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81-476: Signify N.V. , formerly known as Philips Lighting N.V. , is a Dutch multinational lighting corporation formed in 2016 as a result of the spin-off of the lighting division of Philips , by means of an IPO . The company manufactures electric lights , light fixtures and control systems for consumers, professionals and the IoT . In 2018, Philips Lighting changed its name to Signify. The company still produces lights under

162-409: A 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp . Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light . Visible light output is typically measured in lumens . This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on

243-488: A Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering

324-529: A Standard Oil subsidiary, erected a memorial at Gesner's grave in Camp Hill Cemetery to pay tribute to his contribution to the petroleum industry. The monument reads "His treatise on the geology and mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1836, was one of the earliest works dealing with those subjects in this province and about 1852 he was the American inventor of the process of kerosene oil. Erected by Imperial Oil Ltd. as

405-420: A building: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for

486-596: A clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. Daylighting

567-830: A dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. In a movie theater , steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low-voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at

648-684: A doctor of medicine and settled in Parrsboro , Nova Scotia in 1827 as a travelling physician. Gesner also continued to pursue his passion for geology, reading the writings of notable geologists and developing a habit of picking up mineral specimens that caught his attention while making his rounds on horseback. In 1836, Gesner published his first book, Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. The book expanded on an earlier geological study by Charles T. Jackson and displayed Gesner's ability to express complicated concepts in simple language. Following

729-442: A live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics. The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among

810-436: A steady income for his family. In 1825, Gesner travelled to London to study medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital under Sir Astley Paston Cooper , and surgery at Guy's Hospital under John Abernethy . While primarily a medical student, Gesner developed an interest in the earth sciences and took lectures in mineralogy and geology. Gesner also established a lifelong relationship with Charles Lyell . Gesner qualified as

891-494: A surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function , a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. Visual comfort often entails the measurement of subjective evaluations. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR),

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972-532: A table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in

1053-485: A time, Gesner remained in New York, practising medicine and continuing his research into hydrocarbons. In 1861, Gesner published A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum and Other Distilled Oils , which was extremely influential in the future development of the petroleum industry and remarkable for the accuracy of his predictions on the future course the refining business would take. Gesner was humble about his contribution to

1134-578: A token of appreciation and for his important contribution to the oil industry." In 2007, Gesner was inducted into the Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame for his contributions to the petroleum industry. The City of Halifax renamed a street at the west end of Fairview between Melrose and Adelaide in honor of Gesner. Formerly a part of Dunbrack Street, the construction of the Dunbrack Street/North West Arm Drive connector during

1215-446: A wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of " light fixture ". A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil . The use of whale oil declined after Abraham Gesner , a Canadian geologist, first refined kerosene in the 1840s, allowing brighter light to be produced at substantially lower cost. In

1296-405: A wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare . Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. An important property of light fixtures

1377-419: A work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate

1458-411: Is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. Further interior light fixtures include chandeliers, pendant lights, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lamps The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices . The standard lamp and shade that sits on

1539-447: Is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement

1620-443: Is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle . The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m ). The CGS unit of luminance

1701-401: Is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency , meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt . A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixtures are, the higher efficacy. Shading

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1782-476: Is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m . The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance , being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux . It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through

1863-510: Is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. Unlike electric lighting,

1944-468: Is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with

2025-617: The New York Commercial Advertiser in August 1859, the plant cost $ 1.25 million to build, employed 200 men, used 30,000 tons of coal per year, and exported 5,000 gallons of kerosene per day. Modern engineers have praised Gesner's efficient design of the factory, differing very little from manufactories built as late as 1914. While the enterprise had not made Gesner extremely wealthy, he lived comfortably in Brooklyn, New York, where he

2106-561: The 1939 World's Fair ) or rope light , occasionally with neon lighting , and recently with LED strip lighting . It is a form of backlighting. Soffit or close to wall lighting can be general or a decorative wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out texture (like stucco or plaster ) on a wall, though this may also show its defects as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used. Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada , "can lights" or 'high hats" in

2187-448: The IoT platform and connected lighting systems aimed at consumers and professionals. Lighting Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . With the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches . As early as 400,000 years ago, fire

2268-571: The US ) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider- angle floodlights , both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors . There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED . Track lighting , invented by Lightolier ,

2349-481: The 1850s, the price of whale oil dramatically increased (more than doubling from 1848 to 1856) due to shortages of available whales, hastening whale oil's decline. By 1860, there were 33 kerosene plants in the United States, and Americans spent more on gas and kerosene than on whale oil. The final death knell for whale oil was in 1859, when crude oil was discovered and the petroleum industry arose. Gas lighting

