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114-416: Over 19,500 councils were registered throughout the country and billions of dollars have been distributed to support their efforts by the government. Communal councils are a group of elected persons from a self-defined residential neighbourhood of about 150 to 400 families in urban areas, or closer to 20 families in rural areas, and potentially 10 in indigenous communities. The principal decision making body of

228-482: A caregiver for Mary. After their wedding, the couple traveled to Saint Augustine . Flagler found the city charming, but the hotel facilities and transportation systems inadequate. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. Although Flagler remained on

342-475: A grain merchant . Equivalent to a 15% discount, they put Standard Oil in position to significantly undercut other oil refineries. By 1872, it led the American oil refining industry, producing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m /d). In 1877, Flagler and his family moved to New York City , which was becoming the center of commerce in the U.S.. In 1885, Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City to

456-477: A transsexual prostitute. The day before committing suicide, Teele had had another telephone conversation with DeFede, who recorded this call without Teele's knowledge, which was illegal under Florida law. DeFede admitted to the Herald ' s management that he had taped the call. Although the paper used quotes from the tape in its coverage, DeFede was fired the next day for violating the paper's code of ethics, and he

570-847: A $ 2,000 scholarship, a Silver Knight statue, an AAdvantage 25,000-mile travel certificate and a medallion (from sponsor American Airlines ). Honorable Mentions each received a $ 500 scholarship and an engraved plaque. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic , the 2020 awards ceremony was live-streamed on May 28 from a video studio at the Miami Herald's newsroom; the nominees attended via Zoom video conference. The Silver Knight Awards have been given in Miami-Dade County since 1959 and in Broward County since 1984. Silver Knight Awards were given to Palm Beach County students from 1985 through 1990. The program

684-647: A 14-acre (5.7 ha) plot in Biscayne Bay , Miami . This facility opened in March 1963. In 2011 the Genting Group , a Malaysian company, offered to pay the Miami Herald Media Company $ 236   million for the current headquarters property. The company began scouting for a new headquarters location after finalizing the sale. The then president and publisher of the media company, David Landsberg, stated that it

798-839: A 55-room beaux arts home designed by the New York-based firm of Carrère and Hastings , which also had designed the New York Public Library and the Pan-American Exposition . Built in 1902 as a wedding present to Mary Lily, Whitehall (now the Flagler Museum ) was a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m ) winter retreat that established the Palm Beach "season" of about 8–12 weeks, for the wealthy of America's Gilded Age . By 1905, Flagler decided that his Florida East Coast Railway should be extended from Biscayne Bay to Key West ,

912-435: A Pulitzer Prize in 1981 for columns which included topics like police brutality and profiling. Publication of a Spanish-language supplemental insert named El Herald began in 1976. It was renamed El Nuevo Herald in 1987, and in 1998 became an independent publication. The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald quickly took diverging editorial directions, sometimes leading to tense relations and conflicting information about

1026-618: A commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. Rockefeller worked in association with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews . Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 2.18 million in 2023 ) on

1140-504: A communal council is the citizens' assembly. The formal functioning committee is composed of the following five units: All council persons are people within the community elected by the citizens' assembly for a period of 2 years. No person can occupy positions in more than one unit at time. The Unit of Social Oversight is a group of five community members elected by the Citizens' Assembly. They are an independent group who monitor and report on

1254-471: A day in prison." Thus, the full extent of Epstein's crimes and his collaborators remained hidden and the victims unaware of this arrangement. In July 2019, Epstein was charged with sex trafficking dozens of minors between 2002 and 2005; reporting at the time noted how the Herald brought public attention to accusations against Epstein. On December 17, 2019, it was announced the Miami Herald would move to

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1368-449: A ground for divorce in Florida. It remains a ground today, but since Florida became a "no fault" divorce state in 1971, there is less need to use that ground to obtain a divorce (dissolution of marriage). On August 24, 1901, 10 days after his divorce, Flagler married Mary Lily at her family's plantation, Liberty Hall , and the couple soon moved into their new Palm Beach estate, Whitehall,

