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97-511: Colonial Plaza is a shopping mall in Orlando, Florida , United States. Opened in 1956, it was the largest retail development in the state of Florida at the time of its construction. The original complex included two supermarkets and two variety stores, plus a Belk department store. It underwent multiple expansions in its history, the first of which added a Jordan Marsh department store and an enclosed mall concourse. Further expansion in 1973 added
194-523: A 230,000-square-foot (21,000 m) Jordan Marsh department store. This expansion increased the size of the property to 600,000 square feet (56,000 m) and over 57 stores, making it the largest shopping center in Florida at the time. Jordan Marsh's store featured a mix of "tropical colors" and pastel tones, along with Venetian glass and rosewood paneling. Jordan Marsh had originally wanted to locate downtown, but chose to locate at Colonial Plaza instead as
291-551: A bank, and a bowling alley. A second expansion was announced in 1972, consisting of a second mall concourse behind the Jordan Marsh store, and leading to a newer, larger Belk department store. This expansion, known as the South Mall, would bring the mall's overall size to 800,000 square feet (74,000 m) and over 100 shops, and had a projected cost of $ 6,000,000 (equivalent to $ 43,704,057 in 2023). Coinciding with this expansion,
388-442: A camera shop, and several local clothing stores. It also featured a Walgreens pharmacy which had relocated from downtown Orlando, and two national shoe stores: Kinney Shoes and Thom McAn . All of the stores opened to a specially designed sidewalk, which was tinted green to reduce glare, and protected by overhangs from each store. The center's parking lot had over 2,000 spaces, and was illuminated by mercury-vapor lamps . Overall,
485-554: A chainwide liquidation in mid-1997, and by 1999, their building had been retenanted by Staples . Weingarten Realty acquired the property from Cousins/Newmarket in 2001. At the time of acquisition, the center was 97 percent leased. Under their ownership, many changes in key tenants occurred. Rhodes Furniture closed and became a flooring/tile store called Floor & Decor in 2007. Both Linens 'n Things and Circuit City closed in 2009 after those chains filed for bankruptcy. Taking their respective places at Colonial Plaza were Big Lots and
582-482: A few jurisdictions, notably California , have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. The Supreme Court decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of
679-669: A free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. This is a list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m (2,700,000 sq ft). Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. Belk Belk, Inc.
776-558: A hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile . Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square , Dragon Centre , Apm , Langham Place , ISQUARE , Hysan Place and The One . A vertical mall may also be built where
873-489: A large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow . In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class. A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use
970-567: A leak in late 1982 prior to the renovation, but reopened elsewhere in the mall as a Hallmark Cards franchise. Once renovations were complete, many new mall stores opened including Gap , Miracle-Ear , and Fanny Farmer . The owner of the Gap store in the mall noted that sales at his store were slow since it was in the Belk wing, thus putting it further away from main shopper traffic in the Ivey's and Jordan Marsh end of
1067-520: A major competitor to shopping malls. In the United States , online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales. In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business. To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes. In the United States,
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#17330942615081164-939: A mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom . Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside ); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley ). One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets . Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards , over central business districts (CBD) or downtowns , which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage. In response,
1261-462: A part of the chain's online bridal and gift registry. The chain revamped its website and registry on September 15, 2008. Celebrity-branded product lines are another pursuit, including a partnership with actress Kristin Davis for a ladies apparel and accessories collection which debuted in fall 2008 in 125 store locations and online. However, that product line was discontinued in late 2009. In July 2020, it
1358-1033: A pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace. In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres . In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in North America , particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called " dead malls ". Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers , lifestyle centers , factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces . In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities. In many European countries and Asian countries , shopping malls continue to grow and thrive. In
