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25-537: Since its inception, CKAN has evolved and is the leading open data platform software in the world, used by governments including the US and UK, to publish millions of public datasets. Rufus Pollock developed its first version in 2005-2006. CKAN's codebase is maintained by the Open Knowledge Foundation . The system is used both as a public platform on Datahub and in various government data catalogues , such as

50-566: A Free Information Infrastructure (2005-6, UK director), Creative Commons UK, Datopian (founder) and Life Itself (co-founder). On 24 May 2004 Pollock founded in Cambridge , UK the Open Knowledge Foundation as a global non-profit network that promotes and shares open knowledge including open data and open content - information that is openly and freely available. In 2007 and 2009, Pollock published two important papers regarding

75-543: A decreased knowledge production on copyright term increases for the analysed context. As a curiosity, the work Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up is subject in the UK to a special clause in the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 that granted Great Ormond Street Hospital a right to royalty in perpetuity. J. M. Barrie had gifted the copyright to the work to the hospital in 1929. The different copyright terms in

100-484: A paper on the impact of the copyright extension on the British Copyright Act of 1814 that "longer copyrights raise the costs of accessing intellectual assets for consumers and other firms, which may discourage the diffusion of knowledge and decelerate the pace of cumulative innovation and learning-by-doing ." In 2014 a Rock, Paper, Shotgun article about the existence of orphaned classic video games and

125-511: Is a British economist, activist and social entrepreneur. He has been a leading figure in the global open knowledge and open data movements, starting with his founding in 2004 of the non-profit Open Knowledge Foundation which he led until 2015. From 2007–2010 he was the Mead Fellow in Economics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and from 2010–2013 he was a Shuttleworth Foundation fellow. In 2012

150-547: Is widely reported, the reaction to it in the House of Commons is hard to find – Ricketson reports that following Macaulay's claims that the heirs of certain authors would block publication of their works: At this point, the debate in the House of Commons fell into farce because there were claims by other speakers that they had no doubts (based on their own personal knowledge) that Richardson and Boswell 's descendants would still have done

175-451: The public domain . For instance, scholar Neil Netanel argued that Copyright Term Extension Act 1998 prevented the entering of works central to cultural heritage of the US into the public domain. He argued, culturally important dissemination, recasting, or incorporation into new expression is prevented due "to the copyright holder's veto". As examples he gave the adaption of the plot from novels such as The Great Gatsby and Peter Pan ,

200-679: The Open Knowledge Foundation Board. In appointing joint stewardship put up jointly by Link Digital and Datopian, the Board felt there was a clear practical path with strong leadership and committed funding to see CKAN grow and prosper in the years to come. The Open Knowledge Foundation will remain the ‘purpose trustee’ to ensure the Stewards remain true to the purpose and ethos of the CKAN project. Rufus Pollock Rufus Pollock (born 1980)

225-643: The UK's data.gov.uk , the Dutch National Data Register, the United States government's Data.gov and the Australian government's "Gov 2.0". The state government of South Australia also makes government data freely available to the public on the CKAN platform. The Italian government makes available the open data of the Data & Analytics Framework on the CKAN platform. CKAN's back end, the part running on

250-546: The Web server, is written mainly in Python . The web pages it offers to users browsers include JavaScript . CKAN maintains information about the data sets to be offered to users in PostgreSQL databases. Searches are implemented by Solr . CKAN installations can be queried through Web APIs . The CKAN Stewardship proposal jointly put forward by Link Digital and Datopian received support from

275-455: The copyright's incentive for creative production ) is a significant part of public and scientific discourse and reception. One of the earlier and often cited positions is from the British politician Thomas Babington Macaulay who argued in an 1841 speech in the House of Commons that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society. Although Macaulay's speech

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300-432: The early 20th century there have been a number of adjustments made in various countries, which can make determining the copyright duration in a given country difficult. For example, the United States used to require copyrights to be renewed after 28 years to stay in force, and formerly required a copyright notice upon first publication to gain coverage. In Italy and France, there were post-wartime extensions that could increase

