Misplaced Pages

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116-584: One of the distinguishing features of ColdFusion is its associated scripting language, ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML). CFML compares to the scripting components of ASP , JSP , and PHP in purpose and features, but its tag syntax more closely resembles HTML , while its script syntax resembles JavaScript . ColdFusion is often used synonymously with CFML , but there are additional CFML application servers besides ColdFusion, and ColdFusion supports programming languages other than CFML, such as server-side Actionscript and embedded scripts that can be written in

232-504: A .NET environment or image manipulation. The engine was written in C and featured, among other things, a built-in scripting language (CFScript), plugin modules written in Java, and a syntax very similar to HTML. The equivalent to an HTML element, a ColdFusion tag begins with the letters "CF" followed by a name that is indicative of what the tag is interpreted to, in HTML. E.g. <cfoutput> to begin

348-510: A JavaScript -like language known as CFScript . Originally a product of Allaire and released on July 2, 1995, ColdFusion was developed by brothers Joseph J. Allaire and Jeremy Allaire . In 2001 Allaire was acquired by Macromedia , which in turn was acquired by Adobe Systems Inc in 2005. ColdFusion is most often used for data-driven websites or intranets , but can also be used to generate remote services such as REST services, WebSockets , SOAP web services or Flash remoting. It

464-401: A "rosier spin" on the report, noting that they were finally being treated like normal scientists, and that the report had increased interest in the field and caused "a huge upswing in interest in funding cold fusion research". However, in a 2009 BBC article on an American Chemical Society's meeting on cold fusion, particle physicist Frank Close was quoted stating that the problems that plagued

580-578: A CFML application include the server-side CFML tags and functions in addition to HTML tags. Modern CFML applications also tend to have CFCs that are accessed by the CFML pages for executing business logic. When a web browser requests a page in a ColdFusion application, it is automatically pre-processed by the ColdFusion application server . CFML can also be used to generate other languages, aside from HTML, such as XML , JavaScript , CSS , and so on. Despite

696-411: A brief media sensation before the majority of scientists criticized their claim as incorrect after many found they could not replicate the excess heat. Since the initial announcement, cold fusion research has continued by a small community of researchers who believe that such reactions happen and hope to gain wider recognition for their experimental evidence. The ability of palladium to absorb hydrogen

812-627: A cell containing a mixture of palladium and zirconium oxide, a claim supported by fellow Japanese researcher Akira Kitamura of Kobe University and Michael McKubre at SRI. In the 1990s, India stopped its research in cold fusion at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre because of the lack of consensus among mainstream scientists and the US denunciation of the research. Yet, in 2008, the National Institute of Advanced Studies recommended that

928-406: A combination of the commercial JPedal Java PDF library and the free and open source Java library iText , and cfhtmltopdf uses an embedded WebKit implementation. ColdFusion was originally not an object-oriented programming language like PHP versions 3 and below. ColdFusion falls into the category of OO languages that do not support multiple inheritance (along with Java, Smalltalk, etc.). With

1044-625: A commercial product). More than 14,000 developers worldwide were active in the beta process - many more testers than the 5,000 Adobe Systems originally expected. The ColdFusion development team consisted of developers based in Newton/Boston, Massachusetts and offshore in Bangalore, India. Some of the new features are the CFPDFFORM tag, which enables integration with Adobe Acrobat forms, some image manipulation functions, Microsoft .NET integration, and

1160-677: A group at Texas A&M University published results of excess heat and later that day a group at the Georgia Institute of Technology announced neutron production—the strongest replication announced up to that point due to the detection of neutrons and the reputation of the lab. On 12 April Pons was acclaimed at an ACS meeting. But Georgia Tech retracted their announcement on 13 April, explaining that their neutron detectors gave false positives when exposed to heat. Another attempt at independent replication, headed by Robert Huggins at Stanford University , which also reported early success with

1276-575: A lawsuit. The lawyer later apologized; Fleischmann defended the threat as a legitimate reaction to alleged bias displayed by cold-fusion critics. In early May 1990, one of the two A&M researchers, Kevin Wolf , acknowledged the possibility of spiking, but said that the most likely explanation was tritium contamination in the palladium electrodes or simply contamination due to sloppy work. In June 1990 an article in Science by science writer Gary Taubes destroyed

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1392-587: A layer of security on the server, because it ran inside a Java Runtime Environment. In June 2002 Macromedia released the version 6.0 product under a slightly different name, ColdFusion MX, allowing the product to be associated with both the Macromedia brand and its original branding. ColdFusion MX was completely rebuilt from the ground up and was based on the Java EE platform. ColdFusion MX was also designed to integrate well with Macromedia Flash using Flash Remoting. With

