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80-817: Telecommunication is a diverse field of engineering connected to electronic , civil and systems engineering . Ultimately, telecom engineers are responsible for providing high-speed data transmission services. They use a variety of equipment and transport media to design the telecom network infrastructure; the most common media used by wired telecommunications today are twisted pair , coaxial cables , and optical fibers . Telecommunications engineers also provide solutions revolving around wireless modes of communication and information transfer, such as wireless telephony services, radio and satellite communications , internet , Wi-Fi and broadband technologies. Telecommunication systems are generally designed by telecommunication engineers which sprang from technological improvements in

160-415: A carrier wave in order to be transmitted, this is known as modulation . Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation . Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the transmitters and receivers needed for such systems. These two are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as

240-517: A crystal detector . Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals. In 1899, he would apply for the patent Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces . Also in 1899, he

320-400: A network operations center , designs backbone infrastructure, or supervises interconnections in a data center . A central-office engineer is responsible for designing and overseeing the implementation of telecommunications equipment in a central office (CO for short), also referred to as a wire center or telephone exchange A CO engineer is responsible for integrating new technology into

400-484: A transceiver . A key consideration in the design of transmitters is their power consumption as this is closely related to their signal strength . If the signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signal's information will be corrupted by noise . Aviation - electronics engineering and Aviation-telecommunications engineering , are concerned with aerospace applications. Aviation- telecommunication engineers include specialists who work on airborne avionics in

480-582: A 6 Mbit/s throughput in Long Beach, California. The first wide area network fibre optic cable system in the world seems to have been installed by Rediffusion in Hastings, East Sussex, UK in 1978. The cables were placed in ducting throughout the town, and had over 1000 subscribers. They were used at that time for the transmission of television channels, not available because of local reception problems. The first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber

560-528: A connection was established using radio. However no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated on September 25, 1956, providing 36 telephone circuits. In 1880, Bell and co-inventor Charles Sumner Tainter conducted the world's first wireless telephone call via modulated lightbeams projected by photophones . The scientific principles of their invention would not be utilized for several decades, when they were first deployed in military and fiber-optic communications . Over several years starting in 1894,

640-581: A cross-connect box. Electronic engineering Electronic engineering is a sub-discipline of electrical engineering that emerged in the early 20th century and is distinguished by the additional use of active components such as semiconductor devices to amplify and control electric current flow. Previously electrical engineering only used passive devices such as mechanical switches, resistors, inductors, and capacitors. It covers fields such as analog electronics , digital electronics , consumer electronics , embedded systems and power electronics . It

720-482: A directional signal. This invention led to the development of radar , smart antennas , and MIMO . Braun's British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents. Guglielmo Marconi used Braun's patents (among others). Marconi would later admit to Braun himself that he had " borrowed " portions of Braun's work . In 1909, Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Marconi for "contributions to

800-478: A medium for telecommunication and computer networking because it is flexible and can be bundled into cables. It is especially advantageous for long-distance communications, because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allows long distances to be spanned with few repeaters . In 1966 Charles K. Kao and George Hockham proposed optical fibers at STC Laboratories (STL) at Harlow , England, when they showed that

880-428: A period of research starting from 1975, the first commercial fiber-optic communications system was developed, which operated at a wavelength around 0.8 μm and used GaAs semiconductor lasers. This first-generation system operated at a bit rate of 45  Mbps with repeater spacing of up to 10 km. Soon on 22 April 1977, General Telephone and Electronics sent the first live telephone traffic through fiber optics at

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960-424: A physical medium is optical fiber , which has emerged as the most commonly used transmission medium for long-distance communications. Optical fiber is a thin strand of glass that guides light along its length. The absence of a material medium in vacuum may also constitute a transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves . Receiver ( information sink ) that receives and converts

1040-775: A receiving satellite dish via a geostationary satellite in Earth orbit. Improvements in submarine communications cables , through the use of fiber-optics , caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century, but they still exclusively service remote islands such as Ascension Island , Saint Helena , Diego Garcia , and Easter Island , where no submarine cables are in service. There are also some continents and some regions of countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example Antarctica , plus large regions of Australia, South America, Africa, Northern Canada, China, Russia and Greenland . After commercial long distance telephone service