1455-475: A performance hall) would be built by Florida State Theaters Inc. on an outparcel facing Bumby Avenue. Colonial Plaza marked a shift in shopping patterns for the Orlando market, as many major retailers that had been previously operational downtown had moved either to it or to other suburban developments. Among the stores to move out of downtown Orlando in favor of a suburban location was Sears , which built across from
1552-789: A popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included Main Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now Fashion District Philadelphia ) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air pedestrian malls . In
1649-566: A population of less than 1,500. In 1998, the company formed a new entity (Belk, Inc.) that merged the 112 remaining Belk companies, swapping the existing partners' local interests for shares in the combined entity; for example, the Hudson family in Raleigh received almost 5% of the shares. The same year, Belk made a deal to acquire seven Dillard's locations in exchange for nine of theirs so that each could build on regional strengths. Slowly, Belk eliminated
1746-414: A relatively unusual practice . By 1909, the company had moved its headquarters to Charlotte and built a huge flagship store on Trade and Tryon Streets in downtown Charlotte, which would remain the company's headquarters until it was closed in 1988 to make way for the construction of what is now Bank of America Corporate Center . The business grew steadily, relying on "bargain sales" and advertising to grow
1843-753: A second enclosed wing and a relocation of Belk, while Ivey's was added in 1983 and sold to Dillard's in 1990. The center's vacancy increased in the early 1990s due to competition from Orlando Fashion Square and complexities with the property's layout, with Jordan Marsh, Dillard's, and Belk all closing between 1991 and 1995. A renovation between 1995 and 1996 restructured the complex into an open-air power center . Since 2001, it has been owned and managed by Weingarten Realty . Major tenants include Total Wine & More , Hobby Lobby , Ross Dress for Less , Staples , Bealls Outlet , Marshalls , Old Navy , Big Lots , Barnes & Noble , and Petco . Groundbreaking for Colonial Plaza began in mid-1954. The site chosen for
1940-540: A similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)" , using its pink-M logo; when it sells
2037-454: A store in Miami in 1972, offering a wider variety of merchandise than its usual stores and featuring a 140-seat restaurant. Another expansion was announced in 1982. This expansion consisted of a two-story, 85,200 square feet (7,920 m) Ivey's department store, which would connect to the existing property in front of Woolworth via a 45-foot (14 m)-wide hallway lined with kiosks. In addition,
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#17330942615082134-522: A variation of the old logo. By 2014, the chain operated 293 stores in 16 states, generating $ 4 billion in sales in 2014. The state of North Carolina leads in the number of Belk stores with 65 stores followed by Georgia and South Carolina with 45 and 35 stores respectively. Its typical store covers 100,000 to 180,000 square feet. 50% of its stores are in regional malls, another 40% in open-air community or retail parks , and 10% in open-air lifestyle centers . On April 3, 2015, news reports revealed that Belk
2231-653: A year before the Great Recession , no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City , which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession. Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without
2328-612: Is an American department store chain founded in 1888 by William Henry Belk in Monroe, North Carolina , with nearly 300 locations in 16 states. Belk stores and Belk.com offer apparel, shoes, accessories, cosmetics, home furnishings, and a wedding registry. Belk was founded in 1888 by William Henry Belk in Monroe, North Carolina , outside Charlotte. The store was first called New York Racket and then Belk Brothers , after Belk made his brother, physician John Belk, his partner. Belk bought in volume to pass savings on and sold at fixed prices, then
2425-524: Is another Sycamore Partners-owned company), would replace Tim Belk as CEO of Belk. This would be the first time since the founding of the company that a non-Belk family member would head the company. Even as Belk has made its recent acquisitions, the chain has operated limited electronic commerce on its website, and those websites acquired and redirected to Belk.com. Home furnishings such as bedding, small kitchen appliances, crystal, dinnerware, and china have been offered for several years to online shoppers as
2522-514: The News & Observer reported that Belk planned to update its logo. On October 12 at SouthPark Mall , Belk introduced the new logo, its first since 1967. The chain embarked on a $ 70 million marketing campaign that replaced the old slogan "All for You!" with a new slogan, "Modern. Southern. Style." Sixty stores got new signs in the first phase, with the remainder getting new signs throughout 2011. Advertisements for Belk & Co. jewelry continue to use
