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49-797: The college was founded in 1940 by the Mexican Federal Government, the Bank of Mexico (Banco de México), the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and the Fondo de Cultura Económica . In the late 1930s, following the end of the Spanish Civil War , Mexican president Lázaro Cardenas created the House of Spain in Mexico (1938–1940) to host Spanish intellectuals in exile in Mexico; Mexico

98-542: A halt. In 1911 Francisco I. Madero took power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country but he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals, Victoriano Huerta , to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling

147-431: A literary career as journalist, investigator, translator, critic, and writer. In 1915, he wrote what is probably his best-known essay, Visión de Anáhuac (1519) with its famous epigraph, Viajero: has llegado a la región más transparente del aire , the source of the title of Carlos Fuentes 's novel La región más transparente . Visión de Anáhuac is inspired by the “vitalist” philosophy of Henri Bergson and can be seen as

196-471: A pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the Banco Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President Manuel González . In 1884, the Banco Nacional Mexicano soon merged with Banco Mercantil Mexicano (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form

245-540: A profound knowledge of the formal means, notably "Ifigenia cruel" (1924), "Pausa" (1926), "5 casi sonetos" (1931), "Otra voz" (1936) and "Cantata en la tumba de Federico García Lorca " (1937). Reyes worked as a translator of works from Laurence Sterne , G. K. Chesterton , Anton Chekhov and as an editor of works by Juan Ruiz de Alarcón , Cantar del Mio Cid , Lope de Vega , Baltasar Gracián , Juan Ruiz , Francisco de Quevedo . The Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges referred to Reyes as "the greatest prose writer in

294-424: A program established by The Rockefeller Foundation to bring together and train mid-career leaders from all parts of the world in improving their leadership skills around the issues of sustainable development . Led primarily by renowned Colmex professor Boris Graizbord, Lead Mexico responds to calls for acting as consultant, advisor, and policy evaluator at federal and local level. In 2021 a Centre for Gender Studies

343-640: A prominent family of Jalisco , direct descendants of Conquistador Diego de Ochoa-Garibay, as documented by Reyes in his Parentalia . Reyes was educated at various colleges in Monterrey , El Liceo Francés de México , El Colegio Civil de Monterrey , and later at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria and graduated from the La Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia , which later became the law school at UNAM in 1913. In 1909, he helped to found

392-533: A single bank controlled by the government. But it was not until the end of 1924 that the Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito (General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México. The law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank. The Banco de México

441-600: A study on the metamorphosis in the process of creative evolution. Reyes was reinstated in the diplomatic service in 1920. He was the second secretary in Spain in 1920, was in Paris from 1924 to 1927, and then served as the ambassador to Argentina (1927–1930 and 1936–1937). He was the Mexican ambassador to Brazil from 1930 to 1935 and again in 1938. In 1939, he retired from the diplomatic corps and returned to Mexico, where he organized what

490-471: Is Mexico 's central bank , monetary authority and lender of last resort . The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency. Plans for a central bank of Mexico began as early as the Mexican Empire of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide with his idea of a Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano (Grand Bank of

539-506: Is today El Colegio de México and dedicated himself to writing and teaching. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1950. His time in Spain, where he resided from 1914 to 1924, was considered his best creative period when he became a great writer and master of literature. In Spain, where he experienced financial difficulties, he dedicated himself to literature and combined it with journalism. He worked at

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588-579: The Ateneo de la Juventud , along with other young intellectuals including Martín Luis Guzmán , José Vasconcelos , Julio Torri , and Pedro Enríquez Ureña , to promote new cultural and aesthetic ideals and educational reform in Mexico. In 1911, Reyes published his first book, Cuestiones estéticas . The following year, he wrote the short story La Cena ("The Supper"), which is considered a forerunner of surrealism and Latin American magical realism . In that year he

637-463: The Banco Nacional de México (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in

686-634: The Banco de Londres y Mexico notes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by real estate for periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks. In 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect

735-564: The Carlos Salinas and Ernesto Zedillo administrations; Jesús Seade Andrés Manuel López Obrador's representative in the renegotiation of NAFTA ; Sócrates Rizzo , former Governor of Nuevo León , Marco Antonio Mena Rodríguez Governor of Tlaxcala and Enrique Alfaro Ramírez Governor of Jalisco . Diplomats: Patricia Espinosa , executive director of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , former Secretary of Foreign Affairs , Arturo Sarukhán , former Mexican ambassador to

784-585: The Centro de Estudios Históricos ( Historical Study Center ) of Madrid under the direction of Ramón Menéndez Pidal . In 1919, he was named the Mexican Commission Secretary " Francisco del Paso y Troncoso ", the same year that Cantar de mio Cid was put into prose. Many of his friends insisted that he was a natural in Spanish and should pursue a career in politics, but he declined to do so. One time he

833-559: The Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2001. Colmex's library (Biblioteca Daniel Cosío Villegas ), one of the largest academic libraries in Mexico, contains one of the most important Latin American collections in the fields of the social sciences and humanities. Colmex arose from an organization of Spanish civil war exiles called "Casa de España en México" (House of Spain in Mexico). In March 1939, Lázaro Cárdenas named Alfonso Reyes to

