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122-553: It is the largest covered arena in Peru, today it is being renovated by its current owner, Agua Viva Church. In the past it hosted events such as a Soda Stereo concert in 1987, and it was the home of the children's TV program Nubeluz , who used the arena for the broadcasting of the show until 1995 when they moved to Panamericana Television studios in Santa Beatriz . The arena hosts sport events as basketball and volleyball . Today it

244-579: A new wave and ska influenced sound, which evolved into a post-punk style found on their subsequent albums Nada personal (1985), Signos (1986), and Doble Vida (1988). The band's 1990 album Canción Animal featured the alternative rock anthem " De Música Ligera ", their best-known song in Latin America. On their last two albums, Dynamo (1992) and Sueño Stereo (1995), their sound evolved to incorporate genres such as shoegaze and art rock . Their farewell concert on 20 September 1997 at

366-485: A La Playa" (Let's Go to the Beach), along with other songs that appeared on their second demo. Throughout 1983, the band would become notorious for their sound. Beginning at a pub show for a no-show band, Soda performed constantly; at their third show, Horacio Martinez, a historic Argentine rock producer and "talent hunter", heard them and invited them to record for CBS Records . This came to fruition in 1984 when Soda signed to

488-504: A U.S. journalist with a degree from UCLA , who was also the first Hispanic rock concert promoter in Los Angeles, and was scheduling Hispanic music concerts around Hollywood in clubs like Whisky a GoGo and the Rainbow & Paladium Theater hall; Mr. Banojian with the support of the record label and the sponsorship of M&M chocolate brand, scheduled Soda Stereo's first United States concert at

610-643: A clandestine organization. José López Rega organized the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA) to fight against them and the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP). Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion, stopping ERP's attempt to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province. Isabel Perón

732-667: A critical role in the party, died of cancer in 1952. As the economy continued to tank, Perón started losing popular support, and came to be seen as a threat to the national process. The Navy took advantage of Perón's withering political power, and bombed the Plaza de Mayo in 1955. Perón survived the attack, but a few months later, during the Liberating Revolution coup, he was deposed and went into exile in Spain. The new head of State, Pedro Eugenio Aramburu , proscribed Peronism and banned

854-491: A fashion show at the "Disco Airport" (Discothèque), which was close to where we practiced in Buenos Aires. Nobody gave us so much as a nod. The three of us played on a very deficient sound system. But we were happy, even though no one paid attention. We really looked like a punk group, we didn't know how to play and the sound was loud, even though it was just that. Following that gig, Soda Stereo slowly gained traction throughout

976-458: A final heart attack on Monday, 1 July 1974, and died at 13:15. He was 78 years old. After his death, Isabel Perón , his wife and vice president, succeeded him in office. During her presidency, a military junta, along with the Peronists' far-right fascist faction, once again became the de facto head of state . Isabel Perón served as President of Argentina from 1974 until 1976, when she was ousted by

1098-760: A growing figurehead of Argentina's electronic rock scene, would become an instrumental influence on the band's sound in its final years. The trio, regretting using cliches in their band name (claiming that "Los" (The) in a rock-band name was overused), often brainstormed random words and wrote them down, a university pastime for Cerati and Bosio–eventually coming up with Soda Stereo , thanks in part to Cerati's excessive soda consumption during band rehearsals. The first show under Soda's new name occurred in December 1982, at Alfredo Lois birthday party, Cerati and Bosio's university classmate. Lois would go on to become Soda's video director as well as their visual and stylistic guru; he

1220-547: A left-wing Peronist, who took office on 25 May 1973. A month later, in June, Perón returned from Spain. One of Cámpora's first presidential actions was to grant amnesty to members of organizations that had carried out political assassinations and terrorist attacks, and to those who had been tried and sentenced to prison by judges. Cámpora's months-long tenure in government was beset by political and social unrest. Over 600 social conflicts, strikes , and factory occupations took place within

1342-452: A man she had met in River Plate , Argentina , who called repeatedly, all advances which she rejected. On one occasion, when Cerati answered the phone for his sister, he befriended Ficicchia, who mentioned that he was a drummer, and the son of famous Argentine jazz drummer and songwriter Tito Alberti . Interested in his talents after hearing him play, Cerati and Bosio would ask him to join

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1464-718: A military coup d'état led by General Arturo Rawson toppled the democratically elected government of Ramón Castillo . Under pressure from the United States, later Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers (on 27 March 1945, roughly a month before the end of World War II in Europe ). During the Rawson dictatorship a relatively unknown military colonel named Juan Perón was named head of the Labour Department. Perón quickly managed to climb

1586-612: A new Latin American tour (their third), which cemented a massive following in Mexico . Near the end of 1989 Soda records a new version of "Languis" (from Doble Vida ) and a new song titled "Mundo de Quimeras" (World of Chimeras). Both songs were released in the EP Languis (1989) along with remixes of "En El Borde" and "Lo Que Sangra (La Cúpula)". Following the release of Languis Soda played two sold-out shows at The Palace in Los Angeles, becoming

