109-515: Jackie Robinson Park (formerly Colonial Park ) is a public park in the Hamilton Heights and Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City . The approximately 12.77-acre (5.17 ha) park is bounded by Bradhurst Avenue to the east, 155th Street to the north, Edgecombe Avenue to the west, and 145th Street to the south. The park has baseball fields, basketball courts, restrooms, and
218-546: A bandshell , which are arranged around the park's steep terrain. It also includes the Jackie Robinson Play Center , which consists of a recreation center and a pool. Jackie Robinson Park is maintained by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks). The land for the park was acquired from 1894 to 1899 and the first section opened in 1911 as Colonial Park. Aymar Embury II designed
327-557: A Russian library was on the other corner. During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, a lot of these Russians began to move out to suburban areas of New York and New Jersey . The only remaining landmark of this era is the Holy Fathers Russian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia , located on 524 W. 153rd Street, with some notable Russian Americans buried at the bordering Trinity Cemetery. Hamilton Heights
436-449: A brick roughly 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm thick), smoothing the surfaces with a wire-strung bow, removing them from the frames, printing the fronts and backs with stamps that indicated where the bricks came from and who made them, loading the kilns with fuel (likelier wood than coal), stacking the bricks in the kiln, removing them to cool while the kilns were still hot, and bundling them into pallets for transportation. It
545-426: A brick wall with windows, while the northern facade has two arches. The western facade contains fourteen bays and is a simpler version of its counterpart on the east. The recreation center was intended to double as a bathhouse and an enclosed play area. The ground-floor lobby of the recreation center contains a glass ticket booth between the two main doorways, where visitors originally purchased tickets for admission to
654-419: A comparatively small doorway, and faded letters reading colonial park and play center . The six bays on either side contain narrower arches separated by small full-height buttresses. Inside the narrower arches are various windows and doors, arranged according to the interior use. The ends of the bathhouse contain large cylindrical buttresses similar to those flanking the main entrance. The southern facade has
763-972: A dry, small aggregate concrete which is formed in steel moulds by vibration and compaction in either an "egglayer" or static machine. The finished blocks are cured, rather than fired, using low-pressure steam. Concrete bricks and blocks are manufactured in a wide range of shapes, sizes and face treatments – a number of which simulate the appearance of clay bricks. Concrete bricks are available in many colours and as an engineering brick made with sulfate-resisting Portland cement or equivalent. When made with adequate amount of cement they are suitable for harsh environments such as wet conditions and retaining walls. They are made to standards BS 6073, EN 771-3 or ASTM C55. Concrete bricks contract or shrink so they need movement joints every 5 to 6 metres, but are similar to other bricks of similar density in thermal and sound resistance and fire resistance. Compressed earth blocks are made mostly from slightly moistened local soils compressed with
872-624: A federal agency created as part of the New Deal to combat the Depression's negative effects. Eleven of these pools were to be designed concurrently and open in 1936. Moses, along with architects Aymar Embury II and Gilmore David Clarke , created a common design for these aquatic centers. Each location was to have distinct pools for diving, swimming, and wading; bleachers and viewing areas; and bathhouses with locker rooms that could be used as gymnasiums. The pools were to have several common features, such as
981-443: A history older than fired bricks, and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw. Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds , collectively known as brickwork , and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure. The earliest bricks were dried mudbricks , meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried (usually in
1090-457: A kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country, either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most economical. Clay and shale are the raw ingredients in the recipe for a fired brick. They are the product of thousands of years of decomposition and erosion of rocks, such as pegmatite and granite , leading to
1199-424: A material that has properties of being highly chemically stable and inert. Within the clays and shales are the materials of aluminosilicate (pure clay ), free silica ( quartz ), and decomposed rock. One proposed optimal mix is: Three main methods are used for shaping the raw materials into bricks to be fired: In many modern brickworks , bricks are usually fired in a continuously fired tunnel kiln , in which
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#17330929243001308-461: A minimum 55-yard (50 m) length, underwater lighting, heating, filtration, and low-cost construction materials. To fit the requirement for cheap materials, each building would be built using elements of the Streamline Moderne and Classical architectural styles. The buildings would also be near "comfort stations", additional playgrounds, and spruced-up landscapes. Construction for some of
1417-468: A mural depicting Robinson. The Robinson mural was painted in 2006 by the Junior League of New York. The dance floor terrace, a wide space with a floor of hexagonal stone pavers, extends north to 148th Street. The terrace is enclosed by a brick retaining wall featuring rounded seating niches with concrete benches, which in turn are separated by brick cylinders with stone caps. North of the dance floor terrace
