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66-593: Players fight in numerous space combat missions using one of seven pre-selected League of Free Worlds starfighters (although in one mission, the player gets to use one captured Navy fighter). The selection is due to the League High Command's decisions for efficiency in every given mission. Each starfighter carries a certain combination of energy weapons, missiles or torpedoes, and a number of units are equipped with nonlethal EMP cannons. The player can also use countermeasures to shake off inbound enemy missiles and/or use

132-471: A Van de Graaff generator or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and then discharge the body through a high resistance, in order to avoid the risk of a harmful shock pulse when stepping away. Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe. According to research from Edd Gent,

198-401: A grapple gun to capture targets of importance. The stages are divided into several "Acts" with three missions each. Multiple paths and outcomes are available throughout the game, depending on the player's performance. Completing or failing missions does not always define the ultimate success or failure of the campaign, and certain missions are vital turning points which can dramatically affect

264-430: A magnetic field , or as a conducted electric current . The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP can disrupt communications and damage electronic equipment. An EMP such as a lightning strike can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering. The first recorded damage from an electromagnetic pulse came with

330-472: A 2016 article for the Tokyo -based nonprofit organization Center for Information and Security Trade Control, Onizuka warned that a high-altitude EMP attack would damage or destroy Japan 's power, communications and transport systems as well as disable banks, hospitals and nuclear power plants . Tim Wright (Welsh musician) Tim Wright , known professionally as Cold Storage (stylised as CoLD SToRAGE ),

396-482: A 2019 report by the Electric Power Research Institute , which is funded by utility companies, found that a large EMP attack would probably cause regional blackouts but not a nationwide grid failure and that recovery times would be similar to those of other large-scale outages. It is not known how long these electrical blackouts would last, or what extent of damage would occur across the country. It

462-451: A characteristic damped sine wave . Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growing and decaying within the longer-lived envelope of the double-exponential curve. A damped sinewave typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequency spread than the original pulse, due to the transfer characteristic of the coupling mode. In practice, EMP test equipment often injects these damped sinewaves directly rather than attempting to recreate

528-491: A circuit causes an abrupt change in the current flowing. This can in turn cause a large pulse in the electric field across the open contacts, causing arcing and damage. It is often necessary to incorporate design features to limit such effects. Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However,

594-430: A common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines, which caused radio sets to crackle and TV sets to show stripes on the screen. CISPR 25 was established to set threshold standards that vehicles must meet for electromagnetic interference(EMI) emissions. At a high voltage level an EMP can induce a spark, for example from an electrostatic discharge when fuelling

660-530: A controlled EMP to wipe such magnetic media. A very large EMP event, such as a lightning strike or an air bursted nuclear weapon, is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. A good means of protection

726-523: A few exceptions, such as a solar magnetic flare . A pulse of electromagnetic energy typically comprises many frequencies from very low to some upper limit depending on the source. The range defined as EMP, sometimes referred to as "DC [direct current] to daylight", excludes the highest frequencies comprising the optical ( infrared , visible , ultraviolet ) and ionizing ( X and gamma rays ) ranges. Some types of EMP events can leave an optical trail, such as lightning and sparks, but these are side effects of

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792-565: A gasoline-engined vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them. A large and energetic EMP can induce high currents and voltages in the victim unit, temporarily disrupting its function or even permanently damaging it. A powerful EMP can also directly affect magnetic materials and corrupt the data stored on media such as magnetic tape and computer hard drives . Hard drives are usually shielded by heavy metal casings. Some IT asset disposal service providers and computer recyclers use

858-406: A high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel vapor to the air, the fuel nozzle is first connected to the aircraft to safely discharge any static. The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in

924-506: A large low-inductance capacitor bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a microwave generator, and an explosively pumped flux compression generator . To achieve the frequency characteristics of the pulse needed for optimal coupling into the target, wave -shaping circuits or microwave generators are added between the pulse source and the antenna . Vircators are vacuum tubes that are particularly suitable for microwave conversion of high-energy pulses. NNEMP generators can be carried as

