Misplaced Pages

#723276

78-685: Community Action Against Homophobia ( CAAH ) is a community activist organisation founded in 1999. It is based in Sydney , Australia and aimed to eliminate homophobia and promote equality for queer people. CAAH's campaign for equal relationship recognition is an all-inclusive campaign for equality. While some organisations concentrate on a single model of relationship recognition, CAAH demands that all choices be available to all people regardless of their sexuality or gender. This includes de facto relationships, civil unions, and marriage. Together with Australian Marriage Equality and Equal Love , CAAH organises

156-481: A 'fine line'. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words "activism" and "activist" as in use in the political sense from the year 1920 or 1915 respectively. The history of the word activism traces back to earlier understandings of collective behavior and social action . As late as 1969 activism was defined as "the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy", without regard to

234-424: A club whose members are its citizens. Government would then be the manager of this club. In some cases, theory shows that collaboration emerges spontaneously in smaller groups rather than in large ones (see e.g. Dunbar's number ). This explains why labor unions or charities often have a federated structure. Since the late 20th century, analytic philosophers have been exploring the nature of collective action in

312-402: A day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways, including through the creation of art ( artivism ), computer hacking ( hacktivism ), or simply in how one chooses to spend their money ( economic activism ). For example, the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the exploitation of workers by that company could be considered an expression of activism. However,

390-601: A few forms: Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries, and some scholars have found: "the main split in conservatism has not been the long-standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys (i.e., approximately the Libertarian right and the Christian right ). Instead, it is between an emergent group (Activists) that fuses both ideologies and

468-464: A house together when each intends that the house is painted by virtue of the activity of each, and also intends that it is so painted by virtue of the intention of each that it is so painted. That these conditions obtain must also be "common knowledge" between the participants. Discussion in this area continues to expand, and has influenced discussions in other disciplines including anthropology, developmental psychology, and economics. One general question

546-542: A less ideological category of 'somewhat conservative' Establishment Republicans." One example of this activism is the Tea Party movement . Pew Research identified a "group of 'Staunch Conservatives' (11 percent of the electorate) who are strongly religious, across-the-board socially and economically conservative, and more politically active than other groups on the Right. They support the Tea Party at 72 percent, far higher than

624-510: A meta-analysis of over 180 studies of collective action, in an attempt to integrate three dominant socio-psychological perspectives explaining antecedent conditions to this phenomenon – injustice, efficacy, and identity. In their resultant 2008 review article, an integrative Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) was proposed which accounts for interrelationships among the three predictors as well as their predictive capacities for collective action. An important assumption of this approach

702-728: A minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce materialism and conspicuous consumption , and tax resistance , a form of direct action and civil disobedience in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, to government policy, or as opposition to taxation in itself . Shareholder activism involves shareholders using an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management. The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial ( disinvestment from particular countries, adoption of environmentally friendly policies, etc.). Design activism locates design at

780-414: A number of diverse contexts. Additionally, the integrated SIMCA affords another important role to social identity – that of a psychological bridge forming the collective base from which both collective efficacy and group injustice may be conceived. While there is sound empirical support for the causal importance of SIMCA's key theoretical variables on collective action, more recent literature has addressed

858-417: A perceived common good . Forms of activism range from mandate building in a community (including writing letters to newspapers), petitioning elected officials , running or contributing to a political campaign , preferential patronage (or boycott ) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies , street marches , strikes , sit-ins , or hunger strikes . Activism may be performed on

SECTION 10

#1733093301724

936-494: A political signification, whereas social action was defined as "organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions", without regard to normative status. Following the surge of so-called "new social movements" in the United States in the 1960s, a new understanding of activism emerged as a rational and acceptable democratic option of protest or appeal. However, the history of the existence of revolt through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to

1014-568: A pure contagion based model of consensus may have limits. The teachings of Confucius have led to a kind of collective action that is based on the principal of "saving face" and other behavioral norms found taught in the Analects . One of the largest instances of Confucian-style collective action took place 1867 in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad , where Chinese workers protested peacefully and negotiated for an outcome in

1092-589: A result seek asylum in Australia . These asylum seekers are imprisoned by the Australian government in detention centres such as Villawood Immigration Detention Centre . CAAH also supports Lee Rhiannon 's private members' bill [1] that would amend New South Wales anti-discrimination legislation. Currently, private schools and businesses with fewer than six employees are permitted to discriminate on sexuality, disability, gender or age. Lee Rhiannon's bill would remove

1170-432: A sense of injustice, people must also have the objective, structural resources necessary to mobilize change through social protest. An important psychological development saw this research instead directed towards subjective expectations and beliefs that unified effort (collective action) is a viable option for achieving group-based goals – this is referred to as perceived collective efficacy. Empirically, collective efficacy