1526-421: A non-standard dimension compared to other WPA pools in the city. It is mostly rectangular, but its southern end is rounded as in a semicircle. The former diving pool to the north was pentagonal in layout, resembling a rectangle with the northwestern corner being truncated. It was converted into a children's play area with sprinklers and other water features. A set of bleachers runs along the western retaining wall of
1635-541: A project to restore the pools in several parks in 1977, including at Jackie Robinson Park, for whose restoration the agency set aside an estimated $ 2.6 million. The pool closed for renovation in 1978, and the park was renamed after Jackie Robinson the same year. The pool reopened in July 1980 after a $ 2.6 million renovation funded partially by the United States federal government. NYC Parks continued to face financial shortfalls in
1744-483: A relatively low embodied energy and carbon footprint . The ingredients are first harvested and added together, with clay content ranging from 30% to 70%. The mixture is broken up with hoes or adzes , and stirred with water to form a homogenous blend. Next, the tempers and binding agents are added in a ratio, roughly one part straw to five parts earth to reduce weight and reinforce the brick by helping reduce shrinkage. However, additional clay could be added to reduce
1853-426: A two-story primary facade on Bradhurst Avenue to the east and a one-story rear facade facing the pool to the west. The rear facade corresponds to the second story of the bathhouse. The bathhouse is designed with cylindrical shapes and Romanesque details. The decorative elements include stone corbels , courses , window sills , and rooftop balustrades . The design, more ornate than the other ten pools built as part of
1962-399: A very heavy population of Eastern European heritage, with a predominantly large amount of Russians living in this immediate area. There were a couple of Russian Orthodox Churches erected, Russian book stores, bakeries, grocery and delicatessen stores, with theatres all along Broadway . The house on the corner of Broadway and W. 141st Street was known as the "Russian House" (Русский Дом) and
2071-441: Is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of clay or concrete, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate . Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials , sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since c. 4000 BC . Air-dried bricks, also known as mudbricks , have
2180-474: Is a wide promenade with hexagonal-block pavers, extending to the recreational fields at 150th Street. The western retaining wall of the promenade contains rounded seating niches similar to those in the dance floor terrace. A curved concrete stair, which separates the dance floor terrace to the south and the promenade to the north, leads upward from 148th Street and Bradhurst Avenue to a landing at Edgecombe Avenue, just south of 150th Street. A path winds upward from
2289-471: Is also a recreational area along Bradhurst Avenue between the two playgrounds. This consists of two baseball fields at 150th Street, one basketball court south of 150th Street, and four handball courts at 151st Street. The sporting fields and playgrounds were built in 1936, as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) program, and have been modified since then. The Jackie Robinson Pool
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#17330929243002398-849: Is common in Sweden as well as Russia and other post-Soviet countries, especially in houses built or renovated in the 1970s. A version known as fly ash bricks , manufactured using fly ash , lime, and gypsum (known as the FaL-G process) are common in South Asia. Calcium-silicate bricks are also manufactured in Canada and the United States, and meet the criteria set forth in ASTM C73 – 10 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick). Bricks formed from concrete are usually termed as blocks or concrete masonry unit , and are typically pale grey. They are made from
2507-495: Is dug, 6–9 metres (20–30 ft) wide, 2–2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) deep, and 100–150 metres (330–490 ft) in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed in the centre. Half or more of the trench is filled with "green" (unfired) bricks which are stacked in an open lattice pattern to allow airflow. The lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished brick. In operation, new green bricks, along with roofing bricks, are stacked at one end of
2616-479: Is in the southernmost section of the park, just north of 146th Street. It consists of the main pool as well as a smaller water play area to the north. The deck surrounding the pool area is narrow because of the topography and width of the park. The topography constraints also resulted in an irregular shape for the pool area. The main pool measures 82 by 236 feet (25 by 72 m), with a depth of 3.5 feet (1.1 m). The pool could fit 4,090 bathers simultaneously and has
2725-448: Is manufactured differently for various purposes. Unfired bricks, also known as mudbrick , are made from a mixture of silt , clay , sand and other earth materials like gravel and stone, combined with tempers and binding agents such as chopped straw, grasses, tree bark , or dung. Since these bricks are made up of natural materials and only require heat from the Sun to bake, mudbricks have
2834-435: Is more popular among residents of Central Harlem to the east than among residents of Hamilton Heights to the west. Jackie Robinson Park is one of four "Historic Harlem Parks", a group of parks by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) that are characterized by their steep terrain. The other parks in the grouping are St. Nicholas Park and Morningside Park to the south, and Marcus Garvey Park to
