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57-534: The colonia was created in the late 19th century after some false starts, and is named after the Monument to Cuauhtémoc which is a nearby landmark on Paseo de la Reforma. Actions taken by residents have ensured that the area remains mostly residential, with commercial development limited to the strip along Paseo de la Reforma. This strip includes a number of important buildings such as the Mexican Stock Exchange ,

114-422: A "two-tube" shock absorber, this device consists of two nested cylindrical tubes, an inner tube that is called the "working tube" or the "pressure tube", and an outer tube called the "reserve tube". At the bottom of the device on the inside is a compression valve or base valve. When the piston is forced up or down by bumps in the road, hydraulic fluid moves between different chambers via small holes or "orifices" in

171-530: A 7.6 earthquake shook the city. Not only did the building survive undamaged, occupants inside at the time did not know a trembler had occurred. La Torre Ejecutiva, better known as the La Torre HSBC, was constructed at a cost of US$ 146 million in the colonia on Paseo de la Reforma overlooking the Angel de la Independencia . It was completed and occupied in 2006. The building has a LEED certification , which means that

228-456: A PSD shock absorber, which still consists of two nested tubes and still contains nitrogen gas, a set of grooves has been added to the pressure tube. These grooves allow the piston to move relatively freely in the middle range of travel (i.e., the most common street or highway use, called by engineers the "comfort zone") and to move with significantly less freedom in response to shifts to more irregular surfaces when upward and downward movement of

285-551: A complete disappearance of the "comfort vs. control" tradeoff, it also reduced pitch during vehicle braking and roll during turns. However, ASD shocks are usually only available as aftermarket changes to a vehicle and are only available from a limited number of manufacturers. Coilover shock absorbers are usually a kind of twin-tube gas charged shock absorber inside the helical road spring. They are common on motorcycles and scooter rear suspensions, and widely used on front and rear suspensions in cars. The principal design alternative to

342-502: A compression valve, whose role has been taken up by the dividing piston, and although it contains nitrogen gas, the gas in a mono-tube shock is under high pressure (260-360 p.s.i. or so) which can actually help it to support some of the vehicle's weight, something which no other shock absorber is designed to do. Mercedes became the first auto manufacturer to install mono-tube shocks as standard equipment on some of their cars starting in 1958. They were manufactured by Bilstein , patented

399-444: A correspondingly effective shock. The next phase in shock absorber evolution was the development of a shock absorber that could sense and respond to not just situational changes from "bumpy" to "smooth" but to individual bumps in the road in a near instantaneous reaction. This was achieved through a change in the design of the compression valve, and has been termed "acceleration sensitive damping" or "ASD". Not only does this result in

456-467: A great future for racing due to its light weight and easy fitment. One of the earliest hydraulic dampers to go into production was the Telesco Shock Absorber, exhibited at the 1912 Olympia Motor Show and marketed by Polyrhoe Carburettors Ltd. This contained a spring inside the telescopic unit like the pure spring type 'shock absorbers' mentioned above, but also oil and an internal valve so that

513-402: A huge square with traffic intersection and at least a dozen new buildings with the monument as the center of the project. The Mexico City Government moved the monument from its original location to the middle of the intersection of Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida de los Insurgentes as the first stage of the construction but the project was not completed. In 2004 as a part of a major restoration of

570-468: A negative effect on established and legal businesses. Most are located on Lerma, Guadalquivir, Volga, Villalongin and Panuco Streets. When Paseo de Reforma closes for construction, protests or events, the streets on the colonia get jammed with diverted traffic. In 1874, Rafael Martinez de la Torre obtained permission to establish a colonia on what were the lands of the Hacienda de la Teja, located west of what

627-404: Is a dramatic reduction in "foaming" or "aeration", the undesirable outcome of a twin-tube overheating and failing which presents as foaming hydraulic fluid dripping out of the assembly. Twin-tube gas charged shock absorbers represent the vast majority of original modern vehicle suspension installations. Often abbreviated simply as "PSD", this design is another evolution of the twin-tube shock. In

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684-419: Is a hydraulic shock absorber, which usually includes a piston, a cylinder, and an oil-filled chamber. The piston is connected to the piston rod, which extends into the cylinder and divides the cylinder into two parts. One chamber is filled with hydraulic oil, while the other chamber contains compressed oil or air. When there is an accident or vibration in the vehicle, the piston moves into the cylinder, forcing