1248-465: A social process known as diffusion , and if successful, may become new additions to the activist repertoire. Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession. The term "activist" may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism, or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice. Judges may employ judicial activism to promote their own conception of

1326-486: A special case of the general collective action problem is one of collective agreement: how does a group of agents (humans, animals, robots, etc.) reach consensus about a decision or belief in the absence of central organization? Common examples can be found from domains as diverse as biology ( flocking , shoaling and schooling , and general collective animal behavior ), economics ( stock market bubbles ), and sociology ( social conventions and norms ) among others. Consensus

1404-470: A special kind of interpersonal commitment, what Gilbert calls a "joint commitment". A joint commitment in Gilbert's sense is not a matter of a set of personal commitments independently created by each of the participants, as when each makes a personal decision to do something. Rather, it is a single commitment to whose creation each participant makes a contribution. Thus suppose that one person says "Shall we go for

1482-458: A specific ideology or national history, as can be seen, for example, in the importance of conservative British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs. Political activism, although often identified with young adults, occurs across peoples entire life-courses. Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left-wing politics since the 1960s, and recently there has been "a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses" and "it

1560-428: A walk?" and the other says "Yes, let's". Gilbert proposes that as a result of this exchange the parties are jointly committed to go for a walk, and thereby obligated to one another to act as if they were parts of a single person taking a walk. Joint commitments can be created less explicitly and through processes that are more extended in time. One merit of a joint commitment account of collective action, in Gilbert's view,

1638-415: Is agreement between groups of neighboring nodes while global consensus refers to the state in which most of the population has reached an agreement. How and why consensus is reached is dependent on both the structure of the social network of individuals as well as the presence (or lack) of centralized institutions . There are many mechanisms (social and psychological) that have been identified to underlie

SECTION 20

#1733093301724

1716-412: Is also a double standard to demand respect for same-sex relationships without showing the same respect in return". A previous Co-convenor of CAAH has also strongly expressed his concern. Activism Activism (or advocacy ) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social , political , economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward

1794-497: Is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students groups". While people's motivations for political activism may vary, one model examined activism in the British Conservative party and found three primary motivations: (1) "incentives, such as ambitions for elective office", (2) "a desire for the party to achieve policy goals" and (3) "expressive concerns, as measured by

1872-412: Is different from the current society, which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions. Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan. Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change, specifically in the fashion industry. It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in

1950-443: Is distinct from the collective action problem in that there often is not an explicit goal, benefit, or cost of action but rather it concerns itself with a social equilibrium of the individuals involved (and their beliefs). And it can be considered spontaneous when it emerges without the presence of a centralized institution among self-interested individuals. Spontaneous consensus can be considered along 4 dimensions involving

2028-640: Is known as franchise activism . Economic activism involves using the economic power of government, consumers, and businesses for social and economic policy change. Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political, religious, or social values and behaviors. This may be done through ethical consumerism to reinforce "good" behavior and support companies one would like to succeed, or through boycott or divestment to penalize "bad" behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business. Brand activism

2106-540: Is often done full-time, as part of an organization's core business . Many organizations in the activism industry are either non-profit organizations or non-governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage. The term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well. Lobbying , or

2184-418: Is shown to causally affect collective action among a number of populations across varied contexts. Social identity theory (SIT) suggests that people strive to achieve and maintain positive social identities associated with their group memberships. Where a group membership is disadvantaged (for example, low status), SIT implicates three variables in the evocation of collective action to improve conditions for

2262-441: Is that it explains the fact that those who are out on a walk together, for instance, understand that each of them is in a position to demand corrective action of the other if he or she acts in ways that affect negatively the completion of their walk. In ( Gilbert 2006a ) she discusses the pertinence of joint commitment to collective actions in the sense of the theory of rational choice. In Searle (1990) Searle argues that what lies at

2340-614: Is that people tend to respond to subjective states of disadvantage, which may or may not flow from objective physical and social reality. Examining collective action through perceived injustice was initially guided by relative deprivation theory (RDT) . RDT focuses on a subjective state of unjust disadvantage, proposing that engaging in fraternal (group-based) social comparisons with others may result in feelings of relative deprivation that foster collective action. Group-based emotions resulting from perceived injustice, such as anger, are thought to motivate collective action in an attempt to rectify

2418-418: Is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of social change . Applying brand activism, businesses show concern for the communities they serve, and their economic, social, and environmental problems, which allows businesses to build sustainable and long-term relationships with the customers and prospects. Kotler and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve

