fava claimed to have turned back, but vague and impossible to trace on the mountain thereafter; and that bolts, pitons, fixed ropes and other equipment used by the 1959 expedition

4067-509: The last twenty years, thanks to the gradual creation of various research centers (FBK, FEM) and laboratories in the IT, engineering and sciences fields, Trento and its university have been nicknamed the "Silicon Valley of the Alps". The origins of this city on the river-route to Bolzano and the low Alpine passes of Brenner and the Reschen Pass over the Alps are disputed. Some scholars maintain it

4150-457: The late 19th century, Trento and Trieste , cities with ethnic Italian majorities still belonging to the Austrians, became icons of the Italian irredentist movement. Benito Mussolini briefly joined the staff of a local newspaper in 1909, but left Trento because they could not create an anti-Austrian group. There was dissatisfaction with the lack of provincial autonomy and the failure to establish

4233-614: The left (as in the case of Europa Verde) to the Catholic centre (including Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese, and Insieme per Trento). When determining the composition of his Giunta (the equivalent of a City Cabinet), Ianeselli selected seven members of the City Council: Monica Baggia, Elisabetta Bozzarelli, Mariachiara Franzoia, Chiara Maule, Salvatore Panetta, Roberto Stanchina, and Paolo Zanella. However, in late November 2020 Paolo Zanella announced he would leave his position as

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4316-526: The medieval city walls is still visible in Piazza Fiera, along with a circular tower. Once, these walls encircled the entire city and were connected to the Castello del Buonconsiglio. The main monuments of the city include: Trento also sports modernist architecture, including the train station and the central post office, both by rationalist architect Angiolo Mazzoni . In particular, the train station (1934–36)

4399-458: The mistake. He promised to remove the remaining equipment in the following year. They returned for a second attempt in January 2011. Peter Ortner  [ de ] , a more experienced climber, replaced Steuerer as Lama's climbing partner from this point onward. This initial ascent had to be aborted as well because the headwall was full of ice. On February 12, during a small good weather window,

4482-405: The mountain. They decided for the latter and aborted the attempt around 300 metres below the summit. They had to abandon the endeavor for that year, but returned for a second attempt in 2016. On November 6, 2016, during the second attempt, Anker had a heart attack at a height of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) while climbing up the rock crevice. The two climbers quickly decided to rappel down

4565-488: The mountain. Lama called for an emergency helicopter rescue at base camp. Twelve hours after the heart attack, Anker underwent surgery in Kathmandu . A thrombotic occlusion was removed from his proximal left anterior descending artery. As a result of this injury Anker quit high-altitude climbing. Lama was left behind without a climbing partner at the base camp. Since Anker had declared that he would not return, Lama decided to start another attempt alone. This third attempt

4648-429: The mountain. Over two seasons, he used a petrol-driven air compressor, weighing approximately 135 kg (300 pounds) to drill 400 bolts into the rock, and lay thousands of metres of fixed ropes. The resulting route became known as the Compressor Route . Its namesake can still be found hanging on the face of Cerro Torre 100m below the summit. Maestri stopped short of the summit's "ice mushroom", which almost always covers

4731-410: The new Kingdom of Italy . The two men were taken prisoners at the nearby southern front. They were put on trial for high treason and executed in the courtyard of Castello del Buonconsiglio . The region was greatly affected during the war, and some of its fiercest battles were fought on the surrounding mountains in the southernmost regions and the southeast. Of a population of just less than 400,000 in

4814-443: The night in bivouac sacks below the Ice Towers. On the next day, after ascending most of the headwall, they went right of the compressor, following cracks and flakes in the rock, all the way to the summit. All previous routes went left of the compressor. In 2013, National Geographic made David Lama "Adventurer of the Year" for his free ascent of Cerro Torre. The documentary Cerro Torre: A Snowball's Chance in Hell documents

4897-406: The notable essay, "The Murder of the Impossible" The first undisputed ascent was made in 1974, by Casimiro Ferrari, Daniele Chiappa, Mario Conti, and Pino Negri, who also ascended the "ice mushroom". In 1991, Werner Herzog made the film Scream of Stone , a dramatised version of the various ascents of Cerro Torre made by Cesare Maestri. On 16 January 2012, Hayden Kennedy and Jason Kruk made