741-505: Is a mechanical or hydraulic device designed to absorb and damp shock impulses. It does this by converting the kinetic energy of the shock into another form of energy (typically heat ) which is then dissipated. Most shock absorbers are a form of dashpot (a damper which resists motion via viscous friction). Pneumatic and hydraulic shock absorbers are used in conjunction with cushions and springs. An automobile shock absorber contains spring-loaded check valves and orifices to control

798-462: Is also deliberately made in the same scale as monuments celebrating national heroes from the 19th Century Mexican War of Independence . Alongside the Mexico Pavilion at the 1889 Paris exhibition by Antonio Anza, the monument was part of a failed search for a purely Mexican artistic style. The monument to Cuauhtémoc was created on the initiative of Vicente Riva Palacio who proposed to promote

855-461: Is an 1887 monument dedicated to the last Mexica ruler ( tlatoani ) of Tenochtitlan Cuauhtémoc , located at the intersection of Avenida de los Insurgentes and Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City . It is the work of Francisco Jiménez and Miguel Noreña in the "neoindigenismo" (academic indigenismo style), and was proposed to promote the new government of Porfirio Díaz . The construction of

912-508: Is compatible with electronic control. Primary among benefits cited in Multimatic ’s 2010 patent filing is the elimination of performance ambiguity associated with flexible shims, resulting in mathematically predictable, repeatable, and robust pressure-flow characteristics. An extra tube or container of oil connected to the oil compartment of the (main) shock via a flexible pipe (remote reservoir) or inflexible pipe (piggy-back shock). Increases

969-400: Is constantly evolving due to the continuous improvement of vehicle dynamics and passenger comfort. In common with carriages and railway locomotives, most early motor vehicles used leaf springs . One of the features of these springs was that the friction between the leaves offered a degree of damping, and in a 1912 review of vehicle suspension, the lack of this characteristic in helical springs

1026-457: Is it environmentally friendly, using technology to cut needs for water and electricity. The Mexican Stock Exchange , or Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BVM), is Mexico's only stock exchange. It is the second largest stock exchange by market capitalization in Latin America. BMV is now itself is a public company which is listed on its own stock exchange following a 2008 IPO. The Mexican Stock Exchange

1083-527: Is knotted the Roman style, for example. According to Arturo Arnaiz y Freg, poet Ignacio Manuel Altamirano was the model for the Cuauhtémoc face. Designed by Francisco Jiménez, the base of the monument incorporates many Mesoamerican stylistic elements including an octagonal shape, consisting of three truncated pyramidal bodies. The third one shows influence of complex slope/board and contains friezes inspired by

1140-433: Is located on Paseo de la Reforma on the eastern half of the colonia. It handles companies such as Cemex , Telmex , America Movil, Televisa , TV Azteca and Walmex. The U.S. embassy is located in the colonia, facing Reforma. This embassy has massive security around it and streets have been closed around the building for both security and construction purposes. The lines for those applying for visas regularly spills out into

1197-913: Is to damp spring oscillations. Shock absorbers use valving of oil and gasses to absorb excess energy from the springs. Spring rates are chosen by the manufacturer based on the weight of the vehicle, loaded and unloaded. Some people use shocks to modify spring rates but this is not the correct use. Along with hysteresis in the tire itself, they damp the energy stored in the motion of the unsprung weight up and down. Effective wheel bounce damping may require tuning shocks to an optimal resistance. Spring -based shock absorbers commonly use coil springs or leaf springs , though torsion bars are used in torsional shocks as well. Ideal springs alone, however, are not shock absorbers, as springs only store and do not dissipate or absorb energy. Vehicles typically employ both hydraulic shock absorbers and springs or torsion bars. In this combination, "shock absorber" refers specifically to

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1254-640: The Columbus monument ) at the next intersection to the East. The monument is topped by a statue of Cuauhtémoc, wearing ceremonial clothing with a penacho ( plumed headdress) and holding a spear , made by the Mexican sculptor Miguel Noreña. The costume and the anatomical arrangement of Cuauhtémoc - made to resemble statues of the Greco-Roman tradition, following the artistic fashion of the time. The tilmàtli (outer garment)

1311-810: The Torre BBVA Bancomer (235m) is rising, which will be the tallest building in the city upon completion. HSBC Mexico has its headquarters in the HSBC Tower in the community. Aeroméxico has its headquarters in the community. Cambridge Analytica maintains an office in the colonia. Río Lerma street has become a "restaurant row". The area is served by the Mexico City Metrobús and EcoBici bikeshare. Metrobús stations 19°25′50.95″N 99°10′9.45″W  /  19.4308194°N 99.1692917°W  / 19.4308194; -99.1692917 Monument to Cuauht%C3%A9moc The Monument to Cuauhtémoc