1482-400: A high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in

1596-579: A month later, responding to pressure from the Cuban community in Miami, Díaz resigned after reinstating the fired journalists, saying that "policies prohibiting such behavior were ambiguously communicated, inconsistently applied and widely misunderstood over many years". Nevertheless, he continued to state that such payments, especially if made from organs of the state, violate the principles of journalistic independence . At least seven other journalists who did not work at

1710-399: A new building in suburban Doral . The old building was demolished in 2014. In November 2018, the Herald broke the story that "in 2007, despite substantial evidence that corroborated [female teenagers'] stories of [sexual] abuse by [Jeffrey] Epstein , the U.S. attorney in Miami, Alexander Acosta , signed off on a secret deal for the multimillionaire, one that ensured he would never spend

1824-659: A new facility after a period of remote work . The remote work began prior to the closure of the office, which did occur. The publication sold the Doral office in September 2021, getting $ 27.3 million. In 2023 the newspaper announced its new headquarters would be in the Waterford Business District. The Miami Herald has received 24 Pulitzer Prizes: In the 1960s under the leadership of Women's Page editor Marie Anderson and assistant women's page editor Marjorie Paxson

1938-512: A point 128 miles (206 km) past the end of the Florida peninsula. At the time, Key West was Florida's most populous city, with a population of 20,000, and it was also the United States' deep water port closest to the canal that the U.S. government proposed to build in Panama . Flagler wanted to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as the increased trade with

2052-418: A policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction." Flagler and Rockefeller continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow

2166-557: A re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company . Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. The court ruled that

2280-465: A result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. The " trust " was a corporation of corporations, and

2394-534: A secondary role at Standard Oil. He served as a vice president through 1908 and was part of ownership until 1911. When Flagler's first wife Mary (née Harkness) fell sick, his physician recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. For the first time, Flagler was able to experience the warm, sunny atmosphere of Florida. Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. Ida Alice (née Shourds) Flagler had been

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2508-409: A similar " fairness doctrine " had been upheld for radio and television, and establishing that broadcast and print media had different Constitutional protections. The first African American man to be a reporter at the Herald was Thirlee Smith, Jr. in 1967. The first African American woman to work as a reporter at the Miami Herald was Bea Hines , starting on June 16, 1970. Hines was nominated for

2622-650: A six-days-a-week format. On January 21, 2020, it was announced that the Miami Herald would close its Doral printing plant and move its printing and packaging operations to the South Florida Sun Sentinel 's printing facilities in Deerfield Beach . The Herald stopped printing its own editions as of April 26, 2020. The Miami Herald sponsors several community involvement projects, such as those detailed below. The Wish Book program lets community members who are suffering from hardships ask for help from

2736-529: A store in Republic, Ohio . He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$ 5 per month plus room and board . By 1849, Flagler was promoted to the sales staff at a salary of $ 40 per month. He later joined Daniel in a grain business started with his uncle Lamon in Bellevue, Ohio , and made a small fortune distilling whiskey. He sold his stake in

2850-596: A subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines. This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company , which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes . Standard countered and held back its shipments and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest as well. Flagler and Rockefeller eventually prevailed and

2964-539: A trading post on the Miami River . Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. By 1896, Flagler's railroad, the Florida East Coast Railway, reached Biscayne Bay . Flagler dredged a channel, built streets, instituted

3078-455: A valuable lesson: invest in a business only after thorough investigation. After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. During this time he worked to pay back his stepbrother. Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller , who worked as

3192-483: Is named for, were held in contempt of court by the Dade County Circuit Court for two publications it made on November 2 and November 7 in 1944, both of which were critical of the court's operations. The Supreme Court sided with Pennekamp and the Herald , and ultimately held that under the facts of that case, "the danger to fair judicial administration has not the clearness and immediacy necessary to close