1120-569: A technology that allows chunks of data to be sent between different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969. This network soon became the ARPANET , which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. ARPANET's development centered around the Request for Comment process and on 7 April 1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually merge with other networks to form

1200-456: A wire center to a distribution point or destination point directly. If a distribution point design is used, then a cross-connect box is placed in a strategic location to feed a determined distribution area. The cross-connect box, also known as a serving area interface , is then installed to allow connections to be made more easily from the wire center to the destination point and ties up fewer facilities by not having dedication facilities from

1280-733: Is a recognised professional designation in the United States. For most engineers not involved at the cutting edge of system design and development, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules. Many senior engineers manage a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason, project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important. The workplaces of electronics engineers are just as varied as

1360-451: Is a serious concern for electronics engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field, and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency, which is even more crucial in the field of consumer electronics products. Karl Ferdinand Braun Karl Ferdinand Braun ( German: [ˈfɛʁdinant ˈbʁaʊn] ; 6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918)

1440-457: Is a telephone operating company's face and voice to the local authorities and other utilities. OSP engineers often meet with municipalities, construction companies and other utility companies to address their concerns and educate them about how the telephone utility works and operates. Additionally, the OSP engineer has to secure real estate in which to place outside facilities, such as an easement to place

1520-433: Is also involved in many related fields, for example solid-state physics , radio engineering , telecommunications , control systems , signal processing , systems engineering , computer engineering , instrumentation engineering , electric power control , photonics and robotics . The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is one of the most important professional bodies for electronics engineers in

1600-409: Is being introduced in some European and American Universities as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer with graduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult. In these cases, experience is taken into account. The master's degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as

1680-425: Is not used by itself, but instead as the sensors of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace's temperature remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control engineering. Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and computer systems. This may involve the design of new computer hardware ,

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1760-472: Is responsible for designing how the massive amounts of cable will be distributed to various equipment and wiring frames throughout the wire center and overseeing the installation and turn up of all new equipment. As structural engineers , CO engineers are responsible for the structural design and placement of racking and bays for the equipment to be installed in as well as for the plant to be placed on. As electrical engineers , CO engineers are responsible for

1840-421: Is said to have applied for a patent on Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils . Pioneers working on wireless devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover. Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train. There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased. Braun's circuit afforded a much longer sustained oscillation because

1920-403: Is the use of air-core cable which requires an extensive network of air handling equipment such as compressors, manifolds, regulators and hundreds of miles of air pipe per system that connects to pressurized splice cases all designed to pressurize this special form of copper cable to keep moisture out and provide a clean signal to the customer. As political and social ambassador , the OSP engineer

2000-413: Is usually considered a separate discipline. VLSI design engineering VLSI stands for very large-scale integration . It deals with fabrication of ICs and various electronic components. In designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers first construct circuit schematics that specify the electrical components and describe the interconnections between them. When completed, VLSI engineers convert

2080-641: The University of Marburg and received a PhD from the University of Berlin in 1872. In 1874, he discovered in Leipzig while he was working there as a secondary school teacher in the Thomasschule , that a point-contact metal–semiconductor junction rectifies alternating current . He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of physics at the University of Strassburg in 1895. In 1897, he built

2160-407: The development of radio , he also worked on wireless telegraphy . In 1897, Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Around 1898, he invented

2240-442: The modulation and demodulation of radio frequency signals for telecommunications . For digital signals, signal processing may involve compression , error checking and error detection , and correction. Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across a medium such as a co-axial cable , an optical fiber , or free space . Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in

2320-452: The resistance , capacitance , and inductance (RCL) design of all new plant to ensure telephone service is clear and crisp and data service is clean as well as reliable. Attenuation or gradual loss in intensity and loop loss calculations are required to determine cable length and size required to provide the service called for. In addition, power requirements have to be calculated and provided to power any electronic equipment being placed in