1368-632: The Torre Mayor , the Torre HSBC , the British Embassy , and the United States Embassy . The neighborhood is bordered by: The colonia is just west of the historic center of the city, bordered by the following streets: Calzada Manuel Villalogín in the north, Paseo de la Reforma to the south and east and Avenida Melchor Ocampo in the west. It is still mostly residential, with development limited to

1425-485: The " Porfiriato " regime of president Porfirio Díaz with a monument to honour the last of the Mexica rulers. To do this, in 1877 D.J.S. Bagally, Emilio Dondé, Manuel Gargollo y Parra and Ramón Rodríguez Arangoyti were convened as judges for a public competition. The winners was engineer Francisco M. Jiménez who were inspired by the details of prehispanic Mexican architecture, such as the ancient buildings of Uxmal , Mitla and

1482-539: The Gabriel Snubber started being fitted in the late 1900s (also the similar Stromberg Anti-Shox). These used a belt coiled inside a device such that it freely wound in under the action of a coiled spring but met friction when drawn out. Gabriel Snubbers were fitted to an 11.9HP Arrol-Johnston car which broke the 6 hour Class B record at Brooklands in late 1912, and the Automator journal noted that this snubber might have

1539-569: The Paseo, the Mexico City government decided move it back to its original site. Restoration works of the base, sculptures and the construction of the new environs took place beginning on April 12, 2004. For this new site, the local government and the National Institute of Anthropology and History undertook research to confirm the original site - 79 meters to the northwest of the location in 1949. In

1596-437: The action of the auxiliary spring in the unit itself. The first production hydraulic dampers to act on the main leaf spring movement were probably those based on an original concept by Maurice Houdaille patented in 1908 and 1909. These used a lever arm which moved hydraulically damped vanes inside the unit. The main advantage over the friction disk dampers was that it would resist sudden movement but allow slow movement, whereas

1653-474: The archaeological site of Palenque , among others. Jimenez died two days after the decision was announced therefore the construction of the monument was overseen by Ramón Agea, architect and engineer of the National Palace of Mexico . The Minister of public works, Carlos Pacheco Villalobos , then commissioned Miguel Noreña for sculptures on the monument at a cost of 37,863 pesos. 3 thousand was later added to

1710-605: The architecture of Mitla . On the four sides of monument are names of other Aztec commanders during the Spanish conquest : Cuitláhuac (East), Cacama (North), Tetlepanquetzaltzin (originally Tetlepanquetzal , West) and Coanacoch (South). The base also includes two inscriptions: In memory of Quautemoc [sic] and the warriors who fought heroically in defense of their homeland. MDXXI [1521] (Original: A la memoria de Quautemoc y de los guerreros que combatieron heroicamente en defensa de su patria. MDXXI ) The erection of this monument

1767-494: The city to make the area a “special zone for controlled development” in order to keep the area's primarily residential nature. Most commercial construction is limited to the areas facing Paseo de la Reforma. Since the mid-1990s, the colonia was supposed to receive a percentage of the income from parking meters installed in the area by the Cuauhtemoc borough, mostly to augment public security. Between 2002 and 2006, none of that money

Colonia Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-540: The colonia include Alitas (preschool), Busy Children (preschool), Centro Educativo Best, (high school), Colegio Colbert (secondary), Colegio Nueva Infancia (secondary), Colegio Reina Maria (secondary), Nihao-chop (language school) and Escuela Inglesa Kent (secondary). Street vendors have proliferated in the colonia, taking over sidewalks, especially near office buildings. Most of these vendors sell foods such as tortas , tacos , sweets and other fast/convenience foods. Residents complain that these vendors impede traffic and have

1881-492: The cost for the bronze leopards around the base as these had originally been planned by Jiménez to only be built in chiluca stone. The foundation stone was laid on 5 May 1878 a date chosen by Diaz in recognition of the Battle of Puebla . It was opened nine years later on 21 August 1887 by Diaz. The casting was made in the workshop of Jesús Contreras and weights 354 tons. In 1949 architect Mario Pani Darqui had planned to build

1938-414: The design and first appeared in 1954s. Because the design was patented, no other manufacturer could use it until 1971 when the patent expired. Spool valve dampers are characterized by the use of hollow cylindrical sleeves with machined-in oil passages as opposed to traditional conventional flexible discs or shims. Spool valving can be applied with monotube, twin-tube, or position-sensitive packaging, and

1995-419: The dissipated energy can be stored and used later. In general terms, shock absorbers help cushion vehicles on uneven roads and keep wheels in contact with the ground. In a vehicle, shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality and vehicle handling . While shock absorbers serve the purpose of limiting excessive suspension movement, their intended main purpose