2619-647: The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), beginning in 2014. Under the agreement, the bowl featured teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). On November 20, 2019, Belk announced that it would no longer be the title sponsor for the bowl game following the 2019 playing. Overall, Belk was the title sponsor for nine editions of the bowl (2011–2019). The chain has multiple "flagship" locations—larger locations in urban and metropolitan centers, and
2716-519: The overhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors). Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. Thus,
2813-472: The 1962-era mall from the South Mall. Other issues with the mall's design were brought up by many of its tenants at the time, including its "hybrid" design from being a traditional strip mall that was expanded; the distance between the Ivey's and Belk stores; and the lack of restaurants or a food court , due to original tenant Ronnie's Restaurant holding veto power over other food vendors in the mall. Representatives of J. J. Gumberg began proposing replacements for
2910-597: The 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College . In France , the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV -style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space. The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products. The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted
3007-636: The American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe). In 2019, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a ' Fifth Avenue ' mix of shops", such as H&M , Zara , and Sephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with American Dream in which both opened in 2019 since City Creek Center . Online shopping has also emerged as
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3104-731: The Belk nameplate since September 12, 2007, some duplicate Parisian stores were closed, as at The Mall at Barnes Crossing in Tupelo, Mississippi, Richland Mall (then known as Midtown at Forest Acres), Columbiana Centre in Columbia, South Carolina, and Citadel Mall in Charleston, South Carolina . Four Parisian stores in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, plus a store under construction at the time in Michigan, were sold by Belk to The Bon-Ton Stores, Inc . Integrating
3201-677: The Belk-Jones brand continued to grow Belk's westward expansion. This complex story is chronicled in a book published by Belk – Belk, Inc.: The Company and the Family That Built It – about the evolution of the company. This structure allowed Belk to expand quickly and permitted local variation, but resulted in a diluted brand identity since most stores were co-branded. By the 1990s, the system had become increasingly untenable: stores were held by over 350 separate legal entities, Belk family members disagreed about whether to maintain or sweep away
3298-653: The Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota , United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell . The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey 's Bergen Mall , which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957, and
3395-661: The International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel , and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers , and specialized formats such as power centers , festival marketplaces , and outlet centers . Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in
3492-404: The Jordan Marsh store, and underwent negotiations with representatives of JCPenney , Parisian , Gayfers , and Montgomery Ward . Gumberg also proposed moving Dillard's into the Jordan Marsh building, or replacing the building with several smaller stores in order to promote better traffic flow to the South Mall and Belk. A representative of Federated noted that the store was not purchased by any of
3589-568: The Leggett family's stake, which included 42 stores comprising about 20 percent of Belk's revenue, John and Tom Belk were forced to respond by forming a new company in 1996 that bought the Leggetts out. This move accelerated the slow trend of consolidating the store's ownership under the Belks. In April 1997 Belk closed its smallest store located in the smallest town with a Belk—Chesterfield, South Carolina—with
3686-750: The Middle East, covered bazaars . In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire . The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island , built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States. Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877,
3783-507: The Orlando market's center of population at the time. Colonial Plaza opened for business on January 31, 1956. The center included two supermarkets: a 22,000-square-foot (2,000 m) Publix , described by The Orlando Sentinel as the "largest supermarket in central Florida", and A&P , whose store was described by that chain's vice-president of operations for the Southeastern United States area as "large enough to serve
3880-458: The United States after World War II , with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m ) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles , built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California . In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of