990-651: A man known as the Father leading the fight. The Empire's Colonial Navy sends a fleet to attack League forces in the Gallonigher system , but the League executes hit-and-run strikes as they fall back to the main capital planet, Bennay. When the Navy overextends its forces for the assault on Bennay, the League lures them into a trap inside a nearby asteroid belt , where the Navy strike fleet is destroyed. The game picks up several months after

1056-565: A payload of bombs, cruise missiles (such as the CHAMP missile) and drones , with diminished mechanical, thermal and ionizing radiation effects, but without the consequences of deploying nuclear weapons. The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only one millionth the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight. The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from within

1122-458: A point of their defeat. According to Psygnosis product marketing manager Mark Day, Colony Wars and G-Police were "neck and neck" as far as getting the biggest financial push from the company. The in-game soundtrack was written and produced by Tim Wright , who also composed music for the Wipeout series of games released by Psygnosis . Colony Wars received critical acclaim. Reviewers lauded

1188-468: A range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by: The frequency spectrum and the pulse waveform are interrelated via the Fourier transform which describes how component waveforms may sum to the observed frequency spectrum. EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms: According to Maxwell's equations , a pulse of electric energy will always be accompanied by a pulse of magnetic energy. In

1254-528: A specialized version of a Marx generator . Examples include the huge wooden-structured ATLAS-I simulator (also known as TRESTLE) at Sandia National Labs , New Mexico, which was at one time the world's largest EMP simulator. Papers on this and other large EMP simulators used by the United States during the latter part of the Cold War , along with more general information about electromagnetic pulses, are now in

1320-544: A surprise counterattack into Draco system, by using the same captured Gallonigher battle platform to open a warphole into the Draco system. If the player is defeated on Gallonigher, with the failure to secure the Gallonigher battle platform, the League struggles defending the Gallonigher and takes so long time to secure the system, that the Navy has enough time to regroup its forces and leave the system to look elsewhere for its spoils. Their new target will be Diomedes system. The League

1386-505: A tactical stalemate after the Faction is defeated. The Earth Empire could never concentrate its forces enough to finish the League off without invoking more similar rebellions on the systems where Empire's forces would leave, while the League could never truly defeat the Earth Empire by their meager resources. As a result: The League gains independence from the Earth Empire, but agrees to support

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1452-415: A typical pulse, either the electric or the magnetic form will dominate. It can be shown that the non-linear Maxwell's equations can have time-dependent self-similar electromagnetic shock wave solutions where the electric and the magnetic field components have a discontinuity. In general, only radiation acts over long distances, with the magnetic and electric fields acting over short distances. There are

1518-456: Is a Faraday shield designed to protect certain items from being destroyed. Like any electromagnetic interference , the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made. Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and hardening or protecting it from harm. Man-made sources, other than weapons, are also subject to control measures in order to limit

1584-561: Is a Welsh video game music composer most known for his work in video game soundtracks such as Shadow of the Beast II , Agony , Lemmings , Wipeout and Colony Wars . His first commercial works were created using the Amiga in the early 1990s and featured in computer games published by Psygnosis . He left Sony in 1997 to form Jester Interactive , developing music creation software for home consoles, such as Music and Music 2000 for

1650-403: Is a double-exponential curve which climbs steeply, quickly reaches a peak and then decays more slowly. However, pulses from a controlled switching circuit often approximate the form of a rectangular or "square" pulse. EMP events usually induce a corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to

1716-429: Is forced to split its struggling forces to prevent Navy from conquering Diomedes, which holds a great importance to the League, as it is one of the League's most loyal ally and a critical source of resources. If the player loses any Act on Diomedes, the Earth Empire wins the war as the Navy manages to conquer Diomedes and eliminate last pockets of its resistance, before launching a full-scale invasion on Gallonigher. While

1782-456: Is left badly damaged and demoralized. As a result, they decide to launch a counterattack on the Alpha Centauri system, where a civil war is raging in between League supporters and Earth Empire loyalists. It is also possible to be sent to Alpha Centauri by being defeated on Draco system. Instead of fighting against the Navy here (or at least most of the time), the League ends up fighting against