2052-504: The earthquake-prone city, this tower was built with 96 dampers, which work like car shock absorbers to block the resonating effect of the lakebed and its own height. These diamond-shaped dampers are seen architecturally on its perimeter. With this extra-bracing, this tower can withstand earthquake forces nearly four times as efficiently as a conventionally damped building. The dampening system proved its worth in January ;2003, when

2109-442: The flow of oil through an internal piston (see below). One design consideration, when designing or choosing a shock absorber, is where that energy will go. In most shock absorbers, energy is converted to heat inside the viscous fluid. In hydraulic cylinders , the hydraulic fluid heats up, while in air cylinders , the hot air is usually exhausted to the atmosphere. In other types of shock absorbers, such as electromagnetic types,

2166-524: The hydraulic fluid through small holes, creating resistance and dissipating energy in the form of heat. This dampens oscillations, reducing further bouncing or wobble of the car. Shock construction requires a balance of features such as piston design, fluid viscosity, and overall size of the unit to ensure performance. As technology developed, other types of shock absorbers emerged, including gas and electric shock absorbers, that provided improved control and flexibility. The design and manufacture of shock absorbers

2223-430: The hydraulic piston that absorbs and dissipates vibration. Now, composite suspension systems are used mainly in 2 wheelers and also leaf springs are made up of composite material in 4 wheelers. Shock absorbers are an important part of car suspension designed to increase comfort, stability and overall safety. The shock absorber, produced with precision and engineering skills, has many important features. The most common type

2280-418: The monument was part of a nationalist discourse, promoted through a program of public sculpture and an expansion of the Paseo de la Reforma. Its construction occurred subsequent to the Monument to Christopher Columbus , located at the next major roundabout ( glorieta ) of the same wide avenue, and in contrast to it, as an attempt to highlight the mestizo (mixed origin) identity of contemporary Mexico. It

2337-560: The new site a stronger foundation for the monument was built, which also gave the monument an elevation 1.8m higher than the original. The renovation was completed with the placement of the Cuauhtémoc statue on December 10, 2004. The monument is now situated in the middle of a roundabout ( glorieta ) in the city's main boulevard with "Glorieta of the Palm" at the next intersection to the West and glorieta de las mujeres que luchan (former location of

Colonia Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-419: The oil damped in the rebound direction. The Telesco unit was fitted at the rear end of the leaf spring, in place of the rear spring to chassis mount, so that it formed part of the springing system, albeit a hydraulically damped part. This layout was presumably selected as it was easy to apply to existing vehicles, but it meant the hydraulic damping was not applied to the action of the main leaf spring, but only to

2451-414: The piston and via the valve, converting the "shock" energy into heat which must then be dissipated. Variously known as a "gas cell two-tube" or similarly named design, this variation represented a significant advancement over the basic twin-tube form. Its overall structure is very similar to the twin-tube, but a low-pressure charge of nitrogen gas is added to the reserve tube. The result of this alteration

2508-465: The piston starts to occur with greater intensity (i.e., on bumpy sections of roads— the stiffening gives the driver greater control of movement over the vehicle so its range on either side of the comfort zone is called the "control zone"). This advance allowed car designers to make a shock absorber tailored to specific makes and models of vehicles and to take into account a given vehicle's size and weight, its maneuverability, its horsepower, etc. in creating

2565-455: The pressure tube in response to changes in road smoothness. The two pistons also completely separate the shock's fluid and gas components. The mono-tube shock absorber is consistently a much longer overall design than the twin-tubes, making it difficult to mount in passenger cars designed for twin-tube shocks. However, unlike the twin-tubes, the mono-tube shock can be mounted either way— it does not have any directionality. It also does not have

2622-529: The rotary friction dampers tended to stick and then offer the same resistance regardless of speed of movement. There appears to have been little progress on commercialising the lever arm shock absorbers until after World War I , after which they came into widespread use, for example as standard equipment on the 1927 Ford Model A and manufactured by Houde Engineering Corporation of Buffalo, NY. Most vehicular shock absorbers are either twin-tube or mono-tube types with some variations on these themes. Also known as

2679-632: The side streets causing streets like Rio Danubio to close during the embassy's operating hours. The presence of the embassy also provokes 24-hour police presence of the area immediately surrounding the building but some residents doubt that this provides extra security. Four skyscrapers are under construction along the boulevard between the entrance to Chapultepec Park and the Diana the Huntress fountain : Torre Reforma (244m), Punto Chapultepec (238m), and Torre Diana (158m). Across Reforma from colonia Cuauhtémoc