2400-466: The Internet is one of many examples of telecommunication. Telecommunication plays a vital role in the world economy, and the telecommunication industry's revenue has been placed at just under 3% of the gross world product. Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. Soon after he was joined by Alfred Vail who developed

2480-582: The Internet, and many of the communication protocols that the Internet relies upon today were specified through the Request for Comment process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) — thus creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today. Optical fiber can be used as

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2560-504: The Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi built the first complete, commercially successful wireless telegraphy system based on airborne electromagnetic waves ( radio transmission ). In December 1901, he would go on to established wireless communication between Britain and Newfoundland, earning him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1909 (which he shared with Karl Braun ). In 1900, Reginald Fessenden

2640-578: The UK's Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). Members of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (MIET) are recognized professionally in Europe, as electrical and computer engineers. The IEEE claims to produce 30 percent of the world's literature in electrical and electronics engineering, has over 430,000 members, and holds more than 450 IEEE sponsored or cosponsored conferences worldwide each year. SMIEEE

2720-553: The US; the equivalent body in the UK is the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) publishes electrical standards including those for electronics engineering. Electronics engineering as a profession emerged following the identification of the electron in 1897 and the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, that inaugurated

2800-574: The aircraft or ground equipment. Specialists in this field mainly need knowledge of computer , networking , IT , and sensors . These courses are offered at such as Civil Aviation Technology Colleges . Control engineering has a wide range of electronic applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in many modern cars . It also plays an important role in industrial automation . Control engineers often use feedback when designing control systems . Instrumentation engineering deals with

2880-431: The cities of New Haven and London . Alexander Graham Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both countries. The technology grew quickly from this point, with inter-city lines being built and telephone exchanges in every major city of the United States by the mid-1880s. Despite this, transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when

2960-530: The completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering , Bachelor of Science , Bachelor of Applied Science , or Bachelor of Technology depending upon the university. Many UK universities also offer Master of Engineering ( MEng ) degrees at the graduate level. Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Science , Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, or an Engineering Doctorate . The master's degree

3040-460: The design of PDAs or the use of computers to control an industrial plant . Development of embedded systems —systems made for specific tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in this field. This field includes the microcontroller and its applications. Computer engineers may also work on a system's software . However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering which falls under computer science , which

3120-547: The design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure , flow , and temperature .The design of such instrumentation requires a good understanding of electronics engineering and physics ; for example, radar guns use the Doppler effect to measure the speed of oncoming vehicles. Similarly, thermocouples use the Peltier–Seebeck effect to measure the temperature difference between two points. Often instrumentation

3200-431: The detailed information required to pave a road or add a turn lane to an existing street. Structural calculations are required when boring under heavy traffic areas such as highways or when attaching to other structures such as bridges. As civil engineers, telecom engineers provide the modern communications backbone for all technological communications distributed throughout civilizations today. Unique to telecom engineering

3280-553: The development of wireless telegraphy ". The prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km to the city of Mutzig. In spring 1899, Braun, accompanied by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck, went to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea. On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy signals were exchanged regularly with

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3360-469: The development of wireless telegraphy". He was a founder of Telefunken , one of the pioneering communications and television companies, and has been called the "father of television" (shared with inventors like Paul Gottlieb Nipkow ), the "great grandfather of every semiconductor ever manufactured" and a co-father of radio telegraphy, together with Marconi. Braun was born in Fulda , Germany, and educated at

3440-404: The energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars. And by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was better matched to the generator. The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming signals bridged a much longer distance. Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905. He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit

3520-718: The engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, and South Africa), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (in much of the European Union). A degree in electronics generally includes units covering physics , chemistry , mathematics , project management and specific topics in electrical engineering . Initially, such topics cover most, if not all, of

3600-473: The entry point to academia. In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Certification allows engineers to legally sign off on plans for projects affecting public safety. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements, including work experience requirements, before being certified. Once certified