1708-475: A presidential decree settled the country's name as "Argentine Republic", and that year's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid. In English , the country was traditionally called "the Argentine", mimicking the typical Spanish usage la Argentina and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening of the fuller name 'Argentine Republic'. 'The Argentine' fell out of fashion during

1830-603: A proposal known as the Inca plan of 1816, which proposed that the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Present Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a descendant of the Inca . Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of Túpac Amaru II ) was proposed as monarch. Some examples of those who supported this proposal were Manuel Belgrano , José de San Martín and Martín Miguel de Güemes . The Congress of Tucumán finally decided to reject

1952-610: A second term . With the economy beginning to decline in 1995, and with increasing unemployment and recession, the UCR, led by Fernando de la Rúa , returned to the presidency in the 1999 elections . De la Rúa left Menem's economic plan in effect despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent. Massive capital flight from the country was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts , generating further turmoil. The December 2001 riots forced him to resign. Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president, who revoked

2074-639: A single from the recording. After a three-year absence, on 29 June 1995, Soda released Sueño Stereo , their 7th and final studio album. The album was an instant hit, quickly reaching platinum status in Argentina 15 days after its release. The album was powered by the radio hit "Zoom" and the promotional video for "Ella usó mi cabeza como un revólver", which in 1996 won the Viewer's Choice Award presented by MTV Latin America. Argentina Argentina , officially

2196-462: A single month. Even though far-left terrorist organisations had suspended their armed struggle, their joining with the participatory democracy process was interpreted as a direct threat by the Peronist right-wing faction. Amid a state of political, social, and economic upheaval, Cámpora and Vice President Vicente Solano Lima resigned in July 1973, calling for new elections, but this time with Perón as

2318-414: A system of social assistance for the most vulnerable sectors of society. The economy began to decline in 1950 due in part to government expenditures and the protectionist economic policies. He also engaged in a campaign of political suppression. Anyone who was perceived to be a political dissident or potential rival was subject to threats, physical violence and harassment. The Argentine intelligentsia ,

2440-399: A total attendance of 20,000 spectators. Footage from the first show was edited into a long play video. After these concerts records sales began to accelerate, quickly passing the gold certification that they achieved during the summer, platinum certification , and finally double platinum in the following months. Without abandoning the danceable rhythms, the second LP resulted in more depth in

2562-407: A valid experience, specifically in bringing the band back to earth. To put it bluntly: Spain was in no way a failure, but was far from the success that Soda had been used to in Latin America, in the end it was a good learning experience. In March 1992, Argentine producer and musician Daniel Melero and Gustavo Cerati released an album titled Colores Santos , Cerati's first musical venture away from

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2684-538: Is plateado and prateado , although argento for 'silver' and argentado for 'covered in silver' exist in Spanish. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend , widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin . The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina , a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region. Although "Argentina"

2806-524: Is a regional power , and retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs. A major non-NATO ally of the United States, Argentina is a developing country with the second-highest HDI (human development index) in Latin America after Chile . It maintains the second-largest economy in South America, and is a member of G-15 and G20 . Argentina is also a founding member of

2928-588: Is stylistically a shoegazing album, and was met with alienation and shock from many fans of the band, who found its radical shift in style from Canción Animal discomforting and challenging to cope with. Surrounding the band's rushed decision to change record companies from BMG to Sony immediately before the disc's release, Dynamo failed to sell as expected, and remains the lowest-selling album of Soda's career today. Despite these challenges, Soda began their sixth tour of Latin America to begin 1993, during which time Cerati officially kickstarted his solo career with

3050-794: Is used for evangelic events and church services on Sunday. In 1982, Amauta Coliseum was the site of three big events including the Miss Universe 1982 on July 26; the Women's World Championship of Volleyball , from September 12 to September 25); and the OTI Song Contest , on November 27. On July 26, 1982, the date of the finale of the Miss Universe contest, the stadium was attacked with dynamite . 12°03′16.52″S 77°03′47.56″W  /  12.0545889°S 77.0632111°W  / -12.0545889; -77.0632111 Soda Stereo Soda Stereo

3172-618: The Cordobazo and the Rosariazo . The terrorist guerrilla organization Montoneros kidnapped and executed Aramburu. The newly chosen head of government, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse , seeking to ease the growing political pressure, allowed Héctor José Cámpora to become the Peronist candidate instead of Perón. Cámpora won the March 1973 election , issued pardons for condemned guerrilla members, and then secured Perón's return from his exile in Spain. On

3294-608: The Argentine Republic , is a country in the southern half of South America . Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil , the fourth-largest country in the Americas , and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to

3416-614: The Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in 1955. The Trelew massacre of 1972, the actions of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance commencing in 1973, and Isabel Perón 's "annihilation decrees" against left-wing guerrillas during Operativo Independencia (Operation Independence) in 1975, are also possible events signaling the beginning of the Dirty War. Onganía shut down Congress, banned all political parties, and dismantled student and worker unions. In 1969, popular discontent led to two massive protests:

3538-710: The Centralists and the Federalists —a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence. The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director . On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence , which is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday. One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on