2943-879: Is named after "founding father" Alexander Hamilton , who lived at Hamilton Grange . The branch, a Carnegie library , opened in 1907 and was renovated in 1975; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The New York City Subway 's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stops in Hamilton Heights at the 137th Street–City College and 145th Street stations ( 1 train). The IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under St. Nicholas Avenue , providing service at 135th Street ( A , B , and C trains), 145th Street ( A , B , C , and D trains) and 155th Street ( A and C trains). The IND Concourse Line branches off north of
3052-601: Is the Harlem Hospital Center , located in Central Harlem . Hamilton Heights is located in multiple ZIP Codes . Most of the neighborhood is in 10031; however, the area north of 153rd Street is in 10032, and the Polo Grounds Towers are in 10039. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices in or near Hamilton Heights: Community District 9 has a higher rate of college-educated residents than
3161-723: Is the home of City College of New York (CCNY), Dance Theatre of Harlem , The Harlem School of the Arts and Aaron Davis Hall . Historic Hamilton Heights comprises the Hamilton Heights Historic District and the Hamilton Heights/ Sugar Hill Historic District Extension, both designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . One of the highest hills in Hamilton Heights slopes up from
3270-608: The 2010 United States Census , the population of Hamilton Heights was 48,520, a decrease of 2,035 (4.0%) from the 50,555 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 367.41 acres (148.69 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 132.1 inhabitants per acre (84,500/sq mi; 32,600/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 10.9% (5,287) White , 32.2% (15,646) African American , 0.2% (119) Native American , 2.2% (1,067) Asian , 0.0% (15) Pacific Islander , 0.4% (178) from other races , and 1.8% (884) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.2% (25,324) of
3379-527: The Brick Renaissance as the stylistic changes associated with the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe, leading to the adoption of Renaissance elements into brick building. Identifiable attributes included a low-pitched hipped or flat roof, symmetrical facade, round arch entrances and windows, columns and pilasters, and more. A clear distinction between the two styles only developed at
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3488-566: The Building Research Establishment in Watford , UK, the use of improved masonry for the construction of tall structures up to 18 storeys high was made viable. However, the use of brick has largely remained restricted to small to medium-sized buildings, as steel and concrete remain superior materials for high-rise construction. Four basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, chemically set bricks, and compressed earth blocks. Each type
3597-630: The Harlem riot of 1935 . It is unknown whether Moses's racial views may have factored into the site's selection. Authors Steven Riess and Jeff Wiltse have alleged that the pool in Colonial Park, serving a largely Black neighborhood, was in an inconvenient location compared to other pools in largely white neighborhoods. Gutman writes that the Colonial Park Pool was used mostly by Black and Hispanic residents, while Harlem's other pool at Thomas Jefferson Park
3706-631: The Hudson River at 155th Street , and contains the Trinity Cemetery. Many individual buildings in the district are also landmarked, including Shepard Hall on the CCNY campus, and the building that once housed The High School of Music & Art . The Audubon Mural Project paints the neighborhood with images of the birds depicted by John James Audubon in his early 19th century folio The Birds of America . The neighborhood offers several parks, including
3815-596: The Riverbank State Park , embedded in Riverside Park , which runs along the Hudson River west of Hamilton Heights. Other parks in the neighborhood include Jackie Robinson Park , St. Nicholas Park , and smaller sites such as Johnny Hartman Square, Carmansville Playground, and William A. Harris Garden . Hamilton Heights is served mostly by the 30th Precinct of the NYPD , located at 451 West 151st Street, although
3924-472: The woodlots . The advantage of the BTK design is a much greater energy efficiency compared with clamp or scove kilns . Sheet metal or boards are used to route the airflow through the brick lattice so that fresh air flows first through the recently burned bricks, heating the air, then through the active burning zone. The air continues through the green brick zone (pre-heating and drying the bricks), and finally out
4033-570: The 11 pools began in October 1934. In mid-1935, Moses announced that Colonial Park, which then contained an informal layout, would receive a recreational center with a swimming pool and sporting fields. An official press release stated that the city had failed to assemble another large site elsewhere in Harlem, but author Marta Gutman stated that Marcus Garvey Park in Central Harlem had been considered until
4142-424: The 145th Street station, and runs under Saint Nicholas Place to serve 155th Street ( B and D trains). The MTA Regional Bus Operations ' M3 , M4 , M5 , M10 , M11 , M100 , M101 , Bx6 , Bx6 SBS , Bx19 and Bx33 buses serve the area. Brick A brick is a type of construction material used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly,
4251-470: The City College area south of 141st Street and east of Amsterdam Avenue is actually served by the 26th Precinct. The 30th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 78.0% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 4 murders, 20 rapes, 190 robberies, 178 felony assaults, 69 burglaries, 289 grand larcenies, and 27 grand larcenies auto in 2019. Of