3306-686: Is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum ; his private railcar No. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. On February 24, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Overseas Railroad once terminated. Also, on July 28, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled on the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse, located on Miami's Flagler Street . The Overseas Railroad , also known as

3420-585: Is sponsored by organizations with ties to South Florida; the cash awards have been made possible over the years in part by the support of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation. Miami Herald Media Company, which owns the Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald , is headquartered in Sweetwater, Miami-Dade County, Florida . The previous headquarters, One Herald Plaza, were located on

3534-516: Is the easiest place for many men to gain a living. I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not..., but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment." Flagler allegedly used convicts leased from Florida prison camps, the majority of them African-American, to clear land for the Royal Palm Hotel in Miami and to build the Florida East Coast Railway from West Palm Beach to Miami and

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3648-501: The New York World , Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country." To the critics Flagler and Rockefeller replied, "In a business so large as ours... some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve. We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge." At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As

3762-481: The Caribbean . The Miami Herald has been awarded 24 Pulitzer Prizes . The newspaper has been awarded 24 Pulitzer Prizes since beginning publication in 1903. Well-known columnists include Pulitzer-winning political commentator Leonard Pitts Jr. , Pulitzer-winning reporter Mirta Ojito , humorist Dave Barry and novelist Carl Hiaasen . Other columnists have included Fred Grimm and sportswriters Michelle Kaufman ,

3876-518: The Herald ' s oldest competitor until 1988, when it went out of business. During the Florida land boom of the 1920s , the Miami Herald was the largest newspaper in the world, as measured by lines of advertising. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, the Herald came close to receivership , but recovered. On October 25, 1939, John S. Knight , son of a noted Ohio newspaperman, bought

3990-639: The Herald challenged the law, and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court. The Court unanimously overturned the Florida statute under the Press Freedom Clause of the First Amendment , ruling that "Governmental compulsion on a newspaper to publish that which 'reason' tells it should not be published is unconstitutional." The decision showed the limitations of a 1969 decision, Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission , in which

4104-581: The Herald from Frank B. Shutts. Knight became editor and publisher, and made his brother, James L. Knight , the business manager. The Herald had 383 employees. Lee Hills arrived as city editor in September 1942. He later became the Herald ' s publisher and eventually the chairman of Knight-Ridder Inc. , a position he held until 1981. The Herald was also involved in its first First Amendment Supreme Court case, Pennekamp v. Florida 328 U.S. 331 (1946), in which it and one of its editors, John D. Pennekamp for whom John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park

4218-465: The Herald won four Missouri Lifestyle Journalism Awards (then called the Penney-Missouri Awards) for General Excellence. The section won the award in 1960, the year of the awards' inauguration. In 1961, it won again, and the program director asked Anderson to sit the 1962 awards out. In 1963 the paper took second place, and in 1964 another first, and the paper was barred from competing for

4332-474: The Herald , namely Miguel Cossio, Carlos Alberto Montaner, Juan Manuel Cao, Ariel Remos, Omar Claro, Helen Aguirre Ferre, Paul Crespo, and Ninoska Perez-Castellón, were also paid for programs on Radio Martí or TV Martí , both financed by the government of the United States through the Broadcasting Board of Governors , receiving a total of between US$ 15,000 and US$ 175,000 since 2001. In May 2011,

4446-475: The Herald Hunt , a unique annual puzzlehunt in the Miami area. The Miami Herald Silver Knight Awards is one of the most highly regarded student awards programs in the United States. The Awards program recognizes outstanding individuals and leaders who have maintained good grades and have applied their knowledge and talents to contribute service to their schools and communities. The Silver Knight Awards program

4560-591: The Miami Beach Sun . Louis Wolfson ' s Universal-Marion Co. owned the Miami Beach Sun and the Jacksonville Chronicle newspapers. On 31 May 1963, George B. Storer of Storer Broadcasting sold the Miami Beach Sun , founded in 1929, now the Miami Beach Daily Sun, to the Miami Herald. In December 1971, Larry King had a weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper. In 2002,