1508-433: A light water control, became the only scientific support for cold fusion in 26 April US Congress hearings. But when he finally presented his results he reported an excess heat of only one degree Celsius , a result that could be explained by chemical differences between heavy and light water in the presence of lithium. He had not tried to measure any radiation and his research was derided by scientists who saw it later. For

1624-472: A magnitude they asserted would defy explanation except in terms of nuclear processes. They further reported measuring small amounts of nuclear reaction byproducts, including neutrons and tritium . The small tabletop experiment involved electrolysis of heavy water on the surface of a palladium (Pd) electrode. The reported results received wide media attention and raised hopes of a cheap and abundant source of energy. Many scientists tried to replicate

1740-569: A master blueprint for the next feature set. In September 2010, he presented the plans to Adobe where they were given full support and approval by upper management. The first public beta of ColdFusion 10 was released via Adobe Labs on 17 February 2012. ColdFusion 11 (Codenamed: Splendor) was released on April 29, 2014. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: ColdFusion 11 also removed many features previously identified simply as "deprecated" or no longer supported in earlier releases. For example,

1856-596: A method contained in a CFC simply needs to be invoked, the <cfinvoke> tag will create an instance of the CFC, invoke the desired method, and then destroy the instance of the CFC. <cfinvoke> takes the name of the component (minus the .cfc extension) and the method to execute. To access any returned data, the RETURNVARIABLE attribute provides the name of a variable to contain whatever the function returns. CFCs are created using four tags, saved as .CFC files, and invoked using

1972-455: A more ECMAScript compliant CFSCRIPT. For development of ColdFusion applications, several tools are available: primarily Adobe Dreamweaver CS4, Macromedia HomeSite 5.x, CFEclipse, Eclipse and others. "Tag updaters" are available for these applications to update their support for the new ColdFusion 8 features. ColdFusion 9 (Codenamed: Centaur ) was released on October 5, 2009. New features for CF9 include: ColdFusion 10 (Codenamed: Zeus)

2088-408: A palladium cathode and heavy water within a calorimeter , an insulated vessel designed to measure process heat. Current was applied continuously for many weeks, with the heavy water being renewed at intervals. Some deuterium was thought to be accumulating within the cathode, but most was allowed to bubble out of the cell, joining oxygen produced at the anode. For most of the time, the power input to

2204-506: A plea for funding. This and other published papers prompted a 2004 Department of Energy (DOE) review. In August 2003, the U.S. Secretary of Energy , Spencer Abraham , ordered the DOE to organize a second review of the field. This was thanks to an April 2003 letter sent by MIT's Peter L. Hagelstein , and the publication of many new papers, including the Italian ENEA and other researchers in

2320-623: A reputation as pathological science . In 1989 the United States Department of Energy (DOE) concluded that the reported results of excess heat did not present convincing evidence of a useful source of energy and decided against allocating funding specifically for cold fusion. A second DOE review in 2004, which looked at new research, reached similar conclusions and did not result in DOE funding of cold fusion. Presently, since articles about cold fusion are rarely published in peer-reviewed mainstream scientific journals , they do not attract

2436-459: A student project in 2002 and was first launched as a commercial project in 2005. Railo announced they were making the engine open source in 2008, and the first open source version was released in 2009. On June 18, 2009, Adobe announced at the CFUnited conference that it had formed a CFML Advisory Committee that would be responsible for guiding and reviewing changes to the CFML language. This effort

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2552-487: Is also available as a wrapper to any HTML page, converting that page to a quality printable document. The enterprise edition also added Gateways . These provide interaction with non-HTTP request services such as IM Services, SMS, Directory Watchers, and an asynchronous execution. XML support was boosted in this version to include native schema checking. ColdFusion MX 7.0.1 (codename "Merrimack") added support for Mac OS X , improvements to Flash forms, RTF support for CFReport,

2668-417: Is based on an energy balance . Various sources of energy input and output are continuously measured. Under normal conditions, the energy input can be matched to the energy output to within experimental error. In experiments such as those run by Fleischmann and Pons, an electrolysis cell operating steadily at one temperature transitions to operating at a higher temperature with no increase in applied current. If

2784-511: Is distributed across ENEA departments, CNR laboratories, INFN , universities and industrial laboratories in Italy, where the group continues to try to achieve reliable reproducibility (i.e. getting the phenomenon to happen in every cell, and inside a certain frame of time). In 2006–2007, the ENEA started a research program which claimed to have found excess power of up to 500 percent, and in 2009, ENEA hosted

2900-486: Is especially well-suited as the server-side technology to the client-side ajax . ColdFusion can also handle asynchronous events such as SMS and instant messaging via its gateway interface, available in ColdFusion MX 7 Enterprise Edition. ColdFusion provides a number of additional features out of the box. Main features include: Other implementations of CFML offer similar or enhanced functionality, such as running in