882-407: The 2010–2011 school year, El Colegio de México offered 19 academic programs in seven academic centers, of which 16 are doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrollment across Mexico, El Colegio de México has upheld a student-faculty ratio of 2.5:1. There are nearly 181 tenured or tenure-track professors and 50 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at

931-649: The Centre of Asian and African Studies, founded by Flora Botton ; the Gender Studies Program, founded by Lourdes Arizpe , Botton, and Elena Urrutia ; and the Daniel Cosío Villegas Library, which is also one of the richest libraries in North America, with sources in many languages. Since 1991, El Colegio de México is the host institution of LEAD-Mexico (Leadership for Environment and Development) ,

980-560: The Mexican Empire). This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds. In 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans. The first formal bank organized by

1029-598: The Mexican State of Nuevo León and former Senior Vice President of Cemex Javier Trevino ; economists Gustavo Garza Villarreal ; political scientists Soledad Loaeza and Francisco Gil Villegas ; political analyst and writer Denise Dresser ; current president of Salisbury University in Salisbury, Maryland , Janet Dudley-Eshbach ; and narratologist Lauro Zavala . Bank of Mexico The Bank of Mexico ( Spanish : Banco de México ), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico,

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1078-578: The Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the US financial crisis of 1907 . These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the Porfirian regime and the intensification of the Revolution ground normal banking activity to

1127-1093: The United States, Enrique Berruga , former Permanent Representative of Mexico to the United Nations ; Claude Heller , ambassador of Mexico to the UN, Adolfo Aguilar Zínser , former ambassador of Mexico to the UN Security Council , senator Rosario Green , Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the Zedillo administration , Bruno Figueroa Fischer Ambassador or Mexico to the Republic of Korea . Intellectuals and academics: historians Enrique Krauze , Andrés Reséndez ; and Javier Garciadiego member of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico) and director of Academia Mexicana de la Historia ; sociologist Julio Boltvinik and Pablo González Casanova rector at Autonomous National University of Mexico ; writers such as Pablo Soler Frost , Silvio Zavala , Héctor Aguilar Camín , and Margarita Peña ; Secretary of State of

1176-924: The best-known faculty of El Colegio de México are Lorenzo Meyer, Mauricio Merino, Antonio Alatorre ; political leaders Jesús Silva Herzog Flores , Carlos Tello Macías , Manuel Camacho Solís , Natividad González Parás , Porfirio Muñoz Ledo , Bernardo Sepúlveda , José Ramón Cossío ; scholars Sergio Aguayo , Josefina Zoraida Vázquez , Carlos Marichal , Clara Lida , Carlos Urzúa , Soledad Loaeza , Jacqueline Peschard , Brígida García Guzmán , Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo , David Lorenzen , Jorge Alberto Lozoya , Gabriela Cano Ortega , Ruy Mauro Marini , José Luis Lezama , Orlandina de Oliveira , Rodolfo Stavenhagen , Luis F. Aguilar Villanueva, Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru , Francisco Gil Villegas , Margit Frenk, Francisco Segovia, Saurabh Dube , Joseph Hodara, Gustavo Garza , Robert Pastor , Martha Schteingart; and diplomats such as Mauricio de María y Campos and Fernando de Mateo. Among

1225-452: The collection into one of the most important Latin America collections in its areas of specialty and its staff has played an important role both for the campus and the national academic library practices by driving various initiatives such as the migration to online OPAC systems in the 90's, which spurred other institutions in Mexico to follow. Prominent scholars and intellectuals have been among

1274-556: The college. 21% of all students are enrolled in the Centre for International Studies, Colmex's largest academic unit. Of the other larger centers, the Centre for Demographic, Urban and Environmental Studies enrolls 19%, the Centre for Historical Studies enrolls 15%, the Centre for Linguistic and Literary Studies enrolls 13%, the Centre for Economic Studies and the Centre for Sociological Studies enroll about 10% each. The remainder of all students are enrolled in Colmex's smaller schools, including

1323-509: The country (including the United States, France, Italy and China). International students hail from about 24 different countries, with Colombians comprising about one third of all international students in the entering class of 2011. Undergraduate and graduate admission to Colmex is very selective. El Colegio de México received 936 applications for admission to the Class of 2014 and 181 were admitted (18.1%). 87% of students graduate within 4 years. In

1372-704: The establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841. The first major private bank in Mexico was opened under the period of the Second Mexican Empire in 1864 when the Banco de Londres, México y Sud America (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City. In the 1870s, the Banco de Santa Eulalia opened in Chihuahua and the Monte de Piedad , which had functioned as

1421-733: The faculty of the various centers, such as Alfonso Reyes , Daniel Cosío Villegas , Silvio Zavala , Mario Ojeda Gómez , Raimundo Lida , José Gaos , Víctor Urquidi , Luis González y González , Luis Unikel and Rafael Segovia Canosa. For 2020, from a total of 173 faculty and staff members, 91% were affiliated with the National System of Researchers (abbreviated as SNI, in Spanish) of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico). Among