Community Action Against Homophobia - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-583: Is then to undertake this as a collective action, the cost of which is shared. Situations like this include the prisoner's dilemma , a collective action problem in which no communication is allowed, the free rider problem , and the tragedy of the commons , also known as the problem with open access. An allegorical metaphor often used to describe the problem is " belling the cat ". Solutions to collective action problems include mutually binding agreements, government regulation, privatisation, and assurance contracts , also known as crowdacting. Mancur Olson made

2574-440: Is whether it is necessary to think in terms that go beyond the personal intentions of individual human beings properly to characterize what it is to act together. Bratman's account does not go beyond such personal intentions. Gilbert's account, with its invocation of joint commitment, does go beyond them. Searle's account does also, with its invocation of collective intentionality . The question of whether and how one must account for

2652-536: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights including such liberties as: right to life , citizenship , and property , freedom of movement ; constitutional freedoms of thought , expression , religion , peaceful assembly ; and others. The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to colonialism , imperialism , slavery , racism , segregation , patriarchy , and oppression of indigenous peoples. Environmental activism takes quite

2730-490: The justice of their cause. Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action combining politics with technology . Left-wing and right-wing online activists often use different tactics. Hashtag activism and offline protest are more common on the left. Working strategically with partisan media, migrating to alternative platforms , and manipulation of mainstream media are more common on

2808-691: The slave revolts of the 1st century BC(E) in the Roman Empire , where under the leadership of former gladiator Spartacus 6,000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to Rome in what became known as the Third Servile War . In English history, the Peasants' Revolt erupted in response to the imposition of a poll tax , and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary, Russia, and more recently, for example, Hong Kong . In 1930 under

2886-539: The 21st century, most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues, and likewise, human rights concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism. In the 21st century, the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important, leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement and the development of the environmental justice and climate justice movements. Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in

2964-726: The Internet itself, also known as digital rights . The Digital Rights movement consists of activists and organizations, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation , who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies, particularly concerning the Internet and other information and communications technologies . Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), also known as Internet activism or cyber-activism. Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to

3042-555: The Theory of Groups , is an important early analysis of the problems of public good cost. Besides economics, the theory has found many applications in political science , sociology , communication , anthropology and environmentalism . The term collective action problem describes the situation in which multiple individuals would all benefit from a certain action, but has an associated cost making it implausible that any individual can or will undertake and solve it alone. The ideal solution

3120-655: The annual Same Sex Marriage National Day of Action in Sydney on the weekend closest to the anniversary of the same sex ban passed on Black Friday, 13 August 2005. CAAH was instrumental in the successful Marriage Equality Campaign and was pivotal in calling the protests of up to 50 000 people in Sydney in 2017. These protests were crucial as they pressured the then Liberal government to call a referendum, which resulted in more than 60% of Australians voting "yes". CAAH supports people who faced homophobia and persecution in their home countries because of their sexuality and/or gender, and as

3198-418: The center of promoting social change, raising awareness on social/political issues, or questioning problems associated with mass production and consumerism . Design Activism is not limited to one type of design. Art activism or artivism utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary. Art activism can activate utopian thinking , which is imagining about an ideal society that

Community Action Against Homophobia - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-444: The claim that individual rational choice leads to situations where individuals with more resources will carry a higher burden in the provision of the public good than poorer ones. Poorer individuals will usually have little choice but to opt for the free rider strategy, i.e., they will attempt to benefit from the public good without contributing to its provision. This may also encourage the under-production (inefficient production) of

3354-399: The collaborative effect of joining a private good to a public good. For example, a tax deduction (private good) can be tied to a donation to a charity (public good). It can be shown that the provision of the public good increases when tied to the private good, as long as the private good is provided by a monopoly (otherwise the private good would be provided by competitors without the link to

3432-557: The collective action literature (see van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears for a review). Also, utopian thinking has been proposed as an antecendant to collective action, aside to the route affecting perceived injustice, efficacy, or social identity. Utopian thinking contributes to accessing cognitive alternatives, which are imagined models of societies that are different from the current society. Cognitive alternatives are proposed by many social identity theorists as an effective way to increase collective action. Moreover, utopian thinking has

3510-400: The consensus making process. They have been used to both explain the emergence of spontaneous consensus and understand how to facilitate an equilibrium between individuals and can be grouped according to their role in the process. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of both the mechanisms as well as the applications of spontaneous consensus, a variety of techniques have been developed to study

3588-672: The developing world, collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation. Activism has had major impacts on Western societies as well, particularly over the past century through social movements such as the Labour movement , the women's rights movement , and the civil rights movement . Activism has often been thought to address either human rights or environmental concerns, but libertarian and religious right activism are also important types. Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements; prior to