4674-460: The Miami Herald on December 1, 1910. Shutts, originally from Indiana, had come to Florida to monitor the bankruptcy proceedings of the Fort Dallas Bank. Although it is the longest continuously published newspaper in Miami, the earliest newspaper in the region was The Tropical Sun , established in 1891. The Miami Metropolis , which later became The Miami News , was founded in 1896, and was

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4788-478: The U.S. Southern Command center. The newspaper used 110,000 square feet (10,000 m ) of space for office purposes. In 2013 there were 650 people working there. The newspaper had purchased land adjacent to the headquarters to build the 119,000-square-foot (11,100 m ) printing plant. The newspaper, working during the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida , was to close its Doral offices in August 2020 and later relocate to

4902-586: The Flagler-owned The Florida Times-Union and other Florida newspapers depending on the Times-Union for material or owned by Flagler published articles to "influence juries and public opinion." The judge instructed the jury to find them not guilty because the "prosecution had failed to prove 'an agreement of minds with evil intent to conspire'." A congressional investigation in 1909 concluded that "there had been little immigrant peonage in

5016-769: The German Palatinate region to Holland in 1688. Zacharra worked in England for several years before moving to Dutchess County, New York , in 1710. His grandson Solomon changed the spelling of the surname to Flagler and passed it on to his 11 children. Flagler's mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler, Isaac's third wife and a widow who had a stepson, Stephen V. Harkness , and a son, Daniel M. Harkness , from her marriage to deceased widower David Harkness of Milan, Ohio . Flagler attended local schools through eighth grade. His half-brother Daniel had left Hopewell to live and work with his paternal uncle Lamon G. Harkness, who had

5130-548: The Hispanic community in the USA. In 1997, the Miami Herald assigned the first national reporter charged with covering LGBT news. Reporter Steve Rothaus, who had been with the paper since 1985, was assigned to this post. After more than 33 years with the paper, Rothaus retired in 2019 as part of a buyout offer made to 450 employees. The Miami Beach Sun is now a subsidiary of the Miami Herald . John D. Montgomery owned and operated

5244-670: The Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 . The railroad was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure . Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham

5358-467: The Miami Herald for each category interviews the nominees in that category. Each panel selects one Silver Knight and three Honorable Mentions in its category for each of the two counties (30 Silver Knights and 90 Honorable Mentions each year). The honorees are revealed during the Silver Knight Awards ceremony, televised locally from Miami's James L. Knight Center . In 2020, Silver Knights received

5472-539: The Miami Herald launched its own Home & Design magazine (created by Sarah Harrelson ). In 2003, the Miami Herald and El Universal of Mexico City created an international joint venture, and in 2004 they together launched The Herald Mexico , a short-lived English-language newspaper for readers in Mexico. Its final issue was published in May 2007. On July 27, 2005, former Miami city commissioner Arthur Teele walked into

5586-472: The Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. In 1901, U.S. Steel , now controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan , having bought Andrew Carnegie 's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. One of

5700-506: The South and none in the ... [railway camps] camps in the Keys. Congress concluded that newspapers in Florida and across the South spread the deceitful news against Flagler." According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. Flager and his lawyers defeated all legal challenges and neither

5814-559: The U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. Standard Oil moved its headquarters to New York City, at 26 Broadway, and Flagler and Rockefeller became central figures in the city's business community. In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission , which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. More threatening to Standard's power

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5928-510: The abundant and cheaper Russian oil fields, including the region's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker. The Paris Rothschilds jumped into the fray providing financing. Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in

6042-546: The application of council resources and activities towards the community development plan. They are also known as the Anti-corruption Unit. The Community Coordination Collective (composed of one elected spokesperson from the Executive Body, Financial Management Unit & Anti-Corruption Unit respectively) is charged with galvanizing community organization, informing and training community members, and coordinating with