3660-685: The Charrúa , Minuane and Guaraní in the northeast, with slash and burn semisedentary existence; the advanced Diaguita sedentary trading culture in the northwest, which was conquered by the Inca Empire around 1480; the Toconoté and Hênîa and Kâmîare in the country's centre, and the Huarpe in the centre-west, a culture that raised llama cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas. Europeans first arrived in

3782-615: The Estadio Monumental in Buenos Aires was released later that year on the live albums El Último Concierto A and B . All three members remained musically active following the band's split, with Cerati embarking a solo career. Soda Stereo reunited for the Me Verás Volver concert tour in 2007 and played their final concert on 21 December 2007. Cerati suffered a stroke after performing a solo show in Caracas, Venezuela, on 15 May 2010. He

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3904-785: The Falkland Islands , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , and a part of Antarctica . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century. Argentina rose as

4026-515: The Laborioust candidate. The Labour Party (later renamed Justicialist Party ), the most powerful and influential party in Argentine history, came into power with the rise of Juan Perón to the presidency in 1946. He nationalized strategic industries and services, improved wages and working conditions, paid the full external debt and claimed he achieved nearly full employment . He pushed Congress to enact women's suffrage in 1947, and developed

4148-500: The Macri Government introduced neoliberal austerity measures intended to tackle inflation and overblown public deficits. Under Macri's administration, economic recovery remained elusive with GDP shrinking 3.4%, inflation totaling 240%, billions of US dollars issued in sovereign debt, and mass poverty increasing by the end of his term. He ran for re-election in 2019 but lost by nearly eight percentage points to Alberto Fernández ,

4270-455: The Southern Cone . The Dirty War involved state terrorism in Argentina and elsewhere in the Southern Cone against political dissidents, with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence against left-wing guerrillas, political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism or somehow contrary to the neoliberal economic policies of the regime. Victims of

4392-669: The United Nations , World Bank , World Trade Organization , Mercosur , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States . The description of the region by the word Argentina has been found on a Venetian map in 1536. In English, the name Argentina comes from the Spanish language ; however, the naming itself is not Spanish, but Italian . Argentina ( masculine argentino ) means in Italian '(made) of silver, silver coloured', derived from

4514-645: The absolutist monarchy that ruled the country. As in the rest of Spanish America, the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great concern. Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty, the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta , a new government in Buenos Aires made up from locals. In

4636-509: The neo-Keynesian economic policies laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and rapid GDP growth. Under his administration, Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund , purged the military of officers with dubious human rights records, nullified and voided

4758-521: The 1916 election . He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during World War I . The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the Great Depression . In 1930, Yrigoyen was ousted from power by the military led by José Félix Uriburu . Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century, this coup d'état marks

4880-474: The Falkland Islands . The United Kingdom dispatched a task force to regain possession. Argentina surrendered on 14 June and its forces were taken home. Street riots in Buenos Aires followed the humiliating defeat and the military leadership stood down. Reynaldo Bignone replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic governance. Raúl Alfonsín won the 1983 elections campaigning for

5002-531: The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws, ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Junta's crimes. He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , who was elected in 2007 and reelected in 2011 . Fernández de Kirchner's administration established positive foreign relations with countries such as Venezuela, Iran, and Cuba, while at

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5124-550: The Grand Rex Theatre in Buenos Aires. With a 3,300 person capacity, this was a noticeable achievement at the time. Some of the Grand Rex shows would appear on the live EP Rex Mix (1991), which included remixed versions of a new song, "No Necesito Verte (Para Saberlo)" (I don't Need to See You – To Know). By late 1991 Soda's continental success brought the band to the attention of MTV News Europe, who began to take notice of what

5246-653: The Inca plan, creating instead a republican, centralist state. The 1820 Battle of Cepeda , fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule . In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution , with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded

5368-670: The Justicialist Party candidate. President Alberto Fernández and Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner took office in December 2019, just months before the COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina and among accusations of corruption , bribery and misuse of public funds during Nestor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's presidencies . On 14 November 2021, the center-left coalition of Argentina's ruling Peronist party, Frente de Todos (Front for Everyone), lost its majority in Congress, for

5490-546: The Justicialist Party nominee. Perón won the election with his wife Isabel Perón as vice president. Perón's third term was marked by escalating conflict between left and right-wing factions within the Peronist party, as well as the return of armed terror guerrilla groups such as the Guevarist ERP , leftist Peronist Montoneros , and the state-backed far-right Triple A . After a series of heart attacks and signs of pneumonia in 1974, Perón's health deteriorated quickly. He suffered

5612-501: The Latin argentum for silver. In Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said l'Argentina . The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators, such as Giovanni Caboto . In Spanish and Portuguese, the words for 'silver' are respectively plata and prata and '(made) of silver'

5734-623: The Magic Circus in Mexico City . The Signos tour was a milestone for Soda as they played 22 concerts in 17 cities to almost 350,000 fans, in the process opening up the idea that Latin Rock can transcend the nationalities of the bands, something that would come to fruition in the upcoming decade. With live recordings from different shows, a live album Ruido Blanco was compiled in 1987. Mixed in Barbados, it