3977-406: The United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit
Colonial Plaza - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-432: The United States, Persian Gulf countries , and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall ), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots , face major traffic arterials , and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods. Outside of North America,
4171-498: The United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey , indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels
4268-428: The addition of the new store. Upon opening in 1983, the new Ivey's had the largest opening-day sales in the chain's history. Mall merchants noted that the presence of construction workers and equipment caused a temporary decrease in traffic, which was compounded when a fire broke out in the mall and destroyed the merchandise of four stores, causing $ 1 million (equivalent to $ 3,059,138 in 2023) in damage. The most damage
4365-424: The basement dining rooms. A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to
4462-622: The business and increase its influence throughout the South. Beginning in 1921 with the Leggett Bros. stores of South Boston, Virginia , the Belk company grew by investing in various partnerships with local merchandisers in nearby markets. Belk's growth out of the Southeast was pushed by Earl Jones Sr and the Belk-Jones brand that opened the first Belk west of the Mississippi in 1947. The Jones family and
4559-487: The center had a total of 20 acres (8.1 ha) of shop space at the time, with over 24 shops in total. Opening ceremonies included presentations from city dignitaries and a United States Marine Corps color guard, performances by a local band, free candy for all patrons, and a prize drawing with a grand prize of a Plymouth Plaza . More than 50,000 shoppers were predicted to visit on opening day, with an estimated average of 10 cars using each parking spot daily. Two months after
4656-422: The center was the corner of Colonial Drive ( Florida State Road 50 ) and Bumby Avenue, on land previously used as a cow pasture. Overall construction costs were estimated at $ 3,000,000 (equivalent to $ 34,037,175 in 2023). Morris Lapidus served as architect, while development, construction, contracting, and engineering were handled by the R. M. Thompson Co. of Clearwater . The firm of Michael R. Sudakow financed
4753-451: The chain's return to the Orlando market, as its previous stores were sold to Ross Dress for Less in 1985 due to poor sales. Dillard's acquired and rebranded the entire Ivey's chain in mid-1990. Federated Stores (now Macy's, Inc. ) announced soon afterward that it would close all of the Jordan Marsh department stores in Florida by 1991. The closure of this anchor drew concern over the mall's design, particularly since Jordan Marsh separated
4850-788: The company announced that it had successfully completed its financial restructuring, finalizing an expedited pre-packaged, one-day reorganization and emerging well-positioned for long-term growth. As part of the restructuring, Belk received $ 225 million of new capital, reduced its debt by approximately $ 450 million, and extended maturities on all term loans until July 2025. The plan received nearly unanimous support from existing lenders, supply providers, and landlords to be paid in full as normal operations continue at all store locations. as well as on Belk's e-commerce platform. On July 6, 2021, Belk announced that Nir Patel has been promoted to CEO from his previous position of president and chief merchandising officer . Patel replaces Lisa Harper who has been
4947-506: The company's CEO since July 2016, but will now serve as executive chair of the Belk Board of Directors. It was not disclosed what prompted the leadership change. Along with the CEO change, Belk also announced that Don Hendricks will be promoted from Chief Operating Officer to president. The company also hired Chris Kolbe as EVP, Chief Merchandising Officer. In May 2023, it was reported that Belk
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#17330942615085044-470: The construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks , which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield London ( White City ) is the largest shopping centre in Europe. In Russia , on the other hand, as of 2013
5141-556: The dual brands, completing the process with a chain-wide Belk rebranding in the fall of 2010. On July 5, 2005, Belk completed the purchase of 47 Proffitt's and McRae's department stores from Saks Incorporated , primarily in Tennessee and Mississippi. Belk downgraded the 39 Proffitt's and McRae's stores to the Belk nameplate on March 8, 2006. Just over a year later, Belk purchased 38 Parisian department stores from Saks on October 2, 2006. Although most Parisian stores were downgraded to
5238-501: The end of February 2021. Sycamore would retain majority control of Belk, while private equity firms KKR and Blackstone would receive a minority stake in the company following its emergence from bankruptcy. The plan would liquidate about $ 450 million of debt and raise $ 225 million in new capital, with no employee layoffs or store closures anticipated. On February 23, 2021, it was announced that Belk had filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in Houston ,