6156-507: The board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the corporation to pursue his interests in Florida. He returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. If Smith could raise $ 50,000, Flagler would invest $ 150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Perhaps fortunately for Smith, he couldn't come up with the funds, so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de Leon Hotel by himself, but spent several times his original estimate. Smith helped train

6270-428: The books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. If they refused the offer, Flagler and Rockefeller told them they would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. Flagler and Rockefeller saw themselves as the industry's saviors, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. Standard

6384-739: The business in 1858. In 1862, Flagler and his wife's brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (1833–1884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan . He found that salt mining required more technical knowledge than he had and struggled in the industry during the Civil War. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $ 50,000 investment and an additional $ 50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. Flagler believed that he had learned

6498-586: The circles were present in cities such as Cincinnati, Boston, Miami, Salt Lake City, Knoxville and Milwaukee, with the largest organization in Miami having about 185 members. Eight months after the law was passed, over 16,000 councils had already formed throughout the country. 12,000 of them had received funding for community projects – $ 1 billion total, out of a national budget of $ 53 billion. The councils had established nearly 300 communal banks, which have received $ 70 million for micro-loans. As of March 2007 19,500 councils were registered. The law of Communal Councils

6612-465: The columnist, holding that the potential violation was "without a (living) victim or a complainant". On September 8, 2006, the Miami Herald ' s president Jesús Díaz Jr. fired three journalists because they had allegedly been paid by the United States government to work for anti-Cuba propaganda TV and radio channels. The three were Pablo Alfonso, Wilfredo Cancio Isla and Olga Connor. Less than

6726-543: The company or its employees were ever convicted in court. However, there were many reports of harsh working conditions and forced indebtedness to the company, and malfeasance by labor agents who hired men for the railway. Knetsch concludes that "Flagler in fact provided health care for his employees and was a far better employer than the press alleged." In March 1913, Flagler fell down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall. He never recovered and died in Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20, 1913, at 83 years of age. At 3 p.m. on

6840-417: The complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. The committee ultimately discovered the previously unknown scope of Standard Oil's business interests. Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration . In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced

6954-514: The condition that Flagler be made a partner. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. It was Flagler's idea to use the rebate system to strengthen the firm's position against competitors and the transporting enterprises alike. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as

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7068-635: The day of the funeral, May 23, 1913, every engine on the Florida East Coast Railway stopped wherever it was for ten minutes as a tribute to Flagler. It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. Augustine. Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jennie Louise (née Flagler) Benedict; and granddaughter, Margery [Benedict]. Only his son Harry Harkness Flagler survived of

7182-453: The deal. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company , headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers , led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter, and non-preferential rates were restored for the time being. Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving

7296-597: The door of permissible public comment, and the judgment is reversed as violative of petitioners' right of free expression in the press under the First and Fourteenth Amendments." The Miami Herald International Edition , printed by partner newspapers throughout the Caribbean and Latin America , began in 1946. It is commonly available at resorts in the Caribbean countries such as the Dominican Republic , and, though printed by

7410-485: The early 1880s, Flagler and Rockefeller created one of their most important innovations. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating

7524-403: The efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. In less than four months in 1872, in what was later known as "The Cleveland Conquest" or "The Cleveland Massacre", Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. Eventually, even former antagonists Pratt and Rogers saw

7638-516: The end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S. In 1877, Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad , its chief hauler. Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. The railroad, seeing Standard's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields, struck back and formed

7752-432: The entity's size and wealth drew much attention. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. It had become

7866-552: The exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida . Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan ; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether

7980-525: The first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the oil futures trading . Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. Robert Nobel had established his own refining enterprise in

8094-476: The first water and power systems, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis . When the city was incorporated in 1896, its citizens wanted to honor the man responsible for its growth by naming it "Flagler". He declined the honor, persuading them to use an old Indian name, " Mayaimi ". Instead, an artificial island was constructed in Biscayne Bay called Flagler Monument Island . In 1897, Flagler opened