2736-526: The spring and vehicle combination bounced with a characteristic frequency, these auxiliary springs were designed with a different period, but were not a solution to the problem that the spring rebound after striking a bump could throw you out of your seat. What was called for was damping that operated on the rebound. Although C.L. Horock came up with a design in 1901 that had hydraulic damping, it worked in one direction only. It does not seem to have gone into production right away, whereas mechanical dampers such as

2793-462: The strip right along Paseo de la Reforma. It has just under 10,000 residents, on its 2,700 pieces of private property stretching over 90 blocks. Public schools in the colonia include Cendi Gdf Tsj Cristina Pachecho (primary), Cendi IMSS 35 Tipo B (primary), Cendi IMSS 46 Tipo B (primary), Cendi IMSS 52 (primary), Cendi Part Colegio Cibeles, S.C., (primary), Cendi Part Colegio del Angel (primary) and Colegio Reina Maria (technical school). Private schools in

2850-452: The twin-tube form has been the mono-tube shock absorber which was considered a revolutionary advancement when it appeared in the 1950s. As its name implies, the mono-tube shock, which is also a gas-pressurized shock and also comes in a coilover format, consists of only one tube, the pressure tube, though it has two pistons. These pistons are called the working piston and the dividing or floating piston, and they move in relative synchrony inside

2907-443: Was also fitted to many cars. One of the problems with motor cars was the large variation in sprung weight between lightly loaded and fully loaded, especially for the rear springs. When heavily loaded the springs could bottom out, and apart from fitting rubber 'bump stops', there were attempts to use heavy main springs with auxiliary springs to smooth the ride when lightly loaded, which were often called 'shock absorbers'. Realizing that

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2964-475: Was forthcoming until a recent judicial ruling in their favor. The amount in question was between 200,000 and 250,000 pesos per month from the 3,000 parking meters. The Torre Mayor is located on Paseo de la Reforma at the western end of the colonia. It was finished in 2003, and from then to 2010, it was the tallest building in Latin America. It continues to be the tallest building in Mexico at 225.4 meters tall. Due to

3021-672: Was interrupted in 1904 when the city contracted with the Mexico City Improvement Company to build a road leading south from the Paseo to Chapultepec Park , today Avenida Melchor Ocampo. Other lands in the north of the property were expropriated for the Ferrocarrill Nacional Mexico rail line, which was later used to build the Hospital de los Ferrocarrilles, today a unit of IMSS and the Jardín del Arte. The reduced colonia

3078-491: Was officially approved by the city in 1907, with the new main street bearing the names of Reforma 1, 3, 5 and 7, then names such as Calle Norte 1 or Calle Sur 1. Eventually, these names were changed for their permanent ones, based on rivers found in the world. The colonia's name comes from the statue of Cuauhtémoc found on Paseo de la Reforma in this area, sculpted by Miguel Noreña. In 1933, the neighborhood association, Asociación de Vecinos de la Colonia Cuauhtémoc, contracted with

3135-735: Was ordered by Porfirio Diaz, President of the Republic, and Vicente Riva Palacio , Secretary of Public Works. MDCCCLXXVIII [1878] (Original: Ordenaron la erección de este monumento Porfirio Díaz, presidente de la República, y Vicente Riva Palacio, secretario de Fomento. MDCCCLXXVIII ) The reliefs on the North and South of the pedestal represent The meeting of Cuauhtémoc prisoner with Cortés (original: La entrevista de Cuauhtémoc, prisionero, con Cortés ), by Miguel Noreña and The torment of Cuauhtémoc (original: El tormento de Cuauhtémoc ) by Gabriel Guerra . Shock absorber A shock absorber or damper

3192-533: Was the reason it was "impossible" to use them as main springs. However the amount of damping provided by leaf spring friction was limited and variable according to the conditions of the springs, and whether wet or dry. It also operated in both directions. Motorcycle front suspension adopted coil sprung Druid forks from about 1906, and similar designs later added Friction disk shock absorber rotary friction dampers, which damped both ways - but they were adjustable (e.g. 1924 Webb forks). These friction disk shock absorber s

3249-425: Was then the city. The lands were located on both sides of the Paseo de la Reforma. The lands on the opposite side of the Paseo are now Colonia Juárez . The original name of the colonia was De la Teja and it was established in 1876, with plans to form the main streets at an angle to Paseo de la Reforma. However, construction did not begin until 1882, when Salvador Malo acquired the rights to the land. This construction

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