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57-472: The Coleman Lantern is a line of pressure lamps first introduced by the Coleman Company in 1914. This led to a series of lamps that were originally made to burn kerosene or gasoline. Current models use kerosene , gasoline , Coleman fuel ( white gas ) or propane and use one or two mantles to produce an intense white light. Over the years more than 50 million of the lanterns have been sold throughout

114-410: A common apparatus used to demonstrate the phenomenon is the capillary tube . When the lower end of a glass tube is placed in a liquid, such as water, a concave meniscus forms. Adhesion occurs between the fluid and the solid inner wall pulling the liquid column along until there is a sufficient mass of liquid for gravitational forces to overcome these intermolecular forces. The contact length (around

171-418: A faster airflow. This information should be adhered to regardless of the type of lantern in use. The lamp burner has a flat wick, usually made of cotton . The lower part of the wick dips into the fount and absorbs the kerosene; the top part of the wick extends out of the wick tube of the lamp burner, which includes a wick-adjustment mechanism. Adjusting how much of the wick extends above the wick tube controls

228-405: A fibrous material (cotton cord or string works well). After saturating the cord with water, one (weighted) end is placed in a reservoir full of water, and the other end placed in a receiving vessel. The reservoir must be higher than the receiving vessel. A related but simplified capillary siphon only consists of two hook-shaped stainless-steel rods, whose surface is hydrophilic, allowing water to wet

285-420: A flat wick and are made in dead-flame, hot-blast, and cold-blast variants. Pressurized kerosene lamps use a gas mantle ; these are known as Petromax , Tilley lamps , or Coleman lamps, among other manufacturers. They produce more light per unit of fuel than wick-type lamps, but are more complex and expensive in construction and more complex to operate. A hand-pump pressurizes air, which forces liquid fuel from

342-404: A fuel for lamps. A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of kerosene lamp, which burns kerosene drawn up through a wick by capillary action . If this type of lamp is broken, it can easily start a fire. A flat-wick lamp has a fuel tank (fount), with the lamp burner attached. Attached to the fuel tank, four prongs hold the glass chimney, which acts to prevent the flame from being blown out and enhances

399-697: A hollow tube all along the hight of the reservoir. This make it easier to use ceramic or glass oil reservoirs. While the Kosmos Brenner doesn't use a flame spreader other side draft kerosene lamps do. Examples are the Ideal Brenner and the Matador Brenner from Ehrich and Graetz In 1865 the Duplex lamp also came on the market. It was a very popular type of kerosene lamp in Great Britain. A variation on

456-453: A large amount of fluid. Some textile fabrics are said to use capillary action to "wick" sweat away from the skin. These are often referred to as wicking fabrics , after the capillary properties of candle and lamp wicks . Capillary action is observed in thin layer chromatography , in which a solvent moves vertically up a plate via capillary action. In this case the pores are gaps between very small particles. Capillary action draws ink to

513-408: A liquid column is given by Jurin's law where γ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \gamma } is the liquid-air surface tension (force/unit length), θ is the contact angle , ρ is the density of liquid (mass/volume), g is the local acceleration due to gravity (length/square of time ), and r is the radius of tube. As r is in the denominator, the thinner

570-516: A liquid's vapor pressure —a relation known as the Kelvin equation . German physicist Franz Ernst Neumann (1798–1895) subsequently determined the interaction between two immiscible liquids. Albert Einstein 's first paper, which was submitted to Annalen der Physik in 1900, was on capillarity. Capillary penetration in porous media shares its dynamic mechanism with flow in hollow tubes, as both processes are resisted by viscous forces. Consequently,

627-531: A popular lighting fuel. Modern and most popular versions of the paraffin lamp were later constructed by Polish inventor and pharmacist Ignacy Łukasiewicz , in Lviv in 1853. It was a significant improvement over lamps designed to burn vegetable or sperm oil. In 1914, the Coleman Lantern pressure lamp was introduced by the Coleman Company . In 1919, Tilley High-Pressure Gas Company started using kerosene as