3016-399: Is invoked as a custom tag, the attributes used to invoke that tag are available within the tag in an attributes scope and the variables for the calling page are accessible via the caller scope. For example, if writing a custom tag to perform addition , taking two attributes and adding them together, the tag would be an addition.cfm file which could look like this: Assuming the tag is in

3132-638: Is known as the "loading time," the time required to saturate the palladium electrode with hydrogen (see "Loading ratio" section). The Fleischmann and Pons early findings regarding helium, neutron radiation and tritium were never replicated satisfactorily, and its levels were too low for the claimed heat production and inconsistent with each other. Neutron radiation has been reported in cold fusion experiments at very low levels using different kinds of detectors, but levels were too low, close to background, and found too infrequently to provide useful information about possible nuclear processes. An excess heat observation

3248-507: Is normally understood to occur at temperatures in the tens of millions of degrees. This is called " thermonuclear fusion ". Since the 1920s, there has been speculation that nuclear fusion might be possible at much lower temperatures by catalytically fusing hydrogen absorbed in a metal catalyst. In 1989, a claim by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann (then one of the world's leading electrochemists ) that such cold fusion had been observed caused

3364-477: Is still actively developing ColdFusion. In 1998 Alan Williamson and his Scottish company, "n-ary", began creating a templating engine for Java to simplify common programming tasks. Williamson was using curly-brace notation instead of tags, but when he saw an example of CFML and how it was solving similar problems (although not in Java) using a tag syntax, he started developing what would eventually become BlueDragon, which

3480-534: Is virtually no communication at all. Cold fusion papers are almost never published in refereed scientific journals, with the result that those works don't receive the normal critical scrutiny that science requires. On the other hand, because the Cold-Fusioners see themselves as a community under siege, there is little internal criticism. Experiments and theories tend to be accepted at face value, for fear of providing even more fuel for external critics, if anyone outside

3596-1221: Is well-suited for Ajax -enabled applications. ColdFusion 8 introduced the ability to serialize ColdFusion data structures to JSON for consumption on the client. ColdFusion Markup Language ColdFusion Markup Language , more commonly known as CFML , is a scripting language for web development that runs on the Java virtual machine (JVM), the .NET framework, and Google App Engine . Several commercial and free and open-source software implementations of CFML engines are available, including Adobe ColdFusion , Lucee , New Atlanta BlueDragon ( Java and .NET versions), Railo , Open BlueDragon, and other CFML server engines . In its simplest form, like many other web scripting languages, CFML augments standard HTML files with database commands, conditional operators , high-level formatting functions , and other elements to produce web applications . CFML also includes many other constructs including ColdFusion Components (CFCs), CFML's version of objects , that allow separating business logic from presentation. CFML can be written using either tags or CFScript , which resembles JavaScript ( ECMAScript ). The pages in

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3712-577: The "hot" fusion that is known to take place naturally within stars and artificially in hydrogen bombs and prototype fusion reactors under immense pressure and at temperatures of millions of degrees, and be distinguished from muon-catalyzed fusion . There is currently no accepted theoretical model that would allow cold fusion to occur. In 1989, two electrochemists at the University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons , reported that their apparatus had produced anomalous heat ("excess heat") of

3828-513: The Apache Web Server and with Internet Information Services . All versions of ColdFusion prior to 6.0 were written using Microsoft Visual C++ . This meant that ColdFusion was largely limited to running on Microsoft Windows , although Allaire did successfully port ColdFusion to Sun Solaris starting with version 3.1. The Allaire company was sold to Macromedia , then Macromedia was sold to Adobe . Earlier versions were not as robust as

3944-695: The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division announced that they had assembled a group of scientists from the Navy, Army and National Institute of Standards and Technology to undertake a new, coordinated study. With few exceptions, researchers have had difficulty publishing in mainstream journals. The remaining researchers often term their field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR), Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions (LANR), Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS) or Lattice Enabled Nuclear Reactions; one of

4060-830: The United States House Committee on Armed Services , in its report on the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act, directed the Secretary of Defense to "provide a briefing on the military utility of recent U.S. industrial base LENR advancements to the House Committee on Armed Services by September 22, 2016". Since the Fleischmann and Pons announcement, the Italian national agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development ( ENEA ) has funded Franco Scaramuzzi's research into whether excess heat can be measured from metals loaded with deuterium gas. Such research

4176-436: The programmer declares their type specifically. This functionality is used with cfqueryparam to secure web applications and databases from hackers and malicious web requests such as SQL injection . Nearly 100 tags and many more functions make up the heart of the CFML language. The following lists CFML tags by their function or purpose. CFML allows language extensions in the form of custom tags, which are tags created by

4292-454: The <cfimport> tag. ColdFusion Markup Language includes a set of functions that you use to perform logical and arithmetic operations and manipulate data. CFCs provide some (not all) of the typical features and functionality that are provided by object-oriented (OOP) languages. To create a CFC: CFCs are plain CFML. Within a CFC any CFML tag, function, custom tag, other components, etc. may be used. CFCs can be used in various ways. If