3680-450: The existing network, assigning the equipment's location in the wire center, and providing power, clocking (for digital equipment), and alarm monitoring facilities for the new equipment. The CO engineer is also responsible for providing more power, clocking, and alarm monitoring facilities if there are currently not enough available to support the new equipment being installed. Finally, the CO engineer

3760-5659: The extensive engineering mathematics curriculum that is a prerequisite to a degree. The huge breadth of electronics engineering has led to the use of a large number of specialists supporting knowledge areas. Elements of vector calculus : divergence and curl ; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems , Maxwell's equations : differential and integral forms. Wave equation , Poynting vector . Plane waves : propagation through various media; reflection and refraction ; phase and group velocity ; skin depth . Transmission lines : characteristic impedance ; impedance transformation; Smith chart ; impedance matching ; pulse excitation. Waveguides : modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions ; cut-off frequencies ; dispersion relations . Antennas: Dipole antennas ; antenna arrays ; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem, antenna gain . Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set, and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform : frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks. Electronic devices : Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode , tunnel diode , BJT , JFET , MOS capacitor , MOSFET , LED , p-i-n and avalanche photo diode , LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuit fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation , photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process. Analog circuits : Equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of diodes, BJT, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, Power supplies. Digital circuits : Boolean functions ( NOT , AND , OR , XOR ,...). Logic gates digital IC families ( DTL , TTL , ECL , MOS , CMOS ). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers , and decoders . Sequential circuits : latches and flip-flops, counters, and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs , DACs . Semiconductor memories . Microprocessor 8086 : architecture, programming, memory, and I/O interfacing. Signals and systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform , continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series , continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform , z-transform . Sampling theorems . Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems : definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros frequency response, group delay and phase delay . Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise: probability , random variables , probability density function , autocorrelation , power spectral density , and function analogy between vectors & functions. Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams — Mason's rule . Open loop and closed loop (negative unity feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady-state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Analysis of steady-state disturbance rejection and noise sensitivity. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis and design: root loci, Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion , Bode and Nyquist plots . Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control. Discretization of continuous-time systems using zero-order hold and ADCs for digital controller implementation. Limitations of digital controllers: aliasing. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems. Linearization of Nonlinear dynamical systems with state-space realizations in both frequency and time domains. Fundamental concepts of controllability and observability for MIMO LTI systems. State space realizations: observable and controllable canonical form. Ackermann's formula for state-feedback pole placement. Design of full order and reduced order estimators. Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne noise conditions. Digital communication systems: pulse-code modulation (PCM), differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), digital modulation – amplitude, phase- and frequency-shift keying schemes ( ASK , PSK , FSK ), matched-filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes, GSM , TDMA . Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers USA's Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and

3840-541: The field of electronics. Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages such as radio signals from a radio antenna possible with a non-mechanical device. The growth of electronics was rapid. By the early 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and communications were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance telephony and

3920-584: The first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cathode-ray tube oscilloscope . The CRT became the cornerstone in developing fully electronic television, being a part of every TV, computer and any other screen set up till the introduction of the LCD screen at the end of the 20th century. It is still mostly called the "Braun tube" in German-speaking countries ( Braunsche Röhre ) and other countries such as Korea (브라운관: Buraun-kwan ) and Japan ( ブラウン管 : Buraun-kan ). During

4000-567: The improved device on 26 January 1926 again at Selfridges . Baird's first devices relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television . It formed the basis of semi-experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning September 30, 1929. The first U.S. satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It

4080-426: The installation of new or expanded equipment, as well as the removal of existing equipment. Several other factors must be considered such as: Outside plant (OSP) engineers are also often called field engineers, because they frequently spend much time in the field taking notes about the civil environment, aerial, above ground, and below ground. OSP engineers are responsible for taking plant (copper, fiber, etc.) from