5856-509: The Morgan. Cerati and Bosio, each drawn by the other's musical tastes, established a friendship and a musical bond that encouraged them to start playing together. Cerati first joined Bosio's group The Morgan , then formed Stress with Charly Amato and drummer Pablo Guadalupe, also working on the project Erekto with bandmate Andres Calamaro . Neither project met Cerati's expectations, however, and both fell through. Meanwhile, Cerati's sister, Maria Laura Cerati, got asked out by Carlos Ficicchia,

5978-454: The Paladium hall on Vine Blvd for a packed audience of more than 2,200 people. Later on the same year Mr. Banojian repeated the show at the same theater with a second sold out show. From that moment, Soda Stereo started to be played in radio stations in the U.S and several television interviews followed. On 10 November 1986 the band released their third album Signos . With its lead single "Persiana Americana" ( :es ) (American Blinds), Signos

6100-472: The Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election . Soon after, riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation . Menem embraced and enacted neoliberal policies: a fixed exchange rate , business deregulation , privatizations , and the dismantling of protectionist barriers normalized the economy in the short term. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government. The 1994 Constitutional Amendment allowed Menem to be elected for

6222-454: The Rock in Bali festival in Argentine port city of Mar del Plata . On 17 March, they played the Festival Chateau Rock '85 at the Estadio Olímpico Chateau Carreras in front of a claimed audience of fifteen thousand. However, Córdoba media outlets claim that, "only half the number of people actually showed up" and that Soda were "hardly noticed because their first record had was just released a few months earlier." They also added " Raul Porchetto

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6344-433: The Rodríguez Ares agency. Soda Stereo recorded their debut during the second half of 1984. The album was produced by Federico Moura , the vocalist for Virus . By that time, Moura and Cerati had developed a fruitful artistic relationship. The recording took place in the defunct studios of CBS Records on Paraguay street. The end result was a cooler sound than from the live shows, which the bands were pleased with. The trio

6466-964: The Seventh Day), and "Té Para Tres" (Tea For Three). These songs are considered to be the band's strongest and at the same time are their most popular. Overall, the album is considered as the most consistent work by the band, along with Signos . Their massive tour Animal (1990–1991) included 30 Argentine cities, many which had not been visited by a band with the reach of Soda Stereo. The cities visited in Argentina were: San Juan , Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz , Junín, Clorinda , Puerto Iguazú , Trelew , Neuquén , Santa Rosa, Trenque Lauquen Mendoza , Córdoba , Río Cuarto , Santiago del Estero , San Miguel de Tucumán , Salta , Rosario , Buenos Aires, Olavarria , Pergamino . International cities included: Santiago de Chile , Asunción , Punta del Este , Barquisimeto , Caracas , Valencia, Mérida , San Cristóbal, Mexico City, Monterrey , Guadalajara , Mexicali , and Tijuana . The tour finished with 14 consecutive shows at

6588-439: The United States government during the Johnson , Nixon , Ford , Carter , and Reagan administrations. The exact chronology of the repression is still debated, yet the roots of the long political war may have started in 1969 when trade unionists were targeted for assassination by Peronist and Marxist paramilitaries. Individual cases of state-sponsored terrorism against Peronism and the left can be traced back even further to

6710-562: The United States'—led to a near-reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world. Driven by this immigration wave and decreasing mortality, the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold: from 1870 to 1910, Argentina's wheat exports went from 100,000 to 2,500,000 t (110,000 to 2,760,000 short tons) per year, while frozen beef exports increased from 25,000 to 365,000 t (28,000 to 402,000 short tons) per year, placing Argentina as one of

6832-398: The allegiance of escaped Filipinos in San Blas who defected from the Spanish to join the Argentine navy, due to common Argentine and Philippine grievances against Spanish colonization. Jose de San Martin's brother, Juan Fermín de San Martín , was already in the Philippines and drumming up revolutionary fervor prior to this. At a later date, the Argentine sign of Inca origin, the Sun of May

6954-402: The band immediately began work on new music. Nearing the end of 1992 Soda began showcasing their sixth studio album Dynamo , first introduced to the public with six concerts at Obras. The band also showcased the album in its entirety in a local talk-show, Fax , famous for being the first stereophonic TV transmission in Argentine history. The album, eventually released near the end of 1992,

7076-413: The band. Heavily influenced by Melero's experimentation with electronic music , it was stylistically not indicative of Cerati's "rock-centered" works, instead choosing to follow a drastically different pattern containing elements from neo-psychedelia and dream pop . Cerati would depart to Spain immediately following the album's release for touring with Soda Stereo – upon returning that May,

7198-410: The band–if he would cut his hair. During this time Ficicchia adopted the stage name " Charly Alberti ". The band, after experimenting with multiple names, eventually settled on los Estereotipos (the Stereotypes), which referenced a song by the Specials which they enjoyed listening to. The band recorded a demo under this name, with Richard Coleman on backing guitar, a short-lived member of the band who