2430-416: The 1980s prompted the renaming of this segment. There is a street named for Gesner in the west part of Ottawa 's Katimavik-Hazeldean neighbourhood, where the residential streets are named for Canadian inventors. Whether by plan or by coincidence, it dead-ends at an Esso (Imperial Oil) gas station. In 2000, he was honored by the placement of his image on a postage stamp by Canada Post . In 2016, Gesner

2511-758: The Formation of a Company to Work the Combined Patent Rights of Dr. Abraham Gesner, Nova Scotia, and the Right Hon. the Earl of Dundonald of Middlesex, England. The pamphlet offered for sale $ 100,000 in shares of a new company called the Asphalt Mining and Kerosene Company, later renamed the North American Kerosene Company. The pamphlet outlined the numerous uses for kerosene oils and noted that Gesner

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2592-577: The Philips brand. The Lighting division was part of the first activities of Philips , that started in 1891 with an incandescent lamp factory in Eindhoven , the Netherlands. In September 2014, Philips announced that the company intended to split the company into two market-leading entities, one focused on health and medical technology and the other on connected LED lighting. On 3 May 2016, Philips announced

2673-593: The UK-based company Telensa, a smart street lighting controls company. On 20 December 2021, Signify announced it has entered a final agreement with AMS Osram to acquire horticulture lighting company Fluence for $ 272 million, and the deal was completed in May 2022. Signify manufactures lighting-related products, mainly under the Philips brand (used under license), but also as Philips Hue , Color Kinetics and WiZ, among others. Signify's portfolio consists of electric lights and

2754-575: The Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. To define light source color properties,

2835-505: The acquaintance of Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald . The pair planned to set up a company that would illuminate Halifax by using albertite from Albert County, New Brunswick , and bitumen from Trinidad's pitch lake. However, Cochrane's terms of service expired in April 1851, and he returned to England before the pair could bring the project to fruition. Gesner attempted to continue the project on his own, but Halifax's city council awarded

2916-660: The albertite deposit was coal or asphalt. The jury, told by the judge that Cairn's license to mine coal included "other mines and minerals," ultimately sided against Gesner, resulting in albertite's misidentification as "Albert Coal" for the next 30 years. In early 1853, following the outcome of the trial, Gesner and his family moved to New York City, where he had earlier exhibited his kerosene and amassed significant publicity. After arriving in New York, Gesner focused on finding financial backing for his kerosene venture. In March 1853, Gesner partnered with shipbroker Horatio Eagle, who issued an eight-page circular entitled, Project for

2997-400: The benefit of a proposed design. In some instances, the materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect. For example, dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. Other reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in

3078-662: The built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency, and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in a space by using daylight factor calculations. For simple installations, hand calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or complex designs now routinely use computer software such as Radiance for mathematical modeling, which can allow an architect to quickly and accurately evaluate

3159-419: The close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. Lamp types include: Lighting design as it applies to

3240-405: The color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at

3321-513: The company would change its name to Signify, which became effective on 16 May 2018. However, Signify continued to produce some of its lighting products under the Philips brand. On 16 April 2019, Signify acquired the Hong Kong –based Wi-Fi connected lighting provider, WiZ Connected, for an undisclosed amount. On 2 March 2020, Eaton sold its lighting business, Cooper Lighting Solutions, to Signify for $ 1.4 billion. In July 2021, Signify acquired

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3402-415: The correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy not only could be wasted but over-illumination can lead to adverse health and psychological effects. Abraham Gesner Abraham Pineo Gesner , ONB ( / ˈ ɡ ɛ s n ər / ; May 2, 1797 – April 29, 1864) was a Nova Scotian and New Brunswickan physician and geologist who invented kerosene . Gesner

3483-427: The development of the petroleum industry, writing in A Practical Treatise on Coal that "The progress of discovery in this case, as in others, has been slow and gradual. It has been carried on by the labors, not of one mind, but of many, so as to render it difficult to discover to whom the greatest credit is due." After the publication of A Practical Treatise on Coal, Gesner became a distillation consultant, visiting

3564-420: The distribution of daylight varies considerably throughout the entire year inside a building. In recent years light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting . In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics . It is valuable to provide

3645-399: The entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like. Neon signs are most often used to attract attention rather than to illuminate. Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in

3726-502: The eye that affects the human body's clock. The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature . The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for lighting