325-507: The economics and politics of the information age, including publishing "The Open Revolution: Rewriting the Rules of the Information Age" in 2018. Whilst at Open Knowledge International he initiated a variety of projects, many of which continue to be active. In 2005 he created The Open Definition which provided the first formal definition of open content and open data , and which has remained

350-593: The least objectionable way of remunerating them is by means of copyright. Liebowitz describes use of the term monopoly in relation to copyright as misleading, but "rhetorically effective"; while Towse writes that a more appropriate term is ' monopolistic competition '. In 2009, a paper by Rufus Pollock of University of Cambridge scientifically quantified the optimal copyright term length at 15 years, significantly shorter than any currently existing copyright term, via an economical model with empirically-estimable parameters . In 2013 scholar Petra Moser concluded in

375-546: The optimal copyright term , where he proposed based on an economical model with empirically-estimable parameters an optimal duration of 15 years, significantly shorter than any currently existing copyright term. He has held the Mead Research Fellowship in economics at Emmanuel College , Cambridge . In 2009, he was credited by web inventor Tim Berners-Lee for starting the Raw Data Now meme . In 2010 he

400-564: The refashion of characters like Mickey Mouse , or the use of Tin Pan Alley songs like " Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love) " for documentaries about the Great Depression . For the millions of older copyrighted works of less enduring popularity, it is difficult, or impossible, to trace the copyright ownership and determine who holds the particular rights that would have to be licensed for the use of

425-459: The right thing and allowed reprinting, however much they abhorred their ancestors' works! It is also worth noting that Macaulay is arguing here against term extension, he is not arguing against copyright. This point is well made by Macaulay himself: The advantages arising from a system of copyright are obvious. It is desirable that we should have a supply of good books: we cannot have such a supply unless men of letters are liberally remunerated; and

450-464: The standard reference definition. In 2005–06 he created the first version of CKAN , open source software for finding and sharing datasets, especially open datasets. CKAN has evolved and is the leading open data platform software in the world, used by governments including the US and UK, to publish millions of public datasets. He helped to lead or co-found other organizations including Open Rights Group (2005, co-founder and board member), Foundation for

475-555: The suggestion of letting them enter the public domain after 20 years raised a controversial public debate about copyright terms and the public domain between game industry veterans John Walker , George Broussard , and Steve Gaynor. A paper published in March 2015 in the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation analysed with a simulated model the relationship of scientific knowledge creation to copyright term length and concluded

500-613: The term by approximately six years in Italy and up to about 14 in France. Many countries have extended the length of their copyright terms (sometimes retroactively ). International treaties, like the Berne Convention , establish minimum terms for copyrights, but these only apply to the signatory countries, and individual countries may grant longer terms than those set out in a treaty. The extension of copyright term imposes tangible restrictions on

525-412: The work. The problem of such orphan works stems from the extension of copyright term and the lack of requirement for the copyright owner to renew or register their copyright . In order to tackle this perceived problem some jurisdictions have revised their copyright laws to allow use of orphaned works, after diligent searches. Discussions about the optimal length of the copyright term (e.g. regarding

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550-518: The world, the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication. In most countries (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom ) copyright expires at the end of the calendar year in question. The length and requirements for copyright duration are subject to change by legislation, and since

575-403: The world, this length of time is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions. The length of the term can depend on several factors, including the type of work (e.g. musical composition or novel ), whether the work has been published or not, and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation. In most of

600-546: Was appointed an Ashoka Fellow and remains an Associate of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law at the University of Cambridge and continues to serve on the board of Open Knowledge International. Since leaving Open Knowledge International, his work has moved to focus more on broader issues of social transformation and in 2016 he co-founded a new non-profit "Life Itself". However, he has continued to work actively on

625-468: Was appointed as one of the four founding members of the UK Government's Public Sector Transparency Board . In 2018 he published his first book The Open Revolution: Rewriting the Rules of the Information Age, making it openly available for download online. Copyright term The copyright term is the length of time copyright subsists in a work before it passes into the public domain. In most of

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