7320-400: The border, and the appropriation of the indigenous territories. The first conquest consisted of a series of military incursions into the Pampa and Patagonian territories dominated by the indigenous peoples, distributing them among the members of the Sociedad Rural Argentina , financiers of the expeditions. The conquest of Chaco lasted up to the end of the century, since its full ownership of

7442-444: The constitution. Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas . During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and an Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory. His trade restriction policies, however, angered

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7564-400: The continent. It did not take long to transform itself into a massive unconditional following which was called "Sodamania". On 23 April 1987, Soda broke records for ticket sales in Paraguay with their show at the Yacht Club. Meanwhile, Signos reached Platinum status in Argentina, triple platinum in Perú and double platinum in Chile. Soda's first show in Mexico occurred on 4 August 1987 at

7686-437: The country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization: after the steep development of capital-intensive local industries in the 1920s, a significant part of the manufacturing sector remained labour-intensive in the 1930s. Between 1878 and 1884, the so-called Conquest of the Desert occurred, with the purpose of tripling the Argentine territory by means of the constant confrontations between natives and Criollos in

7808-407: The day Perón returned to Argentina, the clash between Peronist internal factions— right-wing union leaders and left-wing youth from the Montoneros—resulted in the Ezeiza Massacre . Overwhelmed by political violence, Cámpora resigned and Perón won the following September 1973 election with his third wife Isabel as vice-president. He expelled Montoneros from the party and they became once again

7930-462: The death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow and vice president, Isabel Perón , ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown in 1976 . The following military junta , which was supported by the United States , persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War , a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as president in 1983 . Argentina

8052-426: The decision of separating permanently. During this hiatus, the band's members would explore other personal endeavors. Cerati explored his solo career, Zeta dedicating himself to the production of other bands (Peligrosos Gorriones and Aguirre), while Alberti disappeared from the music scene to focus on personal projects. At the end of 1994 Zona de Promesas , a compilation of remixes and classic Soda songs, including

8174-402: The development of pottery , such as the Selk'nam and Yaghan in the extreme south. The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the Puelche , Querandí and Serranos in the centre-east; and the Tehuelche in the south—all of them conquered by the Mapuche spreading from Chile —and the Kom and Wichi in the north. The last group are farmers with pottery, such as

8296-404: The first ballotage in Argentina's history, beating Front for Victory candidate Daniel Scioli and becoming president-elect. Macri was the first democratically elected non- peronist president since 1916 that managed to complete his term in office without being overthrown. He took office on 10 December 2015 and inherited an economy with a high inflation rate and in a poor shape. In April 2016,

8418-415: The first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba , but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental , Upper Peru and Paraguay , which later became independent states. The French-Argentine Hippolyte Bouchard then brought his fleet to wage war against Spain overseas and attacked Spanish California , Spanish Peru and Spanish Philippines . He secured

8540-428: The first time and revolutionized the market. Their album sales were good and their three shows at the Amauta Coliseum were successful. At that time Latin rock was not that popular with the youth of Latin America (with the exceptions of Argentina and Uruguay) and bands were not accustomed to international tours. In 1985, Soda Stereo visited Los Angeles California for a press tour and was interviewed by Miguel Banojian,

8662-439: The first time in almost 40 years, in midterm legislative elections . The election victory of the center-right coalition, Juntos por el Cambio (Together for Change) limited President Alberto Fernandez's power during his final two years in office. Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the judiciary. It also forced him to negotiate with the opposition every initiative he sends to

8784-424: The fixed exchange rate established by Menem, causing many working- and middle-class Argentines to lose a significant portion of their savings. By late 2002, the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of two piqueteros by the police caused political unrest, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward. Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president . On 26 May 2003, he was sworn in. Boosting

8906-491: The government after elected labour movement officials were forcefully replaced by Peronist puppets from the Peronist Party . Reyes was soon arrested on charges of terrorism, though the allegations were never substantiated. Reyes, who was never formally charged, was tortured in prison for five years and only released after the regime's downfall in 1955. Perón managed to get re-elected in 1951 . His wife Eva Perón , who played

9028-491: The help of Daniel Melero  [ es ] , Andrea Álvarez , and Tweety González (all very important figures in the Argentine rock scene of the time). The resulting album Canción Animal (1990) is considered to be one of the best albums in the history of Latin rock. It contains their best known song " De Música Ligera " (Of Light Music), as well as other classics such as "Canción Animal" (Animal Song), "Un Millón de Años Luz" (A Million Light Years), "En el Séptimo Día" (On

9150-504: The interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza , another powerful caudillo , beat him out of power . As the new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution. Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda . Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 Battle of Pavón , Bartolomé Mitre secured Buenos Aires' predominance and

9272-596: The left-wing. By the end of 1976, the Montoneros had lost nearly 2,000 members and by 1977, the ERP was completely subdued. Nevertheless, the severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly put down, effectively ending the guerrilla threat and securing the junta's position in power. In March 1982, an Argentine force took control of the British territory of South Georgia and, on 2 April, Argentina invaded