8208-452: The formation of the trust and its perceived immunity from all competition, by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil." Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. In

8322-460: The futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. Pratt and Rogers became Flagler and Rockefeller's partners. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt , became Secretary of Standard Oil. For many of the competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller had merely to show them

8436-491: The highest capitalization, totaling $ 26,000,000 (equivalent to $ 882 million in 2023). Although Standard Oil was a partnership, Flagler was credited as the brain behind the booming oil refining business. "When John D. Rockefeller was asked if the Standard Oil company was the result of his thinking, he answered, 'No, sir. I wish I had the brains to think of it. It was Henry M. Flagler.'" Flagler served as an active part of Standard Oil until 1882, when he stepped back to take

8550-579: The iconic 26 Broadway location. By the end of the American Civil War , Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides Pittsburgh , New York City, Philadelphia , and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated). By 1869, there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. In June 1870, Flagler and Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio, which rapidly became

8664-462: The largest local newspaper Listín Diario , it is not available outside such tourist areas. It was extended to Mexico in 2002. The Herald won its first Pulitzer Prize in 1950, for its reporting on Miami's organized crime . Its circulation was 176,000 daily and 204,000 on Sundays. On August 19, 1960, construction began on the Herald building on Biscayne Bay . Also on that day, Alvah H. Chapman , started work as James Knight's assistant. Chapman

8778-625: The late Edwin Pope , Dan Le Batard , Bea Hines and Greg Cote. The Miami Herald participates in "Politifact Florida", a website that focuses on Florida issues, with the Tampa Bay Times . The Herald and the Times share resources on news stories related to Florida. In 1903, Frank B. Stoneman, father of Marjory Stoneman Douglas , reorganized and moved the Orlando Record to Miami. The first edition

8892-404: The life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. By 1880, according to

9006-564: The local militia reserves. Communal councils circles exist in other countries and are widespread in Europe, North America, and Australia. In a June 2014 publication by the Center for a Secure Free Society , it was stated that even though some of those circles in Canada had disbanded In the United States, there were about 15 circles throughout the United States in 2005. In an article by The Miami Herald ,

9120-596: The main lobby of the Herald ' s headquarters and phoned Herald columnist Jim DeFede, one of several telephone conversations that the two had had during the day, to say that he had a package for DeFede. He then asked a security officer to tell his (Teele's) wife Stephanie that he loved her, before pulling out a gun and committing suicide . This happened the day the Miami New Times , a weekly newspaper, published salacious details of Teele's alleged affairs, including allegations that he had had sex and used cocaine with

9234-554: The masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on Zorayda. Realizing the need for a sound transportation system to support his hotel ventures, Flagler purchased short line railroads in what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He used convict leasing — "a method undertaken by the Southern States to replace the economic setup of slavery" — to modernize the existing railroads, allowing them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic. His next project

9348-570: The most effective attacks on Flagler and Rockefeller and their firm was the 1905 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company , by Ida Tarbell , a leading muckraker . She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I

9462-518: The most profitable refiner in Ohio. Standard Oil grew to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country. The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil men outside the main oil centers. The cartel received preferential treatment as

9576-487: The nation. According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in

9690-474: The next five years. In 1969 it won another first. Kimberly Wilmot Voss and Lance Speere , writing in the scholarly journal Florida Historical Quarterly , said Anderson "personified" the Penney-Missouri competition's goals. Henry Flagler Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 – May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil , which was first based in Ohio. He

9804-876: The oil industry, he and Rockefeller started building their fortune in refining oil in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland became very well known for oil refining, as, "More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilities and the aggressiveness of the refiners there. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Rockefeller." Flagler and Rockefeller worked hard for their company to achieve such prominence. Henry explained: "We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get." Not only did Flagler and Rockefeller's Standard Oil company become well known in Ohio , they expanded to other states, as well as gained additional capital in purchasing smaller oil refining companies across