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684-508: A reservoir into a gas chamber. Vapor from the chamber burns, heating a mantle to incandescence and providing heat. Kerosene lamps are widely used for lighting in rural areas of Africa and Asia, where electricity is not distributed or is too costly. As of 2005, kerosene and other fuel-based illumination methods consume an estimated 77 billion litres (20 billion US gallons) of fuel per year, equivalent to 8.0 million gigajoules (1.3 million barrels of oil equivalent) per day. This

741-409: A thermally induced draft . The glass chimney needs a "throat", or slight constriction, to create the proper draft for complete combustion of the fuel; the draft carries more air (oxygen) past the flame, helping to produce a smokeless light, which is brighter than an open flame would produce. The chimney is used for a more important duty. The mantle/wick holder has holes around the outer edges. When

798-438: A whiter light and generate more heat . Mantle lamps typically use fuel faster than a flat-wick lamp, but slower than a center-draft round-wick, as they depend on a small flame heating a mantle, rather than having all the light coming from the flame itself. Mantle lamps are nearly always bright enough to benefit from a lampshade, and a few mantle lamps may be enough to heat a small building in cold weather. Mantle lamps, because of

855-763: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kerosene lamp#Pressure lamp A kerosene lamp (also known as a paraffin lamp in some countries) is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene as a fuel . Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source, protected by a glass chimney or globe; lamps may be used on a table, or hand-held lanterns may be used for portable lighting. Like oil lamps , they are useful for lighting without electricity, such as in regions without rural electrification , in electrified areas during power outages , at campsites , and on boats . There are three types of kerosene lamp: flat-wick, central-draft (tubular round wick), and mantle lamp. Kerosene lanterns meant for portable use have

912-460: Is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid. Capillary comes from the Latin word capillaris, meaning "of or resembling hair". The meaning stems from the tiny, hairlike diameter of a capillary. The first recorded observation of capillary action was by Leonardo da Vinci . A former student of Galileo , Niccolò Aggiunti ,

969-481: Is comparable to annual U.S. jet-fuel consumption of 76 billion litres (20 billion US gallons) per year. In 1813, John Tilley invented the hydro-pneumatic blowpipe. In 1818, William Henry Tilley, gas fitters, was manufacturing gas lamps in Stoke Newington . In 1846, Abraham Pineo Gesner invented a substitute for whale oil for lighting, distilled from coal. Later made from petroleum, kerosene became

1026-430: Is constant ( d · h  = constant), the two quantities are inversely proportional . The surface of the liquid between the planes is hyperbola . When a dry porous medium is brought into contact with a liquid, it will absorb the liquid at a rate which decreases over time. When considering evaporation, liquid penetration will reach a limit dependent on parameters of temperature, humidity and permeability. This process

1083-447: Is known as evaporation limited capillary penetration and is widely observed in common situations including fluid absorption into paper and rising damp in concrete or masonry walls. For a bar shaped section of material with cross-sectional area A that is wetted on one end, the cumulative volume V of absorbed liquid after a time t is where S is the sorptivity of the medium, in units of m·s or mm·min . This time dependence relation

1140-406: Is redirected, slowed, pre-heated, and supplied to the burner to actually support and promote the combustion of the fuel. Later, Irwin improved upon this design by inventing and patenting his cold-blast design on May 6, 1873 . This design is similar to his earlier "hot-blast" design, except that the oxygen-depleted hot combustion byproducts are redirected and prevented from recirculating back to

1197-405: Is responsible for moving groundwater from wet areas of the soil to dry areas. Differences in soil potential ( Ψ m {\displaystyle \Psi _{m}} ) drive capillary action in soil. A practical application of capillary action is the capillary action siphon. Instead of utilizing a hollow tube (as in most siphons), this device consists of a length of cord made of

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1254-424: Is responsible for the phenomenon of rising damp in concrete and masonry , while in industry and diagnostic medicine this phenomenon is increasingly being harnessed in the field of paper-based microfluidics . In physiology, capillary action is essential for the drainage of continuously produced tear fluid from the eye. Two canaliculi of tiny diameter are present in the inner corner of the eyelid , also called