9394-619: The lyrics and a melodic maturity. In 1986 Soda Stereo made their first Latin American tour, called Signos – still touring with the Nada personal record. The band played in Colombia , Costa Rica , Peru , and Chile with considerable success. In Chile they gave four performances in Santiago , on 21, 22, 24, and 25 November, and one in Valparaíso on 22 November 1986. In November 1986 Soda arrived in Peru for

9516-573: The mid-to-late 20th century, and now the country is referred to as "Argentina". The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the Paleolithic period, with further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolithic . Until the period of European colonization, Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations, which can be divided into three main groups. The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without

9638-418: The middle-class, university students, and professors were seen as particularly troublesome. Perón fired over 2,000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions. Perón tried to bring most trade and labour unions under his thumb, regularly resorting to violence when needed. For instance, the meat-packers union leader, Cipriano Reyes , organized strikes in protest against

9760-408: The military. Her short presidency was marked by the collapse of Argentine political and social systems, leading to a constitutional crisis that paved the way for a decade of instability, left-wing terrorist guerrilla attacks, and state-sponsored terrorism. The "Dirty War" (Spanish: Guerra Sucia ) was part of Operation Condor , which included the participation of other right-wing dictatorships in

9882-498: The national economic system only took place when the mere extraction of wood and tannin was replaced by the production of cotton . The Argentine government considered indigenous people as inferior beings, without the same rights as Criollos and Europeans. In 1912, President Roque Sáenz Peña enacted universal and secret male suffrage , which allowed Hipólito Yrigoyen , leader of the Radical Civic Union (or UCR), to win

10004-556: The north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces , and one autonomous city , which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over

10126-496: The north, and General José de San Martín . He joined Bernardo O'Higgins and they led a combined army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then it was sent by O'Higgins orders to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru . In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists. Some of the most important figures of Argentine independence made

10248-445: The party from any future elections. Arturo Frondizi from the UCR won the 1958 general election . He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic trade deficit and lifted the ban on Peronism; yet his efforts to stay on good terms with both the Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out. Amidst

10370-417: The political ladder, being named Minister of Defence by 1944. Being perceived as a political threat by rivals in the military and the conservative camp, he was forced to resign in 1945, and was arrested days later. He was finally released under mounting pressure from both his base and several allied unions. He would later become president after a landslide victory over the UCR in the 1946 general election as

10492-414: The political turmoil, Senate leader José María Guido reacted swiftly and applied anti- power vacuum legislation, ascending to the presidency himself; elections were repealed and Peronism was prohibited once again. Arturo Illia was elected in 1963 and led an increase in prosperity across the board; however he was overthrown in 1966 by another military coup d'état led by General Juan Carlos Onganía in

10614-604: The prosecution of those responsible for human rights violations during the Proceso : the Trial of the Juntas and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws, which halted prosecutions further down the chain of command . The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his popular support and

10736-551: The region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci . The Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively. In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza founded the small settlement of Buenos Aires , which was abandoned in 1541. Further colonization efforts came from Paraguay —establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata — Peru and Chile. Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553. Londres

10858-426: The release of Amor Amarillo , his debut album. 1994 met with fresh challenges to the band and its stability. On 4 July 1994, Zeta Bosio's young son was killed in a freak transit accident in Argentina. This event would deeply affect Zeta on both a personal and professional level, and surrounding his inability to work and growing dysfunction within the band, Soda unanimously decided to take a hiatus to possibly mediate

10980-606: The same time relations with the United States and the United Kingdom became increasingly strained. By 2015, the Argentine GDP grew by 2.7% and real incomes had risen over 50% since the post-Menem era. Despite these economic gains and increased renewable energy production and subsidies, the overall economy had been sluggish since 2011. On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 25 October , center-right coalition candidate Mauricio Macri won

11102-662: The second Rock en Español to play in the United States, following Miguel Mateos . The album Canción Animal , released in 1990, is considered to be one of the best albums of all time of the Latin Rock genre. In early 1990 the band co-headlined a show for 32,000 people with British new wave band Tears for Fears at the José Amalfitani Stadium in Buenos Aires. Soda Stereo then traveled to Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida , to begin work on their fifth album. They would enlist

11224-512: The self-proclaimed Argentine Revolution , creating a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely. Following several years of military rule, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse was appointed president by the military junta in 1971. Under increasing political pressure for the return of democracy, Lanusse called for elections in 1973. Perón was banned from running but the Peronist party was allowed to participate. The presidential elections were won by Perón's surrogate candidate, Hector Cámpora ,

11346-549: The silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, and as such it became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital. Buenos Aires repelled two ill-fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the first Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism of

11468-434: The start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment. Uriburu ruled for two years; then Agustín Pedro Justo was elected in a fraudulent election , and signed a controversial treaty with the United Kingdom . Argentina stayed neutral during World War II , a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor . In 1943

11590-503: The successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence (1810–1818) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , influencing its culture and demography . Following