5335-838: The entire property in favor of a power center . The stores which were not demolished were Walgreens, J. Byron's (which closed in early 1996 during redevelopment), the former Belk, and Rhodes Furniture. As part of the redevelopment, the former Belk was divided between Marshalls and a new location of Rhodes Furniture, while the latter's old store became Barnes & Noble . Tenants in the new center included Old Navy , Circuit City , Ross Dress for Less, Linens 'n Things , Baby Superstore (which merged with Babies "R" Us soon after opening), and L. Luria & Sons catalog showroom. Other major stores included Stein Mart , Men's Wearhouse , and Just for Feet . Many of these big box stores opened in stages between late 1995 and early 1996. L. Luria & Sons underwent
5432-631: The equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include Westquay in Southampton ; Manchester Arndale ; Bullring Birmingham ; Liverpool One ; Trinity Leeds ; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow ; St James Quarter in Edinburgh ; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne . In addition to
5529-440: The existing property was refurbished with new lighting, floors, and ceilings. The new location of Belk and the South Mall both opened in 1973. Among the new tenants in the South Mall were Casual Corner , Waldenbooks , Spencer Gifts , and relocations of Kinney Shoes and 5-7-9. The new Belk location had more than double the floor space of its prior location, reflecting the company's move toward larger stores. Store managers noted that
5626-432: The expansion were estimated at $ 2,900,000 (equivalent to $ 29,568,374 in 2023). To accommodate for the anticipation of increased shopping mall traffic, a traffic light was installed on Colonial Drive and Coy Drive, the next intersection to the east of Bumby Avenue and closest to main mall access from Colonial Drive. Following this expansion, Sudakow announced that a 1,200-seat movie theater (now occupied by The Plaza Live ,
5723-584: The first Hobby Lobby in the Orlando area. Babies "R" Us closed in 2011, and was replaced by Bealls Outlet and Ulta Beauty two years later. Five Below opened at the center in August 2018. In late 2018, Floor & Decor moved across the street to Orlando Fashion Square, and in 2020 it became a Conn's electronics store. Following the closure of the Stein Mart chain that same year, their location in Colonial Plaza
5820-453: The first step in an organization plan that would allow Belk's owner Sycamore Partners to cede a large stake in the company to its lenders while maintaining control of the company. If the bankruptcy plan were approved it would give Belk new capital while cutting its debt load by about $ 450 million, reducing its total debt to about $ 1.46 billion, according to the company. On February 24, 2021, just one day after filing for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
5917-802: The geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant archeology . The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury , UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls; consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's , split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in
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#17330942615086014-809: The inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead ; Meadowhall Centre , Sheffield serving South Yorkshire ; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester ; White Rose Centre in Leeds ; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley ; and Bluewater in Kent . These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit
6111-498: The larger, more upscale Parisian stores proved a challenge for Belk, and spurred the creation of the company's flagship strategy. During the fourth quarter of 2005, Belk completed the sale of its private-label credit card division, Belk National Bank, to GE MoneyBank, a division of GE Consumer Finance . Consumers were issued new Belk credit cards replacing the old ones issued by BNB. All new Belk cards are now issued by GE MoneyBank, now known as Synchrony Bank . On October 3, 2010,
6208-578: The late 1960s. The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin , which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year
6305-489: The mall's parking lot was redesigned and re-landscaped, while the original strip of stores and the O. G. Wilson building were given new facades. Ivey's representatives had first wanted to locate at the mall in 1979, but negotiations were delayed due to two factors: Prudential Financial and J. J. Gumberg Co. both purchasing the mall from its original owners Michael R. Sudakow Corporation in 1980, and concerns from existing mall tenants over potential obstruction of visibility due to
6402-474: The mall. By 1985, the Publix store in the mall had closed. Although Dayton-Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation ) had announced plans to open a branch of its R. G. Branden's housewares chain in the building, it was instead sold to Rhodes Furniture , which opened in 1987. Also in 1987, the O. G. Wilson store closed and was converted to J. Byrons , a Miami-based housewares and clothing store. This opening marked