3807-408: The first public demonstration of the preparation and use of the new lamp fuel in August 1846. Gesner first called his product "keroselain" from two Greek words, κηρός (wax) and λάδι (oil), but later contracted the name to kerosene . Shortly after Gesner's father died on October 13, 1850, he moved his family to Sackville , a small town near Halifax , and in 1852 to Halifax. In Halifax, Gesner made

3888-685: The first summer of his geological surveys, Gesner found a bituminous substance on the Petitcodiac River in Albert County , which he named albertite to differentiate it from coal or asphalt . While in St. John, Gesner amassed an extensive collection of minerals and wildlife specimens, which he assembled into a museum in 1842. Gesner's museum was one of its first of its kind in British North America and had 2173 items in its catalogue. The museum

3969-452: The fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension . A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchère

4050-472: The following year he submitted a report on the living conditions of the Miꞌkmaq population. While visiting Mi'kmaq habitations across the province for his report, Gesner was known to donate his own money to assist impoverished families. In 1842, looking for coal, Gesner travelled to Quebec , where he discovered the first of the great fossil deposits of the future Miguasha National Park . However, little notice

4131-542: The formation of the separated company called Philips Lighting N.V.. Philips stated that the main reason for the demerger was that the medical technology business accounted for more than 40% of sales, while its lighting arm remained a major money-spinner, selling products in 180 countries. The separated entity had an initial public offering on 27 May 2016, valued at US$ 3.4 billion; 25% of the shares were offered. The company listed on Euronext Amsterdam under ticker code "LIGHT". In March 2018, Philips Lighting announced that

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4212-439: The front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in

4293-533: The gas license to a rival group, the Halifax Gas Company. Moreover, although Gesner attempted to receive a lease to mine bitumen in Albert County, another entrepreneur, William Cairns, had already purchased the rights to mine coal in the area. After Cairns had Gesner's men forcibly expelled from the site of the bitumen deposit, Gesner brought suit against Cairns for trespassing. The trial centered on whether

4374-526: The hands of Charles Pratt and Company , a subsidiary of Standard Oil , and continued to operate until May 1951. In 1952, a junk dealer bought the refinery and sold the equipment for scrap. Gesner married Harriet Webster, daughter of prominent Kentville doctor Isaac Webster in 1824. Together, they had seven sons and three daughters, but three children died in infancy. Three of his sons, Brower (1834–1873), John Frederick (1839–1899), and George Weltden (1829–1904), pursued careers in geology and chemistry. For

4455-405: The intersection of two roads to aid in navigation. Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights and be activated with PIR switches that detect moving heat sources in darkness. Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal

4536-409: The lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvins; daylight is around 6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing,

4617-412: The light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability . Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvins of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics ( spectral power distribution ) of

4698-519: The lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source's ability to make objects appear natural. However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as new types of light sources, particularly light-emitting diodes (LEDs), become more prevalent in

4779-469: The lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb occupants as much. Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone

4860-618: The market. For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. Typical measurements of light have used

4941-564: The name. One prominent rival manufacturer, Samuel Downer of Boston, Massachusetts, made an agreement in early 1859 to license the name and Gesner's refinement process. When James Young , a Scottish chemist, who had independently developed a process of distilling a petroleum fuel into a product he named " paraffin oil ," became aware of the North American Kerosene Company's claims, he filed for patent infringement and won. Although Young only began his distillation experiments in 1848, two years after Gesner's first public demonstration of Kerosene, he

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5022-606: The oil fields in Enniskillen Township sometime around 1860. Gesner might have helped James Miller Williams in the development of his petroleum refinery in Hamilton in 1861. In 1863, Gesner returned to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was offered the chair of Natural History at Dalhousie University , but he died on April 29, 1864, before he could take up the position. Gesner was buried in an unmarked grave at Halifax's Camp Hill Cemetery . In 1933, Imperial Oil Ltd., then

5103-501: The publication of Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, Gesner focused his efforts on studying geology and the sciences connected to it. In 1838, the government of New Brunswick appointed Gesner Provincial Geologist, and he moved to Saint John to conduct a geological survey of the province. For five years, Gesner spent his summers on geological fieldwork and his winters classifying specimens and writing reports. Although Gesner's geological studies were of high quality by

5184-505: The raw material was expensive to obtain, and his experiments suggested that one ton of Trinidad bitumen would produce only 42 gallons of oil. Switching his experiments from Trinidad's bitumen to albertite, Gesner found that the burning oil extracted from the substance produced a brighter and cleaner flame compared to lamps using whale oil or coal oil . While undertaking a series of public lectures in Charlottetown , Gesner reportedly gave