11712-558: The underground rock scene of Buenos Aires, making a name for themselves alongside other emerging bands at the time, such as Sumo , Los Twist , Los Encargados (with Daniel Melero ), and other bands. Soda would take up residency at the traditional and deteriorated Cabaret Marabú club in Maipú 359. At these early shows, Soda would play songs like "Héroes de la Serie" (Heroes of the Series), "La Vi Parada Alli" (I Saw Her Standing There), and "Vamos

11834-449: The unreleased song that gave the album its name, was released. 1995 saw the release of Sueño Stereo , the last of Soda's seven studio albums. The cover depicts three speaker cones (meant to symbolize egg cells ) ready to be "fertilized" by black spermatozoa, the latter of which resembles earbuds. This motif is symbolic of the album's concept, and is even used as a focal point in the music video for " Ella usó mi cabeza como un revólver ",

11956-450: The violence in Argentina alone included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 left-wing activists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists, Marxists , Peronist guerrillas , and alleged sympathizers. Most of the victims were casualties of state terrorism . The opposing guerrillas' victims numbered nearly 500–540 military and police officials and up to 230 civilians. Argentina received technical support and military aid from

12078-455: The way the 1980s youth found their role in a newly democratic society that had just emerged from bloody dictatorship and war . Years later, Zeta Bosio would reflect on this juncture: The democracy produced the adrenaline of something new, something was occurring, I knew I was going to make changes without knowing how. There was more air for us to make things and to wander, and we were a band of kids that wanted to make trouble. Our attention

12200-510: The world's top five exporters. Its railway mileage rose from 503 to 31,104 km (313 to 19,327 mi). Fostered by a new public, compulsory, free and secular education system, literacy quickly increased from 22% to 65%, a level higher than most Latin American nations would reach even fifty years later. Furthermore, real GDP grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx, per capita income between 1862 and 1920 went from 67% of developed country levels to 100%: In 1865, Argentina

12322-535: Was a finalist for an MTV Video Award in the category of best foreign video (there was no Latin MTV at the time). After more than a year without playing in Buenos Aires, Soda showcased Doble Vida at the hockey field at Obras in front of 25,000 fans. To top a stellar year, Soda headlined the Three Days for Democracy Festival, which took place in Buenos Aires on the intersection of Avenida del Libertador and 9 de Julio. The show

12444-444: Was a key step for Soda Stereo, who had come under a great deal of stress due to ever increasing sales expectations, external pressures, the risk of failure, and internal tensions. The band was joined in the studio by Fabián Vön Quintiero  [ es ] on keys, Richard Coleman on guitar and Celsa Mel Gowland  [ es ] on back up vocals. Signos became the first Argentine rock album to be released on compact disc. It

12566-572: Was adopted as a symbol by the Filipinos in the Philippine Revolution against Spain. He also secured the diplomatic recognition of Argentina from King Kamehameha I of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Historian Pacho O'Donnell affirms that Hawaii was the first state that recognized Argentina's independence. He was finally arrested in 1819 by Chilean patriots. Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups:

12688-535: Was aided by Daniel Melero  [ es ] on keys and Gonzo Palacios  [ es ] on sax. Both were listed as "guest musicians", a practice which would become common for Soda throughout their career. Such guest musicians would be recognized by the public as the "fourth Sodas". The attention garnered by Soda enabled them to play at larger and larger venues. First was "La Esquina Del Sol" in Palermo . Their show at "El Recital De Los Lagos" on 1 and 2 December

12810-561: Was already in common usage by the 18th century, the country was formally named " Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata " by the Spanish Empire , and " United Provinces of the Río de la Plata " after independence. The 1826 constitution included the first use of the name "Argentine Republic" in legal documents. The name "Argentine Confederation" was also commonly used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853 . In 1860

12932-467: Was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income. By 1908, it had surpassed Denmark, Canada and the Netherlands to reach 7th place—behind Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Argentina's per capita income was 70% higher than Italy's, 90% higher than Spain's, 180% higher than Japan's and 400% higher than Brazil 's. Despite these unique achievements,

13054-427: Was an Argentine rock band formed in Buenos Aires in 1982. The band's membership consisted of singer-guitarist Gustavo Cerati , bassist Zeta Bosio and drummer Charly Alberti . During their career, the band released seven studio albums before disbanding in 1997. Soda Stereo is the best-selling Argentine band of all time, having sold seven million records by 2007. The band's 1984 self-titled debut album featured

13176-423: Was attended by 150,000 people and Soda shared the stage with Luis Alberto Spinetta Fito Páez , Los Ratones Paranoicos , Man Ray  [ es ] , and others. With sales of a million copies of Doble Vida under their belt, Soda began a massive tour in early 1989. The tour began with 30 shows in Argentina, covering most of the country, which were attended by nearly 270,000 fans. These shows were followed by

13298-428: Was considered by Rolling Stone (Argentina) to be one of the top 5 live albums of Argentine Rock. In late 1988 Soda Stereo were considered the most important band of Latin American pop/rock. They began to work on a new album alongside Puerto Rican producer Carlos Alomar . Alomar had worked with David Bowie , Mick Jagger , Simple Minds , Iggy Pop , and Paul McCartney , among others. Doble Vida (Double Life)