4360-728: The Edgecombe Avenue portion being significantly higher than the Bradhurst Avenue portion. North of 155th Street, the cliff within Jackie Robinson Park becomes Coogan's Bluff , which is part of Highbridge Park ; the Polo Grounds baseball stadium was formerly below the cliff. Most of the facilities and entrances are along Bradhurst Avenue, although there are also stairs leading from Edgecombe Avenue's intersections with 145th, 150th and 155th Streets. Consequently, Jackie Robinson Park
4469-715: The Herculaneum gate of Pompeii and the baths of Caracalla . During the Early Middle Ages the use of bricks in construction became popular in Northern Europe , after being introduced there from Northwestern Italy. An independent style of brick architecture, known as brick Gothic (similar to Gothic architecture ) flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this architectural style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Kaliningrad (former East Prussia ). This style evolved into
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4578-757: The ages of 25–44, while 21% are between 45 and 64, and 17% are between 0–17. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 16% and 12% respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 9 was $ 50,048, though the median income in Hamilton Heights individually was $ 43,673. In 2018, an estimated 24% of Community District 9 residents lived in poverty , compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed , compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or
4687-524: The ancient Indus Valley cities of Mohenjo-daro , Harappa , and Mehrgarh . Ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like Kalibangan . In the middle of the third millennium BC, there was a rise in monumental baked brick architecture in Indus cities. Examples included the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro , the fire altars of Kaalibangan , and the granary of Harappa . There
4796-553: The area to the west became known as Sugar Hill , a popular place for wealthy Black Americans to live during the Harlem Renaissance . One development within that area was the Colonial Park Apartments at 409 Edgecombe Avenue , which contained the residences of figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Thurgood Marshall . Colonial Park itself was used informally for concerts in its early years. Few improvements were made to
4905-416: The area. During the first decade of the 20th century, the New York City government converted the land into a park. The northern half of the park, from 150th to 155th Streets, was laid out with paths and plantings in 1907 and 1908. The southern half, containing a playground and a restroom, opened to the public on August 12, 1911. The work had cost $ 2 million in total. In the years after Colonial Park's opening,
5014-407: The boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 633 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000. In 2019, the highest concentrations of felony assaults in Hamilton Heights were near the intersection of 135th Street and Broadway , where there were 10 felony assaults, and near
5123-405: The brick pile. Historically, a stack of unfired bricks covered for protection from the weather was called a "hack". Cooled finished bricks are removed from the other end for transport to their destinations. In the middle, the brick workers create a firing zone by dropping fuel (coal, wood, oil, debris, etc.) through access holes in the roof above the trench. The constant source of fuel maybe grown on
5232-461: The bricks are fired as they move slowly through the kiln on conveyors , rails, or kiln cars, which achieves a more consistent brick product. The bricks often have lime , ash, and organic matter added, which accelerates the burning process. The other major kiln type is the Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), based on a design developed by British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century. An oval or circular trench
5341-444: The buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents. The transition from the traditional method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first brick-making machine was patented by Richard A. Ver Valen of Haverstraw, New York, in 1852. The Bradley & Craven Ltd 'Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine'
5450-464: The chimney, where the rising gases create suction that pulls air through the system. The reuse of heated air yields savings in fuel cost. As with the rail process, the BTK process is continuous. A half-dozen labourers working around the clock can fire approximately 15,000–25,000 bricks a day. Unlike the rail process, in the BTK process the bricks do not move. Instead, the locations at which the bricks are loaded, fired, and unloaded gradually rotate through
5559-453: The city average. In Community District 9, there were 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Community District 9 has a low population of residents who are uninsured . In 2018, this population was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter ,
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#17330929243005668-497: The citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 83% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Community District 9, there are 11 bodegas . The nearest hospital
5777-456: The colour of bricks to blend-in areas of brickwork with the surrounding masonry. An impervious and ornamental surface may be laid on brick either by salt glazing , in which salt is added during the burning process, or by the use of a slip , which is a glaze material into which the bricks are dipped. Subsequent reheating in the kiln fuses the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base. Chemically set bricks are not fired but may have
5886-539: The coming years, and the pools retained a reputation for high crime. For the summer of 1991, mayor David Dinkins had planned to close all 32 outdoor pools in the city, a decision that was only reversed after a $ 2 million donation from a trust created upon the death of real estate developer Sol Goldman and $ 1.8 million from other sources. Additionally, in the 1990s, a practice called "whirlpooling" became common in New York City pools such as Jackie Robinson Park, wherein women would be inappropriately fondled by teenage boys. By