4980-401: The notable prince-bishops of this time were Bernardo Clesio (who governed the city from 1514 to 1539 and managed to steer the council to Trento) and Cristoforo Madruzzo (who governed from 1539 to 1567), both able European politicians and Renaissance humanists , who greatly expanded and embellished the city. During this period, and as an expression of this Humanism, Trento was also known as

5063-419: The occupying German troops, who still considered Mussolini head of the Italian Social Republic and wanted to preserve good relations with the Italians. From November 1944 to April 1945, Trento was bombed as part of the so-called "Battle of the Brenner". War supplies from Germany to support the Gothic Line were for the most part routed via the rail line through the Brenner Pass. Over 6,849 sorties were flown by

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5146-403: The ones experienced in the city centre ). Early fall is pleasant, with foliage starting around mid-October at higher elevations, late October in the uphill suburbs and in November downtown. Fall days can be humid, grey and dim, with temperatures rapidly declining through October and November. The first snowfall in the suburbs may occur as early as late November, with December and early January being

5229-403: The population of Trento grew by 0.72 percent, while Italy as a whole declined by 1.51 percent. The current birth rate of Trento is 9.61 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006 , 92.68% of the population was Italian . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mostly Albania , Romania ): 4.13%, North Africa : 1.08%, and

5312-427: The province, 55,000 men served in the Imperial and Royal Army of whom 11,000 died. Most served on the Galician front; 700 served with the Italian Army. After World War I , Trento and its Italian-speaking province, along with Bolzano (Bozen) and the part of Tyrol that stretched south of the Alpine watershed (which was primarily German -speaking, as still is to this day), were annexed by Italy. In July 1943 Mussolini

5395-413: The public transport network. PalaTrento , now known as BLM Group Arena , opened in 2000, is an indoor arena with a capacity of 4300 seats. Trentino Volley and Aquila Basket Trento play their respective games there. Notable people born in or associated with Trento include: Trento is twinned with: Districts of Trento are twinned with: David Lama David Lama was born in 1990. His father

5478-429: The removed bolts were confiscated. Lama's first reaction was that he did not need the bolts for his climb anyway and he moved ahead with his free climbing attempt. Since the old bolted route was not climbable anymore by regular means, the film crew had to ascend the summit via the west side of the mountain and rappel down with ropes in order to document the next attempt. On January 19, 2012, Lama and Ortner finished

5561-491: The richest in Italy, with a GDP per capita of €46,100 and a nominal GDP of €25.5 billion in 2023. The University of Trento , founded in 1962 as a Higher University Institute of Social Sciences, is one of the most prestigious medium-small Italian universities, with a strong international vocation. It ranks 1st among 'medium-sized' Universities in the Censis ranking and 2nd in the Il Sole 24 Ore ranking of Italian universities. The School of International Studies of

5644-451: The site of a Jewish printing press. In 1558 Cardinal Madruzzo granted the privilege of printing Hebrew books to Joseph Ottolengo, a German rabbi . The actual printer was Jacob Marcaria , a local physician; after his death in 1562, the activity of the press of Riva di Trento ceased. Altogether, 34 works were published in the period from 1558 to 1562, most of them bearing the coat of arms of Madruzzo. Prince-bishops governed Trento until

5727-413: The snowiest period of the year. As of December 2023, there were 119.180 people residing in Trento, of whom 48% were male and 52% were female. Children (ages 14 and younger) totalled 12.6 percent of the population compared to the elderly (ages 65 and above) who numbered 24.4 percent. The average age of Trento residents is 45.5 compared to the Italian average of 46.8. In the five years between 2018 and 2023,

5810-423: The sovereignty was divided between the Bishopric of Trent and the County of Tyrol (from 1363 part of the Habsburg monarchy). Around 1200, Trento became a mining center of some significance: silver was mined from the Monte Calisio – Khalisperg, and Prince-Bishop Federico Wanga issued the first mining code of the alpine region. In the 14th century, the Habsburg Family that ruled as dukes of Austria were also

5893-418: The summit. Six days later Fava found Maestri lying face down and almost buried in the snow. They returned to base camp, with Maestri claiming that he and Egger had reached the summit but Egger had been swept to his death by an avalanche as they were descending. Skepticism toward Maestri's 1959 account mounted as it became evident how difficult the alleged route is even with the advances in technique made through