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4160-509: The island of Heligoland over a distance of 62 km. Light vessels in the river Elbe and a coast station at Cuxhaven commenced a regular radio telegraph service. Braun went to the United States at the beginning of World War I (before the U.S. had entered the war) to be a witness for the defense in a lawsuit regarding a patent claim by the Marconi Corporation against the wireless station of Telefunken at Sayville, New York . After

4240-508: The losses of 1000 dB/km in existing glass (compared to 5-10 dB/km in coaxial cable) was due to contaminants, which could potentially be removed. Optical fiber was successfully developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works , with attenuation low enough for communication purposes (about 20 dB /km), and at the same time GaAs (Gallium arsenide) semiconductor lasers were developed that were compact and therefore suitable for transmitting light through fiber optic cables for long distances. After

4320-458: The most popular. Electronic signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals . Signals can be either analog , in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital , in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information. For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment and

4400-403: The music recording industry. The discipline was further enhanced by the large amount of electronic systems development during World War II in such as radar and sonar , and the subsequent peace-time consumer revolution following the invention of transistor by William Shockley , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain . Electronics engineering has many subfields. This section describes some of

4480-605: The other two methods is too costly. As structural engineers , OSP engineers are responsible for the structural design and placement of cellular towers and telephone poles as well as calculating pole capabilities of existing telephone or power poles onto which new plant is being added. Structural calculations are required when boring under heavy traffic areas such as highways or when attaching to other structures such as bridges. Shoring also has to be taken into consideration for larger trenches or pits. Conduit structures often include encasements of slurry that needs to be designed to support

4560-505: The register — a telegraph terminal that integrated a logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This was demonstrated successfully over three miles (five kilometres) on 6 January 1838 and eventually over forty miles (sixty-four kilometres) between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore on 24 May 1844. The patented invention proved lucrative and by 1851 telegraph lines in the United States spanned over 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometres). The first successful transatlantic telegraph cable

4640-405: The schematics into actual layouts, which map the layers of various conductor and semiconductor materials needed to construct the circuit. Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject. Electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electronics engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and

4720-789: The service called for. In addition power requirements have to be calculated and provided to power any electronic equipment being placed in the field. Ground potential has to be taken into consideration when placing equipment, facilities, and plant in the field to account for lightning strikes, high voltage intercept from improperly grounded or broken power company facilities, and from various sources of electromagnetic interference. As civil engineers , OSP engineers are responsible for drafting plans, either by hand or using Computer-aided design (CAD) software, for how telecom plant facilities will be placed. Often when working with municipalities trenching or boring permits are required and drawings must be made for these. Often these drawings include about 70% or so of

4800-613: The signal back into required information. In radio communications , a radio receiver is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna . The information produced by the receiver may be in the form of sound (an audio signal ), images (a video signal ) or digital data . Wired communications make use of underground communications cables (less often, overhead lines), electronic signal amplifiers (repeaters) inserted into connecting cables at specified points, and terminal apparatus of various types, depending on

4880-412: The signal is transmitted. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually air, but solids and liquids may also act as transmission media for sound. Many transmission media are used as communications channel . One of the most common physical medias used in networking is copper wire . Copper wire is used to carry signals to long distances using relatively low amounts of power. Another example of

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4960-461: The structure and withstand the environment around it (soil type, high traffic areas, etc.). As electrical engineers , OSP engineers are responsible for the resistance, capacitance, and inductance (RCL) design of all new plant to ensure telephone service is clear and crisp and data service is clean as well as reliable. Attenuation or gradual loss in intensity and loop loss calculations are required to determine cable length and size required to provide

5040-566: The subfields of electronics engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towards the end of the degree. Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today, most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided design and simulation software programs when designing electronic systems. Although most electronic engineers will understand basic circuit theory,

5120-478: The telegraph industry in the late 19th century and the radio and the telephone industries in the early 20th century. Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the process, such as the television, radio and telephone, are common in many parts of the world. There are also many networks that connect these devices, including computer networks, public switched telephone network (PSTN), radio networks, and television networks. Computer communication across

5200-530: The theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the work they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid-state physics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with embedded systems . Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to electronic engineering courses. Electrical engineering courses have other specialisms such as machines , power generation , and distribution . This list does not include