5995-756: The construction materials for architectural wonders such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon , where glazed fired bricks were put into practice. The earliest fired bricks appeared in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at Chengtoushan , a walled settlement of the Daxi culture . These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to above 600 °C, and used as flooring for houses. By the Qujialing period (3300 BC), fired bricks were being used to pave roads and as building foundations at Chengtoushan. According to Lukas Nickel,
6104-592: The construction of canal , roads , and railways . Production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone, even in areas where the stone was readily available. It was at this time in London that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make
6213-707: The construction of the tomb of China's first Emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi . The floors of the three pits of the terracotta army were paved with an estimated 230,000 bricks, with the majority measuring 28x14x7 cm, following a 4:2:1 ratio. The use of fired bricks in Chinese city walls first appeared in the Eastern Han dynasty (25 AD-220 AD). Up until the Middle Ages, buildings in Central Asia were typically built with unbaked bricks. It
6322-518: The curing process accelerated by the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave. Calcium-silicate bricks are also called sandlime or flintlime bricks, depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with clay they are made with lime binding the silicate material. The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 10 with sand, quartz , crushed flint , or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral colourants . The materials are mixed and left until
6431-422: The deadliest type of air pollutant , in Community District 9 is 0.008 milligrams per cubic metre (8.0 × 10 oz/cu ft), more than the city average. Seventeen percent of Community District 9 residents are smokers , which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Community District 9, 21% of residents are obese , 10% are diabetic , and 29% have high blood pressure —compared to
6540-598: The east. The community derives its name from Founding Father Alexander Hamilton , who lived the last two years of his life in what is now the Hamilton Grange National Memorial , back when Upper Manhattan was mostly farmland. Hamilton Heights is part of Manhattan Community District 9 , and its primary ZIP Codes are 10031, 10032, and 10039. It is patrolled by the 30th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Based on data from
6649-497: The end of the 19th century, the Hudson River region of New York State would become the world's largest brick manufacturing region, with 130 brickyards lining the shores of the Hudson River from Mechanicsville to Haverstraw and employing 8,000 people. At its peak, about 1 billion bricks were produced a year, with many being sent to New York City for use in its construction industry. The demand for high office building construction at
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#17330929243006758-477: The first bricks with dimension 400x150x100 mm. Between 5000 and 4500 BC, Mesopotamia had discovered fired brick. The standard brick sizes in Mesopotamia followed a general rule: the width of the dried or burned brick would be twice its thickness, and its length would be double its width. The South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh also constructed air-dried mudbrick structures between 7000 and 3300 BC and later
6867-406: The five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 30th Precinct had a rate of 760 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000. As of 2018 , Manhattan Community District 9 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 57 per 100,000 people, compared to
6976-538: The following public elementary and middle schools in Hamilton Heights as part of Community School District 5: The following public high schools are also located in Hamilton Heights, serving grades 9–12: The City College of New York , of the City University of New York system, is located in Hamilton Heights. The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Hamilton Grange branch at 503 West 145th Street. It
7085-442: The housing dates from the extension of the elevated and subway lines at the end of the 19th and the start of the 20th century. This fairly elegant housing became less desirable to white residents in the 1930s and 1940s as the population changed from white to black, even though the black residents were just as affluent as the white residents. There are spacious apartment buildings, brownstones and other row houses prominently lining
7194-590: The intersection of 145th Street and Amsterdam Avenue , where there were 11. The highest concentrations of robberies were nearby, around the intersection of 137th Street and Broadway, where there were 11 robberies, and around the intersection of 145th Street and Broadway, where there were 14. Hamilton Heights is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Company 80/Ladder Company 23, located at 503 West 139th Street. Preterm and teenage births in Community District 9 are lower than
7303-455: The intersection of 150th Street and Bradhurst Avenue to the same landing. An additional path leads from 153rd Street at Bradhurst Avenue to Edgecombe Avenue's intersection with 155th Street and the 155th Street Viaduct. The paths predate the WPA renovations in 1936. The WPA removed some of the original paths to make way for the recreational fields, while repaving these paths with hexagonal pavers. Some of