5976-404: The temperature soaring up to 30 °C. Summers are hot, sometimes sweltering, with highs getting to 35 °C at least for a week a year and more rarely to 38 °C. Summer nights can be hot as well, with overnight lows hovering around 22-24 °C (in the hilly suburbs east, north and west of Trento summer nights can be much cooler, with overnight temperature differing by up to 6 °C from

6059-439: The three hills that surround the city (known in Italian as Doss Trento , Doss di Sant'Agata and Doss di San Rocco ). The Latin name is the source of the adjective "tridentine". On the old city hall, a Latin inscription is still visible: " Montes argentum mihi dant nomenque Tridentum " ("Mountains give me silver and the name of Trento"), attributed to Fra' Bartolomeo da Trento (died in 1251). Tridentum became an important stop on

6142-487: The two climbers managed to reach the summit using some aid techniques. This ascent raised the morale of the team after the long series of failures and was used for scouting out the free route. In January 2012, Lama and his team returned for a third expedition. A few days before the planned ascent they got the news that the climbers Jason Kruk and Hayden Kennedy had completed the compressor route, using as few bolts as they could manage. On their way back down they removed all

6225-555: Was Andreas Hofer . During his youth, he lived in Italian Tyrol, where he learned the Italian language . When Hofer recovered Trento for the Austrians (1809), he was welcomed with enthusiasm by the population of Trento. Approximately 4,000 Trentinian volunteers ( Sìzzeri or Schützen ) died in battle against the French and Bavarian troops. In 1810, Hofer was captured and brought to Mantua , and

6308-662: Was a Rhaetian settlement: the Adige area was however influenced by neighbouring populations, including the (Adriatic) Veneti , the Etruscans and the Gauls (a Celtic population). According to other theories, the latter instead founded the city during the 4th century BC. Trento was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC, after several clashes with the Rhaetian tribes. Before the Romans, Trento

6391-487: Was a Celtic village. Julius Caesar re-founded it as a Roman municipality when Rome extended citizenship to the part of Cisalpine Gaul north of the River Po. The Latin name given to the settlement was Tridentum, meaning "Three-teeth place" or "Trident-town" ( tri- "three" + dēns, dent- "tooth"). The reason for the name is uncertain: the new town may have been consecrated to the god Neptune , or possibly named after

6474-455: Was already late when they reached the top of the ridge, so for the night they set up a bivouac underneath a boulder. They continued in the early morning of the next day. Lack of ice and bad snow conditions complicated protection. They did not manage to reach the summit during the next day. They had to make the decision whether to dig in and wait out another night, at potential temperatures of -40 °C and strong wind, or turn around and descend

6557-636: Was at risk of malaria, a factor that affected the entire Italian peninsula and this Alpine region was not spared. Even Tuscany was particularly hard hit; malaria existed far inland into the Veneto area, reaching the Italian Alps. From 1918 to 1940, government figures show Italy's malaria deaths decreased by 96%, due to the efforts of the Rockefeller Foundation and Italy's own malaria experts, who themselves were international leaders in malariology . During

6640-492: Was mutually agreed on. This activity was steadily extended, eventually followed by the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino in 2011. Although off the beaten path of mass tourism, Trento offers rather interesting monuments. Its architecture has a unique feel, with both Italian Renaissance and Roman influences. The city center is small, and most Late-Medieval and Renaissance buildings have been restored to their original pastel colours and wooden balconies. Part of

6723-531: Was removed as Prime Minister when the allies invaded Sicily. Italy surrendered to the Allies, and declared war on Germany. German troops promptly invaded northern Italy and the provinces of Trento, Belluno and South Tyrol became part of the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills , annexed to Germany . Some German-speakers wanted revenge upon Italian-speakers living in the area, but were mostly prevented by

6806-503: Was shot by French soldiers on the express order of Napoleon. With Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Trento was annexed by the Habsburg Empire . Church government was finally extinguished, and Trento was henceforth governed by the secular administration of Tyrol . In the following decades, Trento experienced a modernization of administration and economy with the first railroad in the Adige valley opening in 1859. The entire Mediterranean basin

6889-421: Was started on November 8, 2016. Lama ascended the north-west ridge via a longer, but easier rock crevice and set up camp. Since he had no climbing partner he had to use roped solo techniques in order to ascend the ridge, climbing one pitch as lead , setting up an anchor and then rappeling back down to remove protections. Ascending the mountain this way together with a heavy backpack turned out to be too much of

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