1311-472: Is seen in many plants, and plays a part in transpiration . Water is brought high up in trees by branching; evaporation at the leaves creating depressurization; probably by osmotic pressure added at the roots; and possibly at other locations inside the plant, especially when gathering humidity with air roots . Capillary action for uptake of water has been described in some small animals, such as Ligia exotica and Moloch horridus . The height h of

1368-402: Is similar to Washburn's equation for the wicking in capillaries and porous media. The quantity is called the cumulative liquid intake, with the dimension of length. The wetted length of the bar, that is the distance between the wetted end of the bar and the so-called wet front , is dependent on the fraction f of the volume occupied by voids. This number f is the porosity of the medium;

1425-456: Is supplied to the burner, thereby increasing the brightness and stability of the flame. Contamination of lamp fuel with even a small amount of gasoline results in a lower flash point and higher vapor pressure for the fuel, with potentially dangerous consequences. Vapors from spilled fuel may ignite; vapor trapped above liquid fuel may lead to excess pressure and fires. Kerosene lamps are still extensively used in areas without electrical lighting;

1482-408: The lacrimal ducts ; their openings can be seen with the naked eye within the lacrymal sacs when the eyelids are everted. Wicking is the absorption of a liquid by a material in the manner of a candle wick. Paper towels absorb liquid through capillary action, allowing a fluid to be transferred from a surface to the towel. The small pores of a sponge act as small capillaries, causing it to absorb

1539-477: The "central-draft" lamp is the mantle lamp. The mantle is a roughly pear-shaped mesh made of fabric placed over the burner. The mantle typically contains thorium or other rare-earth salts ; on first use the cloth burns away, and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure, which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame. Mantle lamps are considerably brighter than flat- or round-wick lamps, produce

1596-422: The 1850s and 1860s, were of the dead-flame type, meaning that it had an open wick, but the airflow to the flame was strictly controlled in an upward motion by a combination of vents at the bottom of the burner and an open topped chimney. This had the effect of removing side-to-side drafts and thus significantly reducing or even eliminating the flickering that can occur with an exposed flame. Later lanterns, such as

1653-627: The United Kingdom and Pierre-Simon Laplace of France. They derived the Young–Laplace equation of capillary action. By 1830, the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss had determined the boundary conditions governing capillary action (i.e., the conditions at the liquid-solid interface). In 1871, the British physicist Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) determined the effect of the meniscus on

1710-459: The air pressure was lower inside capillaries. Others (e.g., Isaac Vossius , Giovanni Alfonso Borelli , Louis Carré , Francis Hauksbee , Josia Weitbrecht ) thought that the particles of liquid were attracted to each other and to the walls of the capillary. Although experimental studies continued during the 18th century, a successful quantitative treatment of capillary action was not attained until 1805 by two investigators: Thomas Young of

1767-466: The burner by redesigning the intake products, so that only oxygen-rich, fresh air is drawn from the atmosphere into the lamp ("the inlets for fresh air are placed out of the ascending current of products of combustion, and said products are thereby prevented from entering [the air intake]" ). The primary benefit of this design compared to the earlier "hot-blast" design was to maximize the amount of oxygen available for combustion by ensuring that only fresh air

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1824-404: The burner is to hold the flame that heats the mantle, which is 4-5 times as bright as the wick itself. The Coleman Lantern is the direct descendant of this type lamp. A kerosene lantern, also known as a "barn lantern" or "hurricane lantern", is a flat-wick lamp made for portable and outdoor use. They are made of soldered or crimped-together sheet-metal stampings, with tin-plated sheet steel being

1881-519: The cost and dangers of combustion lighting are a continuing concern in many countries. The World Health Organization considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel and recommends that “governments and practitioners immediately stop promoting its household use”. Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful particulate matter , and household use of kerosene is associated with higher risks of cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, tuberculosis, cataract , and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Flat-wick lamps have

1938-439: The drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube such as a straw , in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as clay and liquefied carbon fiber , or in a biological cell . It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which