7412-452: The late 18th and early 19th centuries. Brick buildings lined its southern edge and a few small residences were scattered throughout its interior in the early 1890s. The act creating Colonial Park and the nearby St. Nicholas Park was passed on February 26, 1894. Edgecombe Road (later Avenue), which would form Colonial Park's western border, had not been drawn through the street grid, but was slated to be halfway between St. Nicholas Avenue to
7521-400: The leafy eastern streets of Hamilton Heights, an area traditionally home to a substantial black professional class. The brownstone revival of the 1960s and 1970s led to a new movement of middle-class blacks in the area. Latinos arrived in large numbers in the 1980s, with Dominicans making up the majority. Today the local population is changing again, with Hispanics constituting a majority of
7630-454: The lime is completely hydrated; the mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an autoclave for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform, although the sharp arrises need careful handling to avoid damage to brick and bricklayer. The bricks can be made in a variety of colours; white, black, buff, and grey-blues are common, and pastel shades can be achieved. This type of brick
7739-522: The lobby of the Jackie Robinson Play Center, as city landmarks in 2007. Jackie Robinson Park is bounded by 145th Street to the south, Edgecombe Avenue to the west, 155th Street and the 155th Street Viaduct to the north, and Bradhurst Avenue to the east. It covers 12.77 acres (5.17 ha), although the park is significantly narrower along its west–east axis relative to its width. Jackie Robinson Park's site encompasses steep terrain, with
7848-417: The main pool and the northern retaining wall of the original diving pool. South of the pool area is a service entrance with a circular plaza paved in hexagonal tiles. The recreation center is built on a slope east of the pool between 146th and 147th Streets. The building contains a facade of brick in common bond and is arranged in a roughly rectangular shape, with its longer axis running north-south. It has
7957-401: The need for straw, which would prevent the likelihood of insects deteriorating the organic material of the bricks, subsequently weakening the structure. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed together by hand or by treading and are then left to ferment for about a day. The mix is then kneaded with water and molded into rectangular prisms of a desired size. Bricks are lined up and left to dry in
8066-510: The northernmost part of the West Harlem area, along with Manhattanville and Morningside Heights to its south, and it contains the sub-neighborhood and historic district of Sugar Hill . Washington Heights lies to Hamilton Heights' north, and to its east is Central Harlem . Hamilton Heights is bounded by 135th Street to the south, Riverside Drive to the west, 155th Street to the north, and Edgecombe Avenue and Saint Nicholas Avenue to
8175-563: The park in the two decades following its opening; in the early 1930s, it still retained its original playground, restroom, and paths. In 1934, mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia nominated Robert Moses to become commissioner of a unified New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . At the time, the United States was experiencing the Great Depression ; immediately after La Guardia won the 1933 election , Moses began to write "a plan for putting 80,000 men to work on 1,700 relief projects". By
8284-400: The park was a city landmark, LPC permission was needed for aspects of the renovation, such as a proposed replacement of the fences. The project was completed in 2020 and included modifications to the entrances, paths, lights, and other circulation features. Hamilton Heights, Manhattan Hamilton Heights is a neighborhood in the northern part of Manhattan in New York City . It is
8393-419: The paths subsequently were repaved in asphalt. There are two comfort stations, or restrooms, within the park. The comfort station adjoining the playground at 152nd Street is a single-story square structure with a hip roof , oriented 45 degrees from the surrounding streets. The brick facade contains large cylinders at each corner, with segmental arches between each cylinder. The other comfort station, adjoining
8502-478: The percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 51% in Community District 9, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Community District 9 is considered to be gentrifying : according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010. Most of
8611-414: The playground at 149th Street that October. After the completion of the WPA improvements in Colonial Park, the facilities saw relatively few improvements, aside from periodic renovations. Both the diving pool and the wading pool were infilled at an unknown date. By the 1970s, Jackie Robinson Park and other city parks were in poor condition following the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis . NYC Parks commenced
8720-474: The playground at 149th Street, is a single-story rectangular structure with a gable roof . The brick structure was built prior to the WPA renovations. Additionally, the southern boundary of the park contains a metal fence with brick piers capped with stone. The park site occupies a high bluff formed by retreating glaciers. The area that later became Colonial Park was part of the Samuel Bradhurst estate in
8829-438: The pool and play center, as a landmark. The commission had previously considered the pool for landmark status in 1990, along with the other ten WPA pools in the city. A $ 2 million renovation of the bandshell was completed in 2009. NYC Parks announced further renovations in 2016 as part of a $ 40 million program to renovate eight parks around the city. Of this, $ 4.7 million was allocated to improvements at Jackie Robinson Park. Because