13420-681: Was edited in October 1985. During the summer the group toured Argentina, playing in Mar de Plata , Villa Gesell , and Pinamar , and ending the tour at the Festival De la Falda in Córdoba , which featured Andres Calamaro and Charly García on keyboards on "Jet Set". In April the band decided to present the album at a concert at the Estadio Obras Sanitarias in Buenos Aires. There they did four shows with

13542-404: Was elected as the first president of the reunified country. He was followed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda ; these three presidencies set up the basis of the modern Argentine State. Starting with Julio Argentino Roca in 1880, ten consecutive federal governments emphasized liberal economic policies . The massive wave of European immigration they promoted—second only to

13664-413: Was founded in 1558; Mendoza , in 1561; San Juan , in 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán , in 1565. Juan de Garay founded Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera set up Córdoba . Garay went further south to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580. San Luis was established in 1596. The Spanish Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of

13786-628: Was hospitalized in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and fell into a coma for 4 years. He died on 4 September 2014 from respiratory arrest. Bosio and Alberti reunited Soda Stereo in 2020 for the Gracias Totales tour, which featured several guest singers including Cerati's son Benito and Coldplay frontman Chris Martin , before disbanding again in 2022. In the summer of 1981, Gustavo Cerati and Hector Zeta Bosio, then 22 and 23 respectively, met at Punta del Este , Uruguay , both studying majors and both part of rock bands, Cerati with his group Sauvage and Bosio with

13908-461: Was later recognised by Cerati himself as "the fourth Soda member". Shortly after this first show, Richard Coleman, fourth member, left the band on good terms, recognizing that the band sounded better without him. In July 1983 the trio made their debut at the Discothèque Airport in the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Belgrano, Buenos Aires . The band reminisced on this show: Our debut was at

14030-507: Was manufactured in the Netherlands and distributed throughout Latin America. On 3 December Soda made their first appearance in Ecuador. In early 1987 Soda returned to Chile, this time to the Viña del Mar International Song Festival where they won the prize "Antorcha de Plata" (Silver Torch). The festival was broadcast via television to many Latin American countries, expanding the band's fame throughout

14152-571: Was on punk and on trying to show that there was something else that was more direct On 13 October of that year, Soda played in front of a large audience in Buenos Aires as part of the third night of the Festival of Rock and Pop Held at the José Amalfitani Stadium home of the soccer club Velez Sarsfield . They shared the stage with INXS , Nina Hagen , Charly García , Virus, and Sumo , among others. By then Fabian "Vön" Quintero and Gonzo Palacios were "stable guests". Soda's second album Nada personal

14274-579: Was ousted one year later by a junta of the combined armed forces, led by army general Jorge Rafael Videla . They initiated the National Reorganization Process , often shortened to Proceso . The Proceso shut down Congress, removed the judges on the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to employing the forced disappearance of suspected guerrilla members including individuals suspected of being associated with

14396-574: Was recorded and mixed in New York City, and was the first record by an Argentine band to be completely recorded abroad. The album produced four singles, "Picnic en el 4º B" (Picnic in Room 4B), " En la Ciudad de la Furia " (In the City of Fury), and "Lo Que Sangra (La Cúpula)" (That Which Bleeds (The Dome), and "Corazón Delator" ( Tell-Tale Heart ). The video for "En La Ciudad de La Furia", directed by Alfredo Lois,

14518-471: Was recruited to "beef up" the guitar sound. The songs recorded would include "Porque No Puedo Ser Del Jet Set?" (Why Can't I be Part of the Jet Set?), which became a hit single for the band on their debut studio album . Other songs recorded included "Dime Sebastian" (Tell Me Sebastian) and "Debo Soñar" (I Must Dream) by Ulises Butrón, in which Ulises Butrón played guitars and Daniel Melero played keyboards; Melero,

14640-506: Was taking place in Latin America, particularly with Rock en Español . MTV unconditionally dedicated a whole show to Soda – a first for non English singing band. In May 1992 Soda embarked on a tour of Spain with shows in Madrid , Oviedo , Sevilla , Valencia , and Barcelona . The lackluster results of the Spanish tour, compared to the fervor they were accustomed to in Latin America, left a sour taste in their mouths. Nevertheless, it did serve as

14762-418: Was the biggest draw of the night". Regardless, their presence at Chateau sparked a personal relationship between the band and the youth of Córdoba, it marked the moment that the band began to move toward national stardom. The success of the band began at a very peculiar time, related to the return of democracy to Argentina (10 December 1983), but also to increasing notions of postmodernism , particularly in

14884-458: Was their first to headline along with top Argentine acts. The show was hosted by Argentine television personality Juan Alberto Badía  [ es ] . Soda Stereo presented their debut album at El Teatro Astros on 14 December 1984, their first show at the venue. The TVs there were turned on and out of sync with each other to the theme of "Sobredosis de TV" (TV Overdose), creating a captivating visual effect. On 26 January 1985, Soda played

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