9918-537: The oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York." By 1892, Standard Oil had a monopoly over all oil refineries in the United States. In an overall calculation of America's oil refineries' assets and capital, Standard Oil surpassed all. Standard Oil's combined assets equalled approximately $ 42,882,650 (equivalent to $ 1.45 billion in 2023 ) in Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York and Ohio. Standard Oil also had

10032-408: The old distribution system with its own vertical system. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over

10146-445: The paper announced it had sold 14 acres (5.7 ha) of Biscayne Bayfront land surrounding its headquarters in the Arts & Entertainment District of Downtown Miami for $ 236   million, to a Malaysian resort developer, Genting Malaysia Berhad . McClatchy announced that the Herald and El Nuevo Herald would be moving to another location by 2013. In May 2013, the paper moved to

10260-587: The paper's readers. Wishes have included asking for donations to buy medical equipment for a sick child, help with renovations to make a home wheelchair -accessible, monetary donations to an impoverished family dealing with cancer treatments, and help to an elderly resident wanting to learn how to use a computer . Readers may donate to specific causes or to the program at large. The Herald also co-sponsors spelling bees and athletic awards in South Florida. The "Tropic" section and its columnist Dave Barry run

10374-507: The rail extension to Key West. He also used labor agencies to bring around 4,000 new immigrants to Florida who contracted to work until their transportation costs had been paid off. Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery . When the Department of Justice prosecuted four Flagler employment agents in 1908 for "conspiracy to hold workmen in peonage and slavery,"

10488-491: The railroad sold all its oil interests to Standard. But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. The New York State Legislature 's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to

10602-425: The richest, biggest, most feared business in the world, seemingly immune to the boom and bust of the business cycle, consistently racking up profits year after year. Its vast American empire included 20,000 domestic wells, 4,000 miles of pipeline, 5,000 tank cars, and over 100,000 employees. Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% for the rest of the century. In spite of

10716-762: The southern half of the state and purchased the Hotel Ormond, just north of Daytona . He also built the Alcazar Hotel as an overflow hotel for the Ponce de Leon Hotel. The Alcazar is today the Lightner Museum , next to the Casa Monica Hotel in St. Augustine that Flagler bought from Franklin W. Smith . His personal dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Augustine. An immense engineering effort

10830-407: The three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. A large portion of his estate was designated for a "niece" who was said actually to be a child born out of wedlock. When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co. , reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush

10944-638: The trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco , now part of ConocoPhillips ; Pennzoil , now part of Shell ; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco , now part of BP ; Standard of California, which became Chevron , still a separate company; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon ), now part of ExxonMobil ; Standard of New York, which became Mobil , now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio , now part of BP. When Flagler envisioned successes in

11058-506: The two were having an affair. That year he reportedly gave her more than $ 1 million in jewelry. In 1901, Flagler bribed the Florida Legislature and Governor to pass a law that made incurable insanity grounds for divorce, opening the way for Flagler to remarry. Flagler was the only person to be divorced under the law before it was repealed in 1905. It was not until 1969 that a spouse's incurable insanity (mental incapacity) again became

11172-604: The west that the Panama Canal would bring. In 1912, the Florida Overseas Railroad was completed to Key West. Over 30 years, Flagler had invested about $ 50 million in railroad, home and hotel construction and had made donations to suffering farmers after the freeze in 1894. When asked by the president of Rollins College in Winter Park about his philanthropic efforts, Flagler reportedly replied, "I believe this state

11286-572: Was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway . He is also known as a co-founder and major investor of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida . Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York . His father was Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and great-grandson of Zacharra Flegler, whose family had emigrated from

11400-535: Was at the time the largest wooden structure in the world. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Sixty miles (97 km) south, the area today known as Miami