8938-405: The pool, which was constructed from 1935 to 1936 as part of a Works Progress Administration project. During the mid-20th century, the park received most of its other recreational facilities. The park was renamed after baseball player Jackie Robinson in 1978. The pool was extensively refurbished from 1978 to 1980. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the park, as well as
9047-513: The pool. The ceiling is made of pointed Gothic arches. The ground-floor spaces north and south of the lobby are used for mechanical spaces. On the northwest and southwest corners of the lobby, two staircases with rounded risers lead up to the second floor, providing access to the men's and women's locker rooms and to the pool. There is also a bust of Jackie Robinson , the park's namesake and the first Black player in Major League Baseball , on
9156-492: The population followed by African Americans , West Indians and Whites . Gentrification since 2005 has dramatically increased the proportion of non-Hispanic whites. Many actors, artists, teachers, and other professionals now reside in Hamilton Heights. After the Russian Revolution , especially after the 1940s, many Ukrainians , Russian White émigré , and Polish found their way to New York City. Hamilton Heights had
9265-547: The population. The most significant changes in the racial composition of Hamilton Heights from 2000 to 2010 were the increase in the White population by 231% (3,691) and the decrease in the Black population by 26% (5,366). The Hispanic / Latino population also decreased by 2% (648) but remained the majority. Meanwhile, the Asian population increased by 90% (506) but remained a small minority, and
9374-500: The rest of the city as of 2018 . A plurality of residents age 25 and older (49%) have a college education or higher, while 21% have less than a high school education and 30% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of students in Community District 9 excelling in math rose from 25% in 2000 to 49% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 32% to 35% during
9483-426: The same 1936 WPA program, has been compared to a medieval fortification. The eastern facade is composed of fourteen bays , which are separated by protruding cylindrical buttresses and contain recessed arches. The two central bays, which form the main entrance, are flanked by large cylindrical buttresses and separated by a smaller buttress. Each of the central bays contains a wide arch, a bas-relief related to swimming,
9592-468: The same time period. Community District 9's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In the 2016–2017 school year, 27% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 65% of high school students in Community District 9 graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%. The New York City Department of Education operates
9701-478: The small population of all other races decreased by 15% (218). The entirety of Community District 9, which consists of Hamilton Heights, Manhattanville , and Morningside Heights , had 111,287 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 34% are between
9810-461: The southeast. Jackie Robinson Park contains two playgrounds along the Bradhurst Avenue end, both with restrooms. The playgrounds are named after their respective cross streets, spelled out and in Roman numerals . Playground One Forty Nine CIL is at 149th Street, while Playground One Fifty Two CLII is between 152nd and 153rd Streets. The playground at 152nd Street was previously the park's wading pool. There
9919-476: The sun for three days on both sides. After the six days, the bricks continue drying until required for use. Typically, longer drying times are preferred, but the average is eight to nine days spanning from initial stages to its application in structures. Unfired bricks could be made in the spring months and left to dry over the summer for use in the autumn. Mudbricks are commonly employed in arid environments to allow for adequate air drying. Fired bricks are baked in
10028-489: The sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at Tell Aswad , in the upper Tigris region and in southeast Anatolia close to Diyarbakir . Mudbrick construction was used at Çatalhöyük , from c. 7,400 BC. Mudbrick structures, dating to c. 7,200 BC have been located in Jericho , Jordan Valley. These structures were made up of
10137-437: The temperature inside the kiln stayed at a level that caused the clay to shimmer with the colour of molten gold or silver. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze. To anonymous labourers fell the less skilled stages of brick production: mixing clay and water, driving oxen over the mixture to trample it into a thick paste, scooping the paste into standardised wooden frames (to produce
10246-414: The term brick denotes a unit primarily composed of clay , but is now also used informally to denote units made of other materials or other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be joined using mortar , adhesives or by interlocking. Bricks are usually produced at brickworks in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region, and are produced in bulk quantities. Block
10355-556: The third century BC, when baked bricks of regular shape began to be employed for vaulting underground tombs. Hollow brick tomb chambers rose in popularity as builders were forced to adapt due to a lack of readily available wood or stone. The oldest extant brick building above ground is possibly Songyue Pagoda , dated to 523 AD. By the end of the third century BC in China, both hollow and small bricks were available for use in building walls and ceilings. Fired bricks were first mass-produced during
10464-459: The time he was in office, several hundred such projects were underway across the city. Moses was especially interested in creating new pools and other bathing facilities, such as those in Jacob Riis Park , Jones Beach , and Orchard Beach . He devised a list of 23 pools around the city, including one in Harlem. The pools would be built using funds from the Works Progress Administration (WPA),