1848-457: Is possible on PlayStation. The special effects used throughout are both eye-popping and superior to just about anything that has come before on any platform. Simply put, this game is not to be missed." EGM ' s Shawn Smith went so far as to say that the graphics were the best of any PlayStation game to date. Colony Wars was the first title in a series that included two sequels: Vengeance (1998) and Red Sun (2000). In 2010, UGO listed

1914-658: Is possible that neighboring countries of the U.S. could also be affected by such an attack, depending on the targeted area and people. According to an article from Naureen Malik, with North Korea's increasingly successful missile and warhead tests in mind, Congress moved to renew funding for the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack as part of the National Defense Authorization Act . According to research from Yoshida Reiji, in

1980-461: Is to use a current clamp in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to the equipment under test. The damped sine wave generator is able to reproduce the range of induced signals likely to occur. Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the subject's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate

2046-473: The PlayStation and MTV , and Music Generator and Music 3000 for the PlayStation 2 , before leaving with his brothers to form Checkmate Solutions Limited. At Checkmate, Wright developed several musical sequencing products for Empire Interactive plc. under the eJay brand. He subsequently left to form his own company, Tantrumedia Limited, where he composes music, designs music sequencing software and oversees

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2112-630: The Battle of Bennay, when the player character signs up for combat duty with the League as it fully mobilizes for war. The player's first missions are set in the League's home star system of Gallonigher, where the League forces are fending off against the Navy's raid attacks. If the player is successful on Gallonigher, the League manages to capture Gallonigher's battle platform, which upholds the warphole in between Draco and Gallonigher systems and successfully close it without wasting too much resources or forces while doing so. This offers them an opportunity to launch

2178-459: The Earth Empire and the preservation of the Sol system as a tribute to its status as the mankind's birthplace. If the player is defeated on Alpha Centauri, The Faction manages to seize the control of the League and makes peace with the Earth Empire by making a deal: In return for a chance to return to the League's home colonies and there declare a victory over the Earth Empire, The Faction would ensure that

2244-528: The Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid- stratosphere , which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a much stronger EMP than is normally produced in the denser air at lower altitudes. Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include

2310-515: The Empire's interstellar expansion. As the colonies become more prosperous, the inhabitants become discontent as most of their mined resources are used to benefit Earth . A peaceful insurrection in the 47th century results in the Earth Empire's leader, the Tzar, personally leading the destruction of a rebellious planet. Stunned by the carnage, the other colonies band together as the League of Free Worlds, with

2376-641: The Holidays" several months before EGM reviewed the game, and in EGM ' s 1997 Editors' Choice Awards, it was a runner-up for "Best PlayStation Game of the Year" (behind Castlevania: Symphony of the Night ), "Best Graphics" (behind Final Fantasy VII ), and "Best Sound" (behind Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee ). GamePro gave it a 4.5 out of 5 in control and sound and a perfect 5.0 in graphics and fun factor, saying it "easily ranks as

2442-405: The League an opportunity to launch attack on the Sol system If player is defeated on Sol, it results in the canonical ending, in which the League is forced to retreat from Sol, but they manage to seal the Sol warp hole as they leave by destroying the Sol battle platform, sealing the Sol system and effectively imprisoning the Earth Empire. Due to a lack of resources, a civil war breaks out throughout

2508-420: The League or the Earth Empire. The development team decided to scrap this option in order to provide a larger mission base for the game. Recognizing that in other games with branching paths based around mission success or failure, players tended to simply retry a mission whenever they failed, the team attempted to conceal mission failure by having the mission-tree move the player on to the next branch without making

2574-438: The Sol system and the Earth Empire collapses. This sets up the plot for Colony Wars: Vengeance , a sequel set 20–30 years later. Success in the Sol system requires that the player defeat the Tzar's personal Super Titan (a final boss). The League wins the war as the Earth Empire unconditionally surrenders and the Tzar is declared "gone and vanished". With the Earth Empire defeated, the people of Sol are no longer limited to leave