11514-701: Was born in North Carolina . The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. After Flagler's death, she married an old friend, Robert Worth Bingham , who used an inheritance from her to buy the Louisville Courier-Journal . The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in

11628-693: Was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world." Miami's main east–west street is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami . Flagler Avenue is a main route through Key West. There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami ; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. Flagler County, Florida , Flagler Beach, Florida , and Flagler, Colorado , are also named for him. Whitehall, Palm Beach,

11742-399: Was growing horizontally and vertically . It added its own pipelines, tank cars, and home delivery network. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. By

11856-846: Was instituted at the Miami Herald in 1959 by John S. Knight , past publisher of The Miami Herald, founder and editor emeritus of Knight-Ridder Newspapers and winner of the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing. The program is open to high school seniors with a minimum 3.2 GPA (unweighted) in public, charter, private, and parochial schools in Miami-Dade and Broward counties. Students may be recognized in one of 15 categories: Art, Athletics, Business, Digital and Interactive (previously New Media), Drama, English and Literature, General Scholarship, Journalism, Mathematics, Music and Dance, Science, Social Science, Speech, Vocational-Technical, and World Languages. Each school may only nominate one student per category. A panel of independent judges appointed by

11970-620: Was last reaffirmed and updated in November 2009. The Miami Herald 25°48′25″N 80°20′38″W  /  25.8070°N 80.3440°W  / 25.8070; -80.3440 The Miami Herald is an American daily newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company and headquartered in Miami-Dade County , Florida . Founded in 1903, it is the fifth-largest newspaper in Florida, serving Miami-Dade, Broward , and Monroe counties. It once circulated throughout Florida, Latin America , and

12084-711: Was later promoted to Knight-Ridder chairman and chief executive officer. The Herald moved into its new building at One Herald Plaza without missing an edition on March 23–24, 1963. In 1974, the paper also won another press freedom case in Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo . In the case, Pat Tornillo Jr., president of the United Teachers of Dade, had requested that the Herald print his rebuttal to an editorial criticizing him, citing Florida's "right-to-reply" law, which mandated that newspapers print such responses. Represented by longtime counsel Dan Paul ,

12198-476: Was likely guilty of a felony. Many journalists and readers of the Herald disagreed with the decision to fire rather than suspend DeFede, arguing that it had been made in haste and that the punishment was disproportionate to the offense. 528 journalists, including about 200 current and former Herald staffers, called on the Herald to reinstate DeFede, but the paper's management refused to back down. The state attorney's office later declined to file charges against

12312-541: Was not necessary at that point to be located in the city center, and remaining there would be too expensive. The newspaper moved to its current Doral headquarters in 2013. On April 28, 2014, demolition began on the building on Biscayne Bay between the MacArthur and Venetian causeways. In a later period it was headquartered in Doral, Florida . It is located in a two‑story, 160,000-square-foot (15,000 m ) building that had been

12426-537: Was published September 15, 1903, as the Miami Evening Record . After the recession of 1907, the newspaper had severe financial difficulties. In December 1907 it began to publish as the Miami Morning News-Record . Its largest creditor was Henry Flagler . Through a loan from Henry Flagler, Frank B. Shutts, who was also the founder of the law firm Shutts & Bowen , acquired the paper and renamed it

12540-568: Was reportedly unharmed by the freeze. To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. The land owners were Julia Tuttle , whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio , and William Brickell , who ran

12654-456: Was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. The state provided incentive in the form of 3,840 acres (15.5 km ) for every mile (1.6 km) of track constructed. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach , by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. The Royal Poinciana Hotel

12768-436: Was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under

12882-474: Was the Ponce de Leon Hotel, now part of Flagler College . He invested with the guidance of Dr. Andrew Anderson, a native of St. Augustine. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Two years later, he expanded his Florida holdings. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns River to gain access to

12996-444: Was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me." Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. Flagler and Rockefeller began a publicity campaign to put the company and themselves in a better light. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained

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