5280-608: The type of wired communications used. Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves , acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without

5360-400: The types of work they do. Electronics engineers may be found in the pristine laboratory environment of a fabrication plant, the offices of a consulting firm or in a research laboratory. During their working life, electronics engineers may find themselves supervising a wide range of individuals including scientists, electricians, programmers, and other engineers. Obsolescence of technical skills

5440-509: The use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances. A telecom equipment engineer is an electronics engineer that designs equipment such as routers, switches, multiplexers, and other specialized computer/electronics equipment designed to be used in the telecommunication network infrastructure. A network engineer is a computer engineer who is in charge of designing, deploying and maintaining computer networks. In addition, they oversee network operations from

5520-618: The wire center to every destination point. The plant is then taken directly to its destination point or to another small closure called a terminal, where access can also be gained to the plant, if necessary. These access points are preferred as they allow faster repair times for customers and save telephone operating companies large amounts of money. The plant facilities can be delivered via underground facilities, either direct buried or through conduit or in some cases laid under water, via aerial facilities such as telephone or power poles, or via microwave radio signals for long distances where either of

5600-543: The wire center. Overall, CO engineers have seen new challenges emerging in the CO environment. With the advent of Data Centers, Internet Protocol (IP) facilities, cellular radio sites, and other emerging-technology equipment environments within telecommunication networks, it is important that a consistent set of established practices or requirements be implemented. Installation suppliers or their sub-contractors are expected to provide requirements with their products, features, or services. These services might be associated with

5680-492: Was TAT-8 , based on Desurvire optimized laser amplification technology. It went into operation in 1988. In the late 1990s through 2000, industry promoters, and research companies such as KMI, and RHK predicted massive increases in demand for communications bandwidth due to increased use of the Internet , and commercialization of various bandwidth-intensive consumer services, such as video on demand , Internet Protocol data traffic

5760-527: Was a German electrical engineer , physicist and inventor. Braun contributed significantly to the development of radio when he invented the phased array antenna in 1905, which led to the development of radar , smart antennas and MIMO . He built the first cathode-ray tube , which led to the development of television . He also built the first semiconductor . Braun shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Guglielmo Marconi "for their contributions to

5840-534: Was able to transmit problems using teleprinter to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire . This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe computer with remote "dumb terminals" remained popular throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s. However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching —

5920-458: Was able to wirelessly transmit a human voice. On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette pictures at the London department store Selfridges . In October 1925, Baird was successful in obtaining moving pictures with halftone shades, which were by most accounts the first true television pictures. This led to a public demonstration of

6000-453: Was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time. Earlier transatlantic cables installed in 1857 and 1858 only operated for a few days or weeks before they failed. The international use of the telegraph has sometimes been dubbed the " Victorian Internet ". The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in

6080-464: Was established via communication satellites, a host of other commercial telecommunications were also adapted to similar satellites starting in 1979, including mobile satellite phones , satellite radio , satellite television and satellite Internet access . The earliest adaption for most such services occurred in the 1990s as the pricing for commercial satellite transponder channels continued to drop significantly. On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz

6160-588: Was increasing exponentially, at a faster rate than integrated circuit complexity had increased under Moore's Law . Transmitter (information source) that takes information and converts it to a signal for transmission. In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna , produces radio waves . In addition to their use in broadcasting , transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio , such as cell phones , Transmission medium over which

6240-460: Was launched on December 13, 1962, and became the first satellite to broadcast across the Pacific on November 22, 1963. The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony . The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station , where they are then transmitted

6320-554: Was the first active, direct relay commercial communications satellite . Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories , NASA, the British General Post Office , and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, the first privately sponsored space launch. Relay 1

6400-527: Was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In 1960 NASA launched an Echo satellite ; the 100-foot (30 m) aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. Courier 1B , built by Philco , also launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite. Satellites these days are used for many applications such as uses in GPS, television, internet and telephone uses. Telstar

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