2640-435: The Sol system so many migrate to the other colonized worlds and star systems. Earth Empire's fall also results to the independence of all the colonized star systems and their worlds. If the player gets this ending without failing any act or mission during the entire campaign, there will be an additional scene: A disc-shaped spaceship, flying above an unknown sun. In the original design, players could choose to fight for either

2706-582: The Sony PSP with Wipeout Pure . In 2006, Wright created music for games on the Nintendo DS , PSP and PC. In 2008, Wright released his Android Child and Cold Storage HD albums. In 2009, Wright wrote music for more games on the DS, Wii and PlayStation 3 , including Gravity Crash . He also released his fourth studio album, Project Moonbounce 2009 , which features sounds created by bouncing radio signals off

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2772-501: The actual threat conditions. A small-scale ESD simulator may be hand-held. Bench- or room-sized simulators come in a range of designs, depending on the type and level of threat to be generated. At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries. The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simulators used

2838-436: The amount of pulse energy emitted. The discipline of ensuring correct equipment operation in the presence of EMP and other RF threats is known as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). To test the effects of EMP on engineered systems and equipment, an EMP simulator may be used. Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique

2904-578: The best space-combat game on the PlayStation." Edge praised the game's graphics and presentation values, but criticized its superficial gameplay, stating that the game "proves little more than a 3D interpretation of Asteroids ." GameSpot took the reverse position, saying that the storyline and general mission presentation are bland, but that the gameplay excels due to the intense situations which arise during combat. Next Generation stated, "A technological marvel, Colony Wars seems to redefine what

2970-617: The care of the SUMMA Foundation, which is hosted at the University of New Mexico. The US Navy also has a large facility called the Electro Magnetic Pulse Radiation Environmental Simulator for Ships I (EMPRESS I). High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching

3036-519: The current flow through the air and are not part of the EMP itself. The waveform of a pulse describes how its instantaneous amplitude (field strength or current) changes over time. Real pulses tend to be quite complicated, so simplified models are often used. Such a model is typically described either in a diagram or as a mathematical equation. Most electromagnetic pulses have a very sharp leading edge, building up quickly to their maximum level. The classic model

3102-497: The explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by Andrei Sakharov in the Soviet Union, but nations kept work on non-nuclear EMP classified until similar ideas emerged in other nations. Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example,

3168-413: The flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP. Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude is usually small and the signal may be treated as "noise" or "interference". The switching off or "opening" of

3234-440: The game's graphics, mission branching system, controls (particularly with analog joypads), selection of weapons and craft, and the way the game achieved a feeling of actually being present in an epic space battle. IGN elaborated that "The game has an incredible sense of scale and space ... One minute you're flying your small attack fighter through a formation of giant (and I mean h-u-g-e) space cruisers, desperately trying to avoid

3300-432: The game's plot. Players can view their combat records in the game. They can also access a database of planets and ships, with full voiceovers. The Solar system is fully stripped of its natural resources by the fifth millennium. As a result, the Earth Empire sends out expeditionary sleeper ships to distant planets found to have abundant natural resources and harvests them. The discovery of hyperspace technology accelerates

3366-400: The group known as "The Faction", which is a group formed by the former League participants who have grown discontent to the League and The Father and have decided to make an attempt to seize the entire control of the League to themselves. The Faction is fully supported by the Earth Empire. If the player is successful on Alpha Centauri, the Earth Empire and the League forge a peace as they reach

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3432-429: The high-energy threat pulses. In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train. An EMP arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band damped sine wave response in

3498-458: The main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts. ESD events are characterized by high voltages of many kV, but small currents sometimes cause visible sparks. ESD is treated as a small, localized phenomenon, although technically a lightning flash is a very large ESD event. ESD can also be man-made, as in the shock received from a Van de Graaff generator . An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting

3564-504: The many millions of transistors in a modern computer may switch repeatedly at frequencies above 1  GHz, causing interference that appears to be continuous. A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a nuclear explosion . The resulting rapidly changing electric fields and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges . The intense gamma radiation emitted can also ionize