10573-496: The transition to Baroque architecture . In Lübeck , for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, who was also active at Schwerin ( Schwerin Castle ) and Wismar (Fürstenhof). Long-distance bulk transport of bricks and other construction equipment remained prohibitively expensive until the development of modern transportation infrastructure, with
10682-625: The trench. The colour of fired clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of the raw materials, the firing temperature, and the atmosphere in the kiln. For example, pink bricks are the result of a high iron content, white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content. Most bricks burn to various red hues; as the temperature is increased the colour moves through dark red, purple, and then to brown or grey at around 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour, such as London stock brick and Cambridgeshire White. Brick tinting may be performed to change
10791-619: The turn of the 20th century led to a much greater use of cast and wrought iron , and later, steel and concrete . The use of brick for skyscraper construction severely limited the size of the building – the Monadnock Building , built in 1896 in Chicago, required exceptionally thick walls to maintain the structural integrity of its 17 storeys. Following pioneering work in the 1950s at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and
10900-437: The turn of the century, crimes such as sexual assaults had decreased in parks citywide due to increased security. Volunteers had also started planting greenery within Jackie Robinson Park by the end of the 1990s. In early 2000, NYC Parks completed a $ 1.3 million renovation, which included improvements to its playgrounds. In 2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated Jackie Robinson Park, including
11009-429: The use of ceramic pieces for protecting and decorating floors and walls dates back at various cultural sites to 3000-2000 BC and perhaps even before, but these elements should be rather qualified as tiles . For the longest time builders relied on wood, mud and rammed earth, while fired brick and mudbrick played no structural role in architecture. Proper brick construction, for erecting walls and vaults , finally emerges in
11118-562: The west and Bradhurst Avenue to the east. A group of three commissioners was appointed to oversee land acquisition. Due to various legal disputes, the land acquisition was not completed until 1899. The land acquisition was estimated to cost $ 1.5 million for 192 parcels, although the New York City government initially opposed the appropriations, stating that some plots were valued at much higher prices than they were actually worth. Colonial Park, and later Colonial Pool, were so named because several American Revolutionary War battles had taken place in
11227-406: The west wall. The bust was made by Inge Hardison and installed in 1981. The rest of the recreation center contains facilities including an indoor basketball court, cardio room, fitness room, gymnasium, media lab, and multipurpose room. At 147th Street is an open-air concrete bandshell, which is built into the hillside and faces a dance floor terrace to the east. The interior of the bandshell contains
11336-512: Was a uniformity to the brick sizes throughout the Indus Valley region, conforming to the 1:2:4, thickness, width, and length ratio. As the Indus civilization began its decline at the start of the second millennium BC, Harappans migrated east, spreading their knowledge of brickmaking technology. This led to the rise of cities like Pataliputra , Kausambi , and Ujjain , where there was an enormous demand for kiln-made bricks. By 604 BC, bricks were
11445-726: Was hot, filthy work. Early civilisations around the Mediterranean , including the Ancient Greeks and Romans , adopted the use of fired bricks. By the early first century CE, standardised fired bricks were being heavily produced in Rome. The Roman legions operated mobile kilns , and built large brick structures throughout the Roman Empire , stamping the bricks with the seal of the legion. The Romans used brick for walls, arches, forts, aqueducts, etc. Notable mentions of Roman brick structures are
11554-513: Was only starting in the ninth century CE when buildings were entirely constructed using fired bricks. The carpenter's manual Yingzao Fashi , published in 1103 at the time of the Song dynasty described the brick making process and glazing techniques then in use. Using the 17th-century encyclopaedic text Tiangong Kaiwu , historian Timothy Brook outlined the brick production process of Ming dynasty China: ...the kilnmaster had to make sure that
11663-663: Was patented in 1853. Bradley & Craven went on to be a dominant manufacturer of brickmaking machinery. Henry Clayton, employed at the Atlas Works in Middlesex , England, in 1855, patented a brick-making machine that was capable of producing up to 25,000 bricks daily with minimal supervision. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the South Eastern Railway Company for brick-making at their factory near Folkestone . At
11772-417: Was the tenth of these pools to open, although, at the time, the bathhouse was only partially completed. The pool opened on August 8, 1936, with performances by Bojangles Robinson and the 369th Regiment Band ; the ceremony was attended by over 25,000 people. Additional ballfields and courts were opened in October 1936, without any formal ceremony. The bandshell and dance terrace opened in July 1937, followed by
11881-477: Was used mostly by white residents of Italian Harlem . Embury filed construction plans for the bathhouse in October 1935, and a temporary bandshell was built the same year. The first improvement to be completed at Colonial Park was the playground at 152nd Street, which opened in April 1936. By mid-1936, ten of the eleven WPA-funded pools were completed and were being opened at a rate of one per week. The Colonial Park Pool
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