6499-559: The mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards. The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains
6596-611: The name of the complex (such as Toronto Eaton Centre ). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex. The International Council of Shopping Centers , based in New York City , classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m ) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores . A super-regional mall, per
6693-404: The needs of residents in the east area of Orlando." Two variety store chains also had locations in the center: W. T. Grant , whose 31,000-square-foot (2,900 m) location was their second in the Orlando area, and a smaller McCrory , which was the forty-first in the state of Florida. Other notable tenants upon opening included a dry cleaner, a shoe repair shop, a television and appliance store,
6790-417: The new Belk opened, their previous location in Colonial Plaza was converted to O. G. Wilson's, a catalog showroom chain then owned by the Zale Corporation , in 1974. A year later, W. T. Grant filed for bankruptcy and closed all of its stores. Their location at Colonial Plaza was sold to the F. W. Woolworth Company , who opened there in early 1977. This Woolworth location was based on a prototype introduced at
6887-411: The new location would carry more women's designer clothing and sportswear, in addition to furs and year-round sales of swimsuits. The expansion of Colonial Plaza coincided with several other retail developments throughout the area, including another mall, Orlando Fashion Square , which was built around the existing Sears store across Colonial Drive. An Orlando Sentinel article said that in 1972, prior to
6984-499: The number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in
7081-441: The opening of the expansion, Colonial Plaza had seen over 10.4 million visitors, who had spent approximately $ 60,000,000 (equivalent to $ 437,040,573 in 2023). The sudden increase in retail developments in the Orlando market in the early 1970s was seen by retail analysts as the result of a heavy increase in tourism and overall population growth for the entire Orlando region following the opening of Walt Disney World in 1971. Once
7178-406: The other chains that took most of the other Jordan Marsh locations in Florida due to its large size and proximity to the company's Burdines store across the street at Orlando Fashion Square. In order to maintain customer traffic to the South Mall, the mall's owners erected more signs directing customers to it, while also offering golf cart service between the older property and it. After Jordan Marsh
7275-404: The plaza in 1963. In late 1965 and early 1966, the shopping center held a "birthday sale" honoring the center's tenth year of business, which included mall-wide sales, a petting zoo, and an exhibition on gems and minerals. At the time, Spencer noted that the center drew shoppers from a 100-mile radius, and that further growth around the property had ensued, including a Goodyear tire service center,
7372-432: The prior year. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres . Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres,
7469-456: The project and Howard D. Spencer handled leasing. At the time, it was the largest retail development in the state of Florida. Representatives of the Sudakow firm said that the site for the center was chosen because they felt that Orlando, being in the center of the state, was poised for significant growth in population and retail development. The specific location was chosen because of its proximity to
7566-420: The property owners of their intended downtown location had raised their rates. It was also the first four-story department store in Orlando, and flight attendants of Eastern Air Lines were present to instruct shoppers on the use of escalators. The enclosed portion began at the existing strip's middle, extending backward from W. T. Grant to the Jordan Marsh store along a 461-foot (141 m) corridor of stores. It
7663-513: The rest of the center opened, a 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m) Belk department store opened as well. It was the largest department store in Orlando at the time, including departments for men's, women's, and children's clothing and footwear, along with jewelry, gardening, sporting goods, patio furniture, a key and lock shop, and a sandwich shop. In 1961 and 1962, the center underwent its first expansion, consisting of 30 new storefronts facing an enclosed, air-conditioned mall concourse, and ending in
7760-403: The retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements. High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of
7857-417: The smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another. There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$ 12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from
7954-465: The structure, and some local partners threatened stability by selling their stakes. For example, the heirs of John G. Parks, majority owners of the Parks-Belk chain, sold their interests to Proffitt's , a competitor. The Belks quickly sold their stake as well, although Belk would later purchase the stores back as part of its later acquisition of the entire Proffitt's chain. When Proffitt's made an offer for