3666-478: The dominant paradigm for which to study its emergence. In the context of non-cooperative games, a consensus is a formal Nash equilibrium that all players tend towards through self-enforcing alliances or agreements. An important case study of the underlying mathematical dynamics is the coordination game . Even when coordination is desired, it can be difficult to achieve due to incomplete information and constrained time horizons. An alternative approach to studying

3744-410: The dynamics of the individuals involved as well as the context of the alternatives considered for consensus, the process can be wholly cooperative, wholly competitive, or a mix of the two. The distinction between local and global consensus can be viewed in terms of the social structure underlying the network of individuals participating in the consensus making process. Local consensus occurs when there

3822-545: The emergence and evolution of spontaneous cooperation. Two of the most widely used are game theory and social network analysis . Traditionally game theory has been used to study zero-sum games but has been extended to many different types of games . Relevant to the study of spontaneous consensus are cooperative and non-cooperative games. Since a consensus must be reached without the presence of any external authoritative institution for it to be considered spontaneous , non-cooperative games and Nash equilibrium have been

3900-426: The emergence of spontaneous consensus—that avoids many of the unnatural or overly constrained assumptions of game theoretic models—is the use of network based methods and social network analysis (SNA). These SNA models are theoretically grounded in the communication mechanism of facilitating consensus and describe its emergence through the information propagation processes of the network ( behavioral contagion ). Through

3978-409: The existence of mutual obligations when there is a collective intention is another of the issues in this area of inquiry. In addition to the psychological mechanisms of collective action as explained by the social identity model , researchers have developed sociological models of why collective action exists and have studied under what conditions collective action emerges. Along this social dimension,

SECTION 50

#1733093301724

4056-535: The global problems its future customers and employees care about. Consumer activism consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for consumer protection or by consumers themselves. For instance, activists in the free produce movement of the late 1700s protested against slavery by boycotting goods produced with slave labor. Today, vegetarianism, veganism , and freeganism are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products. Other examples of consumer activism include simple living ,

4134-470: The group – permeability of group boundaries, legitimacy of the intergroup structures, and the stability of these relationships. For example, when disadvantaged groups perceive intergroup status relationships as illegitimate and unstable, collective action is predicted to occur, in an attempt to change status structures for the betterment of the disadvantaged group. Meta-analysis results also confirm that social identity causally predicts collective action across

4212-407: The heart of a collective action is the presence in the mind of each participant of a "we-intention". Searle does not give an account of we-intentions or, as he also puts it, " collective intentionality ", but insists that they are distinct from the "I-intentions" that animate the actions of persons acting alone. In Bratman (1993) Bratman proposed that, roughly, two people "share an intention" to paint

4290-602: The industry. Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity. Craft activism or craftivism is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse. It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society. People who contribute to craftivism are called "craftivists". Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms. Alternatively, literary activism may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within

4368-488: The influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government. Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting

4446-534: The issue of reverse causation, finding support for a related, yet distinct, encapsulation model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA). This model suggests that perceived group efficacy and perceived injustice provide the basis from which social identity emerges, highlighting an alternative causal pathway to collective action. Recent research has sought to integrate SIMCA with intergroup contact theory (see Cakal, Hewstone, Schwär, & Heath ) and others have extended SIMCA through bridging morality research with

4524-1151: The issues in front of an international audience. This was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen-activists to circumvent state-controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world. These types of practices of Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations, such as the 15-M Movement in Spain in 2011, Occupy Gezi in Turkey in 2013, and more. Online "left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals". Left-wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional "hashtag activism" and offline protest, while right-wing activists may "manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages". Research suggests right-wing online activists are more likely to use "strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories". Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing

4602-576: The leadership of Mahatma Gandhi thousands of protesting Indians participated in the Salt March , as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government, resulting in the imprisonment of 60,000 people and eventually independence of their nation. In nations throughout Asia, Africa and South America, the prominence of activism organized by social movements and especially under the leadership of civil activists or social revolutionaries has pushed for increasing national self-reliance or, in some parts of

4680-721: The next most favorable group." One analysis found a group estimated to be 4% of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious conservatives "to be the core of this group of high-engagement voters" and labeled this group "Activists." Activists employ many different methods, or tactics, in pursuit of their goals. The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing. For example, nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than violent ones. and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals. Historically, most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in

4758-440: The policy or practice of a government or industry. Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly (see also direct action ), rather than to persuade governments to change laws. For example, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain

SECTION 60

#1733093301724

4836-486: The political activity of tax-exempt organizations. Collective action Collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their condition and achieve a common objective. It is a term that has formulations and theories in many areas of the social sciences including psychology , sociology , anthropology , political science and economics . Researchers Martijn van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, and Russell Spears conducted

4914-505: The potential to increase perceived injustice, perceived efficacy, or form new social identities and therefore affect collective action. The economic theory of collective action is concerned with the provision of public goods (and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and the impact of externalities on group behavior. It is more commonly referred to as Public Choice . Mancur Olson 's 1965 book The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and

4992-457: The public good). Some institutional design, e.g., intellectual property rights , can introduce an exclusion mechanism and turn a pure public good into an impure public good artificially. If the costs of the exclusion mechanism are not higher than the gain from the collaboration , clubs can emerge. James M. Buchanan showed in his seminal paper that clubs can be an efficient alternative to government interventions. A nation can be seen as

5070-412: The public good. While public goods are often provided by governments, this is not always the case. Various institutional designs have been studied with the aim of reducing the collaborative failure. The best design for a given situation depends on the production costs, the utility function, and the collaborative effects, amongst other things. Here are only some examples: A joint-product model analyzes

5148-791: The publishing industry. Science activism may include efforts to better communicate the benefits of science or ensure continued funding for scientific research. It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields. The March for Science held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism. Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological, marketing-oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self, aversion to solutions to problems, and social perceptions. Some groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry. In these cases, activism

5226-483: The right (in the United States). In addition, the perception of increased left-wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative trust in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism, including on college campuses. Some scholars have also shown how the influence of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism. Separating activism and terrorism can be difficult and has been described as

5304-706: The same, in an effort to counter change . Charles Tilly developed the concept of a " repertoire of contention ", which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place. This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past, such as boycotts, petitions, marches, and sit-ins, and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements. Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest. These may be entirely novel, such as Douglas Schuler's idea of an "activist road trip", or may occur in response to police oppression or countermovement resistance. New tactics then spread to others through

5382-513: The sense of acting together, as when people paint a house together, go for a walk together, or together execute a pass play. These particular examples have been central for three of the philosophers who have made well known contributions to this literature: Michael Bratman , Margaret Gilbert , and John Searle , respectively. In ( Gilbert 1989 ) and subsequent articles and book chapters including Gilbert (2006, chapter 7), whom argues for an account of collective action according to which this rests on

5460-516: The social good. The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues. The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted. Activists can also be public watchdogs and whistle blowers by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency. Political activism may also include political campaigning , lobbying , voting , or petitioning . Political activism does not depend on

5538-436: The social structure of the individuals participating (local versus global) in the consensus as well as the processes (competitive vs cooperative) involved in reaching consensus: The underlying processes of spontaneous consensus can be viewed either as cooperation among individuals trying to coordinate themselves through their interactions or as competition between the alternatives or choices to be decided upon. Depending on

5616-458: The special exemptions for private schools and businesses employing fewer than six people. CAAH undertakes campaigns in conjunction with the Equal Love and Australian Marriage Equality organisations. CAAH have been criticised for their radical slogans and campaigning methods. Rodney Croome , National Convener of Australian Marriage Equality, has expressing his concerns on this issue, saying, "It

5694-575: The spread of influence (and ideas) between agents participating in the consensus, local and global consensus can emerge if the agents in the network achieve a shared equilibrium state. Leveraging this model of consensus, researchers have shown that local peer influence can be used to reach a global consensus and cooperation across the entire network. While this model of consensus and cooperation has been shown to be successful in certain contexts, research suggest that communication and social influence cannot be fully captured by simple contagion models and as such

5772-416: The state of unfair deprivation. The extent to which individuals respond to this deprivation involves several different factors and varies from extremely high to extremely low across different settings. Meta-analysis results confirm that effects of injustice causally predict collective action, highlighting the theoretical importance of this variable. Moving beyond RDT, scholars suggested that in addition to

5850-493: The strength of the respondent's partisanship". In addition, very wealthy Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes, and one study of the 400 richest Americans found "substantial evidence of liberal or right-wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates." This study also found, in general, "old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money." Another study examined how "activism of

5928-425: The term commonly refers to a form of collective action , in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together. Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a social movement . Historically, activists have used literature, including pamphlets , tracts, and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of

6006-431: The traditional offline tools of contention. Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique, such as certain types of hacktivism . Together they form a new "digital repertoire of contention" alongside the existing offline one. The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self-organized and leaderless , or what

6084-541: The wealthy" has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease economic inequality . The power of Internet activism came into a global lens with the Arab Spring protests starting in late 2010. People living in the Middle East and North African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests, including videos recorded on smart phones, which put

#723276