5265-410: The removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation . While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts , proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example,

5346-465: The reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are

5427-524: The standards of the 1840s, he had no experience in mining and failed to make a realistic appraisal of the province's mineral reserves. Following the publication of Gesner's geological surveys, local entrepreneurs opened coal and iron mines in Queens County and were quickly disappointed by the extent and quality of the ore. Unhappy investors questioned the validity of Gesner's surveys and the provincial government terminated his employment in 1843. During

5508-651: The tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments. Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat. Measurement of light or photometry

5589-834: The use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e. daylight harvesting ). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems . Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as Zigbee ), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of

5670-700: Was a Loyalist , who emigrated to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution. Gesner was noted to be a great reader and a diligent student. In his early twenties, Gesner began a venture selling horses to plantations in the Caribbean and the United States, but this enterprise failed after he lost most of his horses in two shipwrecks. Financially drained, Gesner returned to the family farm and married Harriet Webster, daughter of prominent Kentville doctor Isaac Webster in 1824. Reportedly, Webster offered to take care of Gesner's debts if he would study medicine and secure

5751-627: Was a financial failure, and when Gesner left New Brunswick, the Saint John Mechanics’ Institute acquired the objects. In 1890, the Natural History Society of New Brunswick took over the collection, which is today a part of the New Brunswick Museum . Following the termination of his geological appointment in 1843, Gesner returned to his family homestead at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in order to be with his father who

5832-429: Was a prominent figure in the local church and community. By the late 1850s, the North American Kerosene Company began to face increased competition as various coal oil competitors entered the scene. In response to the increased competition, the North American Kerosene Company published a pamphlet on March 28, 1859, that advised customers that kerosene is their registered trademark and that oils made by others can not use

5913-592: Was born in Cornwallis , Nova Scotia (now called Chipmans Corner) and lived much of his life in Saint John, New Brunswick . He died in Halifax , Nova Scotia. He was an influential figure in the development of the study of Canadian geology and natural history. Abraham Pineo Gesner was born on May 2, 1797, in Cornwallis , King's County , Nova Scotia . He was one of 12 children raised by Henry Gesner and Sarah Pineo, His father

5994-773: Was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1880s with the introduction of electric lighting in the form of arc lights for large space and street lighting , followed by incandescent light bulb -based utilities for indoor and outdoor lighting. Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. Lighting fixtures come in

6075-488: Was first to file an American patent for his process in 1852. Thereafter, the North American Kerosene Company had to pay royalties to Young. Following the discovery of oil in Enniskillen Township and Pennsylvania , the North American Kerosene Company began using petroleum to produce kerosene instead of coal at about one third the cost. Sometime after the trial, the company replaced Gesner with Luther Atwood as chief chemist. The Newton Creek plant eventually passed into

6156-596: Was kindled in the caves of Peking Man . Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease , and had a fiber wick . Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France , dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with

6237-459: Was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall . It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of

6318-517: Was slightly less volatile and was intended mainly for mixing with the other grades. Kerosene C was the lamp fuel, which came to be known as "coal-oil" or "carbon-oil." Under Gesner's guidance, the North American Kerosene Company began constructing a coal oil refinery on a seven-acre tract at Newtown Creek , Long Island , the first of its kind in North America. By 1856, the firm was selling kerosene for use as lamp fuel. According to an article in

6399-484: Was taken of his report until the fossils were rediscovered in 1879. Gesner likely began experimenting with hydrocarbons in the 1840s. Utilizing a sample of bitumen from Trinidad's Pitch Lake that he collected while shipping horses across the Atlantic, Gesner developed a method of extracting oils and gas from bituminous substances. Gesner found that the first product was not satisfactory as it had an offensive odour,

6480-455: Was the company's chief chemist, hired on for a "moderate salary." On June 27, 1854, Gesner obtained U.S patents 11,203, 11,204, and 11,205 for "Improvement in kerosene burning fluids," but he transferred patent rights to the North American Kerosene Company. In the patents, Gesner described three distinct types of kerosene, which he labelled kerosenes A, B and C. Kerosene A was the most volatile fraction, known today as gasoline . Kerosene B

6561-417: Was then 87 years old. While working on the family farm, Gesner also continued to practice medicine, write books, give public lectures and conduct experiments. He published notes for emigrants to New Brunswick, outlined the industrial resources of Nova Scotia, and built an electrical motor driven by a voltaic battery . In 1846, the government of Nova Scotia appointed Gesner Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and

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