1995-420: The edge) between the top of the liquid column and the tube is proportional to the radius of the tube, while the weight of the liquid column is proportional to the square of the tube's radius. So, a narrow tube will draw a liquid column along further than a wider tube will, given that the inner water molecules cohere sufficiently to the outer ones. In the built environment, evaporation limited capillary penetration

2052-450: The flame into the glass chimney. Since whale oil used in the Argand lamp has a high viscosity it was necessary to place the oil reservoir higher than the flame of the lamp itself in order to let the oil flow by pressure caused by gravity . Kerosene has a much lower viscosity and can be transported through the wick by capillary action . This made it possible to install the oil reservoir below

2109-411: The flame. Oil reservoirs were made with a hollow tube in the middle that transported air from below the oil reservoir into the flame. The tubular woven wick (or flat wick rolled into a tube, the seam of which is then stitched together to form the complete wick) is placed around this tube. The tubular wick is then mounted into a "carrier", which is some form of a toothed rack that engages into the gears of

2166-399: The flame. The wick tube surrounds the wick and ensures that the correct amount of air reaches the lamp burner. Adjustment is usually done by means of a small knob operating a cric, which is a toothed metal sprocket bearing against the wick. If the wick is too high, and extends beyond the burner cone at the top of the wick tube, the lamp will produce smoke and soot (unburned carbon). When

2223-495: The front and rear of trains and for hand signals, due to its reliability. At a time when there were few competing light sources at night outside major towns, the limited brightness of these lamps was adequate and could be seen at sufficient distance to serve as a warning or signal. A central-draft lamp is a continuation of the principles used in the Argand lamp from 1780. It also uses a tubular round wick and it also has air intake under

2280-456: The height of the water column is Thus for a 2 m (6.6 ft) radius glass tube in lab conditions given above, the water would rise an unnoticeable 0.007 mm (0.00028 in). However, for a 2 cm (0.79 in) radius tube, the water would rise 0.7 mm (0.028 in), and for a 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) radius tube, the water would rise 70 mm (2.8 in). The product of layer thickness ( d ) and elevation height ( h )

2337-425: The higher temperature at which they operate, do not produce much odor, except when first lit or extinguished. Like flat- and round-wick lamps, they can be adjusted for brightness; however, caution must be used, because if set too high, the lamp chimney and the mantle can become covered with black areas of soot. A lamp set too high will burn off its soot harmlessly if quickly turned down, but if not caught soon enough,

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2394-422: The hot-blast and cold-blast lanterns, took this airflow control even further by partially or fully enclosing the wick in a "deflector" or "burner cone" and then channeling the air to be supplied for combustion at the wick while at the same time pre-heating the air for combustion. The hot-blast design, also known as a "tubular lantern" due to the metal tubes used in its construction, was invented by John H. Irwin and

2451-400: The lamp is lit, the kerosene that the wick has absorbed burns and produces a clear, bright, yellow flame . As the kerosene burns, capillary action in the wick draws more kerosene up from the fuel tank. All kerosene flat-wick lamps use the dead-flame burner design, where the flame is fed cold air from below, and hot air exits above. This type of lamp was very widely used by railways, both on

2508-455: The lamp to burn cleanly. In 1865 the Berlin based company Wild & Wessel invented the Kosmos Brenner. This lamp used a flat wick that was folded open at the bottom and gradually folded round at the top. This allowed for air flow in the centre of flame just like in centre-draft burner. Only here the air intake is done above the oil reservoir and under the burner itself. This avoids the need of

2565-410: The lantern is lit and a chimney is attached, the thermally induced draft draws air through these holes and passes over the top of the mantle, just as a chimney in a house. This has a cooling effect and keeps the mantle from overheating. Without a properly installed chimney, a definite safety condition exists. This is even more important if using Aladdin lamps. They also have a thinner chimney to induce

2622-421: The lowest light output, center-draft round-wick lamps have 3–4 times the output of flat-wick lamps, and pressurized lamps have higher output yet; the range is from 8 to 100 lumens . A kerosene lamp producing 37 lumens for 4 hours per day for a month (120 hours) consumes about 3 litres (6.3 US pt; 5.3 imp pt) of kerosene. 12.57 lumens = 1 CP Capillary action The effect can be seen in