1470-555: The government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of Anastasio Bustamante under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, Lucas Alamán . The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter, but due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President Antonio López de Santa Anna . The Mexican government had decreed

1519-591: The issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank. On 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010. Alfonso Reyes Alfonso Reyes Ochoa (17 May 1889 in Monterrey, Nuevo León – 27 December 1959 in Mexico City ) was a Mexican writer, philosopher and diplomat. He

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1568-611: The memory of the symbolic poet Stéphane Mallarmé . After 1924 he developed a diplomatic and social life in Paris, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro (he served as an ambassador of Mexico to Argentina and Brazil). He translated a Mallarmé and edited his own literary mail, "Monterrey," publishing it in 1930. He wrote to friends abroad in every part of the world and gave talks, spoke at conferences and contributed to homages and cultural events. He published among others, "Cuestiones gongorinas" (1927), "Capítulos de literatura española" (1939–195), "Discurso por Virgilio" (1931). His poetic works reveal

1617-487: The midst of the Christero War , the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the Banco de Londres y Mexico . The banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that

1666-438: The national banking system. When Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916 Venustiano Carranza declared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of

1715-406: The national treasury. The next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the Monte de Piedad temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money. In 1897, during

1764-470: The option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money. The bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in

1813-524: The people who have attended El Colegio de México are Mexican political leaders Marcelo Ebrard , Secretary of Foreign Affairs , former Head of Government of Mexico City ; economist Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez cabinet member under the Andrés Manuel López Obrador administration; economist Graciela Márquez Colín former Secretary of Economy , under the Andrés Manuel López Obrador administration; economist Jaime Serra Puche , cabinet member under

1862-420: The politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system. In 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on

1911-466: The presidency of Porfirio Díaz , Finance Minister José Yves Limantour helped to guide the passing of the Ley de Instituciones de Crédito (Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks, mortgage loan banks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the Banco Nacional de México and

1960-520: The presidency of the "Casa de España en México". Reyes would be president of the "Colegio" until his death. Historian Daniel Cosío Villegas played an important role in its institutionalization and the Colegio's library bears his name. Colmex's student population includes 74 undergraduate and 369 graduate students representing diverse geographic and linguistic backgrounds. Of the entire student population, 83.5% are from Mexico, while 16.05% are from outside

2009-519: The university's campus was moved from the Colonia Roma (a historic neighborhood just west of the city's center) to its current location in the southern portion of the capital; the main building of the campus was designed by the Mexican architect Teodoro González de León . The college contains seven separate academic centers collectively offering three undergraduate degrees, seven master's degrees and eight doctoral degrees. El Colegio de México received

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2058-536: The value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own "unforgeable" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of Álvaro Obregón in 1921. The current constitution of Mexico was signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by

2107-473: Was a collaborator of Revista de Filología Española , Revista de Occidente and Revue Hispanique . His works about Spanish literature , older classical literature and aesthetics are notable, and among the more notable of that time, Cuestiones estéticas (1911). In Spain he organized a ceremony on 11 September 1923 at the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid ( Real Botanical Garden of Madrid ) to honor

2156-556: Was also named Secretary of the Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios at the National Autonomous University of Mexico . Reyes obtained his law degree in 1913, the same year that his father died while he was participating in an coup d'état against the then President Francisco I. Madero . Alfonso Reyes was posted to Mexico's diplomatic service in France in 1913. After Germany invaded France in 1914, he moved to Madrid , Spain, and pursued

2205-404: Was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of Minister of Finance Alberto J. Pani with an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925. It was given exclusive authority to mint coins and print banknotes , a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over exchange rates , interest rates , and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had

2254-518: Was inaugurated. Canada United States Korea India Israel Japan Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Switzerland The Daniel Cosío Villegas Library is a public academic library situated in the center of El Colegio de México's campus, contains around 700,000 volumes, and comprises 30% of the total building real estate. The library is composed of eighteen academic librarians, three IT professionals, and eighty clerical staff and paraprofessionals. The library's curatorial efforts have transformed

2303-748: Was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times and has been acclaimed as one of the greatest authors in Spanish language . He served as ambassador of Mexico to Argentina and Brazil . He was the ninth of the twelve children of General Bernardo Reyes Ogazón , Governor of the State of Nuevo León and the Secretary of War and Navy of President Porfirio Díaz (considered by some to be his natural successor), and his wife Aurelia Ochoa-Garibay y Sapién, member of

2352-513: Was presented with an offer to teach, but he rejected it. He was more interested in the aesthetics of Benedetto Croce . He published numerous essays about poetry of the Spanish Golden Age , such as Baroque y Góngora ; on top of that he was one of the first writers to study poetry of Juana Inés de la Cruz . From 1917 he produced Cartones de Madrid , his small masterpiece, Visión de Anáhuac , El suicida , and in 1921, El cazador . He

2401-450: Was the only country that in 1939 welcomed Spanish refugees. Under the direction of intellectual Alfonso Reyes , the House of Spain became a higher education center, and was renamed El Colegio de México in 1940. The College now operates under a 1961 charter that allows the institution to provide college-level teaching in the fields of humanistic knowledge and social and political sciences. In 1976,

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