8051-532: The terms shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres though shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall . Other countries follow UK usage. In Canadian English , and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping center or merely center will feature in
8148-459: The time of their acquisition, the mall was nearly 50 percent vacant, and retail analysts had noted that its decline was due to its age, its unconventional layout, and its proximity to Orlando Fashion Square and other newer malls. Following this announcement, both Dillard's and Belk closed between late 1994 and early 1995. After acquiring the property in early 1995, Cousins/Newmarket announced that redevelopment plans would call for demolition of nearly
8245-664: The word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo , Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach , Santa Monica Mall (1965). Although Bergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until
8342-543: The world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå , in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine ) and was named Shopping ; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen . This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with
8439-455: Was announced that KKR and other major lenders were in talks with Belk to prevent the chain from declaring bankruptcy, having proposed a deal under which a portion of Belk's $ 2.6 billion debt would be converted to equity and Sycamore would retain an ownership stake. On January 26, 2021, it was announced that Belk would file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, continuing to operate normally through the bankruptcy process, which Sycamore expected to exit by
8536-477: Was announced that Sycamore Partners had made a $ 1.75 billion offer to acquire department store chain and competitor JCPenney out of bankruptcy. Under the terms of the plan, two hundred fifty JCPenney stores would have been rebranded as Belk in an effort to compete directly with Macy's, while the remaining JCPenney stores would be liquidated. JCPenney was ultimately acquired by Brookfield Property Partners and Simon Property Group instead. On January 20, 2021, it
8633-418: Was closed, the building was used to make a "tunnel" connecting to the South Mall, lined with artwork. Woolworth announced the closure of its store at Colonial Plaza in October 1993. Zales Jewelers and Fran's Fashions also closed in 1992, creating further vacancies at the mall. In 1994, Cousins/Newmarket, a company out of Atlanta, Georgia , announced plans to buy the mall and redevelop it into a power center . At
8730-453: Was concentrated on the Jarman Shoes store, which operated from a temporary location until its store was rebuilt in March 1984. Also affecting the mall's tenancy at the time was the expiration of leases on many tenants, and a restructuring of the mall's financial structure which resulted in an increase on leasing costs by tenants. Another store, Colonial Plaza Cards, had its roof cave in due to
8827-430: Was decorated with lampposts, lanterns, planters with palm trees, and brick and redwood flooring. To accommodate the expansion, the parking lot was expanded to a capacity of 15,000 cars. The majority of the stores in this section were local and regional stores, except for 5-7-9 and Lane Bryant . Clinton Gamble was the architect of this expansion, and construction was handled by Frank J. Rooney of Fort Lauderdale . Costs of
8924-524: Was expanding a new store format, Belk Outlet. There were 16 locations, 10 of which had just recently opened. In December 2010, Belk announced that it would become the title sponsor for the former Meineke Car Care Bowl (played in Charlotte), renamed as the Belk Bowl beginning in 2011. The sponsorship would continue for three years. On July 18, 2013, Belk announced a six-year extension of the bowl partnership with
9021-404: Was exploring "strategic alternatives," including a possible sale of the company. On August 24, 2015, Belk announced that it had entered into a definitive merger agreement to be acquired by New York–based private equity firm Sycamore Partners . The acquisition was completed on December 10, 2015. On June 29, 2016, Belk announced that effective as of July 5, Lisa Harper, CEO of Hot Topic (which
9118-518: Was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns . Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square , Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza , Kansas City, Missouri (1924). The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in
9215-745: Was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center , significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became
9312-464: Was sold to Sprouts Farmers Market . As of 2020, Colonial Plaza is the eighth-largest shopping center in the Orlando area. The center has a trade area of over 292,000 people within a 5-mile radius, and average daily traffic counts of 72,500 cars along Colonial Drive and Bumby Avenue. Shopping mall A shopping mall (or simply mall ) is a large indoor shopping center , usually anchored by department stores . The term mall originally meant
9409-426: Was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007,
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