2679-400: The most common material, followed by brass and copper. There are three types: dead-flame, hot-blast, and cold-blast. Both hot-blast and cold-blast designs are called tubular lanterns and are safer than dead-flame lamps, as tipping over a tubular lantern cuts off the oxygen flow to the burner and will extinguish the flame within seconds. The earliest portable kerosene "glass globe" lanterns, of

2736-419: The narrow grooves between them. Due to capillary action and gravity, water will slowly transfer from the reservoir to the receiving vessel. This simple device can be used to water houseplants when nobody is home. This property is also made use of in the lubrication of steam locomotives : wicks of worsted wool are used to draw oil from reservoirs into delivery pipes leading to the bearings . Capillary action

2793-404: The old style lamps. Large fixed pressurized kerosene mantle lamps were used in lighthouse beacons for navigation of ships, brighter and with lower fuel consumption than oil lamps used before. An early version of the gas mantle lamp, kerosene was vaporized by a secondary burner, which pressurized the kerosene tank that supplied the central draught. Like all gas mantle lamps, the only purpose of

2850-502: The soot itself can ignite, and a "runaway lamp" condition can result. All unpressurized mantle lamps are based on the Argand lamp that was improved by the Clamond basket mantle. These lamps were popular from 1882 until shortly after WWII, when rural electrification made them obsolete. Aladdin Lamps is the only maker of this style lamp today. Even they, are now marketing electric fixtures that fit

2907-424: The space in which the liquid can travel, the further up it goes. Likewise, lighter liquid and lower gravity increase the height of the column. For a water-filled glass tube in air at standard laboratory conditions, γ = 0.0728 N/m at 20   °C, ρ = 1000 kg/m , and g = 9.81 m/s . Because water spreads on clean glass, the effective equilibrium contact angle is approximately zero. For these values,

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2964-416: The tips of fountain pen nibs from a reservoir or cartridge inside the pen. With some pairs of materials, such as mercury and glass, the intermolecular forces within the liquid exceed those between the solid and the liquid, so a convex meniscus forms and capillary action works in reverse. In hydrology , capillary action describes the attraction of water molecules to soil particles. Capillary action

3021-450: The tube to a partial vacuum. He found that the vacuum had no observable influence on the height of the liquid in the capillary, so the behavior of liquids in capillary tubes was due to some phenomenon different from that which governed mercury barometers. Others soon followed Boyle's lead. Some (e.g., Honoré Fabri , Jacob Bernoulli ) thought that liquids rose in capillaries because air could not enter capillaries as easily as liquids, so

3078-404: The wick-raising mechanism of the burner and allows the wick to be raised and lowered. The wick rides in between the inner and outer wick tubes; the inner wick tube (central draft tube) provides the "central draft" or draft that supplies air to the flame spreader. When the lamp is lit, the central draft tube supplies air to the flame spreader that spreads out the flame into a ring of fire and allows

3135-655: The world. In 1900, William Coffin Coleman was selling high pressure gasoline fueled lamps. These lamps, notably 'The Efficient' Pendant Arc lamp No. 6, were manufactured by Irby & Gilliland in Memphis, Tennessee. However, poor sales led him to acquire the patent for the lamp and redesign it. He began to produce the lamp in 1903, and in 1914 he introduced the Coleman Lantern, a design incorporating various improvements, such as bug-screen and flat base. This product article

3192-401: Was patented on May 4, 1869 . As noted in the patent, the "novel mode of constructing a lantern whereby the wind, instead of acting upon the flame in such a manner as to extinguish it, serves to support or sustain and prevent the extinguishment thereof." This improvement essentially redirected wind which might normally tend to extinguish the flame of an unprotected dead-flame lantern, instead

3249-497: Was said to have investigated capillary action. In 1660, capillary action was still a novelty to the Irish chemist Robert Boyle , when he reported that "some inquisitive French Men" had observed that when a capillary tube was dipped into water, the water would ascend to "some height in the Pipe". Boyle then reported an experiment in which he dipped a capillary tube into red wine and then subjected

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