3630-552: The massive laser beams they're firing at you, and the next you're flying like a madman in the midst of a swarm of tiny enemy attack fighters trying to destroy them before they send you floating home in pieces." Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it their "Game of the Month" award, with Crispin Boyer calling it "a breathtaking epic" and Kraig Kujawa "top-notch in just about every way possible." Boyer also made Colony Wars his pick for "Sleeper Hit of

3696-407: The moon, to mark World Moonbounce or Earth Moon Earth (EME) day. The soundtrack album to Gravity Crash was released in 2010 as Gravity Crash Anthems , Wright's fifth studio album. This was followed soon after by his sixth studio album, Tik Tak . Wright's track "Tangerine" was given away as a free limited edition download as part of the 2010 Cold Storage Easter Promotion. It was unavailable to

3762-525: The named CoLD SToRAGE; the name "Cold Storage" came from his office studio in Wavertree Technology Park during his time at Psygnosis, which was a poorly insulated small room with tin sheets . In 2005, he released the CoLD_SToRAGE double album Melt , and also designed a new version of the dance/hip hop eJay music software for Empire Interactive, and made a return to Wipeout , this time for

3828-472: The old life of oppression and theft could continue unchecked and that the Earth Empire would gain all the resources it needs, until the colonies will have nothing left to give. The Faction executes most of the League participants, but a handful of them manage to escape. If the player is defeated on Draco, the league are forced to flee into the Alpha Centauri. If the player is successful on Draco, this gives

3894-756: The production of websites and other multimedia projects. Wright worked as a computer programmer for Littlewoods/Index the Catalogue Shop in the late 1980s, writing compositions for computer-based demos . His composition " Puggs in Space " brought him to the attention of Ian Hetherington , managing director of Psygnosis , who hired him to create music for a number of Psygnosis's Amiga and Atari ST games, some of which won awards. He eventually left Littlewoods to work full-time at Psygnosis, as senior sound artist on projects such as Lemmings , Wipeout , Wipeout 2097 and Colony Wars . Leaving Psygnosis in 1997, Wright

3960-475: The remains of the League are attempting to make a one last desperate escape from the Diomedes system back to Gallonigher, a warphole appears behind them from where the Tzar's personal Super Titan flagship "Tsunami" appears and wipes away the League's retreating forces bringing end to The League of Free Worlds and its rebellion. If the player is successful on Diomedes, the League manages to fend off Navy's attacks, but

4026-585: The series among its top ten most deserving of sequels. Star Trek: Invasion (2000) is a similar space combat simulator for the PlayStation developed by many of the same people that worked on the Colony Wars series. Electromagnetic pulse An electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ), also referred to as a transient electromagnetic disturbance ( TED ), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an electromagnetic field , as an electric field , as

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4092-482: The solar storm of August 1859, or the Carrington Event . In modern warfare, weapons delivering a high energy EMP are designed to disrupt communications equipment, the computers needed to operate modern warplanes, or even put the entire electrical network of a target country out of commission. An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over

4158-399: The surrounding air, creating a secondary EMP as the atoms of air first lose their electrons and then regain them. NEMP weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area. A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above

4224-403: The surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular pulse trains . Different types of EMP arise from natural, man-made, and weapons effects. Types of natural EMP events include: Types of (civil) man-made EMP events include: Types of military EMP include: Lightning is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to

4290-423: The weapon, while nuclear weapons generate EMP as a secondary effect. These facts limit the range of NNEMP weapons, but allow finer target discrimination. The effect of small e-bombs has proven to be sufficient for certain terrorist or military operations. Examples of such operations include the destruction of electronic control systems critical to the operation of many ground vehicles and aircraft. The concept of

4356-673: Was involved in the formation of Jester Interactive , with the intention of bringing music creation and mixing to Sony's original PlayStation console. The resulting MUSICtm and MTV Music Generator series received industry awards, and several editions of the MUSICtm Software were released. Eventually Wright left with his brother Lee to form Checkmate Solutions, in order to design a new range of eJay music sequencing software. In 2003, Wright formed his own multimedia company, Tantrumedia Ltd., involved in web space provision, website creation, software production, design, and music released under

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