4408-408: The <cfinvoke> tag. In the example below, component temperature.cfc has a method FtoC which converts temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius. The test.cfm template invokes the method and converts 212 degrees Fahrenheit and outputs the result. CFCs may also be instantiated as objects. Assuming a CFC file called Person.cfc, an instance of this CFC would be instantiated as follows: CFCs also form

4524-460: The 15th cold fusion conference. Between 1992 and 1997, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry sponsored a "New Hydrogen Energy (NHE)" program of US$ 20 million to research cold fusion. Announcing the end of the program in 1997, the director and one-time proponent of cold fusion research Hideo Ikegami stated "We couldn't achieve what was first claimed in terms of cold fusion. (...) We can't find any reason to propose more money for

4640-452: The 2003 International Cold Fusion Conference, and a two-volume book by U.S. SPAWAR in 2002. Cold fusion researchers were asked to present a review document of all the evidence since the 1989 review. The report was released in 2004. The reviewers were "split approximately evenly" on whether the experiments had produced energy in the form of heat, but "most reviewers, even those who accepted the evidence for excess power production, 'stated that

4756-596: The API Manager. ColdFusion can generate PDF documents using standard HTML (i.e. no additional coding is needed to generate documents for print). CFML authors place HTML and CSS within a pair of cfdocument tags (or new in ColdFusion 11, cfhtmltopdf tags). The generated document can then either be saved to disk or sent to the client's browser. ColdFusion 8 introduced also the cfpdf tag to allow for control over PDF documents including PDF forms, and merging of PDFs. These tags however do not use Adobe's PDF engine but cfdocument uses

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4872-547: The CFLOG tag long offered date and time attributes which were deprecated (and redundant, as the date and time is always logged). As of CF11, their use would not cause the CFLOG tag to fail. Adobe ColdFusion (2016 release), Codenamed: Raijin (and also known generically as ColdFusion 2016) was released on February 16, 2016. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: Adobe ColdFusion (2018 release), known generically as ColdFusion 2018,

4988-1247: The CFPRESENTATION tag, which allows the creation of dynamic presentations using Adobe Acrobat Connect , the Web-based collaboration solution formerly known as Macromedia Breeze . In addition, the ColdFusion Administrator for the Enterprise version ships with built-in server monitoring. ColdFusion 8 is available on several operating systems including Linux , Mac OS X and Windows Server 2003 . Other additions to ColdFusion 8 are built-in Ajax widgets, file archive manipulation (CFZIP), Microsoft Exchange server integration (CFEXCHANGE), image manipulation including automatic CAPTCHA generation (CFIMAGE), multi-threading, per-application settings, Atom and RSS feeds, reporting enhancements, stronger encryption libraries, array and structure improvements, improved database interaction, extensive performance improvements, PDF manipulation and merging capabilities (CFPDF), interactive debugging, embedded database support with Apache Derby , and

5104-828: The Indian government revive this research. Projects were commenced at Chennai 's Indian Institute of Technology , the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research . However, there is still skepticism among scientists and, for all practical purposes, research has stalled since the 1990s. A special section in the Indian multidisciplinary journal Current Science published 33 cold fusion papers in 2015 by major cold fusion researchers including several Indian researchers. A cold fusion experiment usually includes: Electrolysis cells can be either open cell or closed cell. In open cell systems,

5220-704: The Lucee Association, the goal of the project is to provide the functionality of CFML using fewer resources, giving better performance and to move CFML past its roots and into a modern and dynamic Web programming platform. CFML tags have a similar format to HTML tags. They are enclosed in angle brackets (< and >) and generally have zero or more named attributes , though some tags (e.g. cfset, cfif) contain an expression rather than attributes. Many CFML tags have bodies; that is, they have beginning and end tags with text to be processed between them. For example: Other tags, such as cfset and cfftp, never have bodies; all

5336-500: The MX release (6+), ColdFusion introduced basic OO functionality with the component language construct which resembles classes in OO languages. Each component may contain any number of properties and methods. One component may also extend another ( Inheritance ). Components only support single inheritance. Object handling feature set and performance enhancing has occurred with subsequent releases. With

5452-526: The National Cold Fusion Institute closed after it ran out of funds; it found no excess heat, and its reports of tritium production were met with indifference. On 1 January 1991, Pons left the University of Utah and went to Europe. In 1992, Pons and Fleischmann resumed research with Toyota Motor Corporation 's IMRA lab in France. Fleischmann left for England in 1995, and the contract with Pons

5568-611: The US news show 60 Minutes , made a grant of $ 5.5 million to the University of Missouri to establish the Sidney Kimmel Institute for Nuclear Renaissance (SKINR). The grant was intended to support research into the interactions of hydrogen with palladium, nickel or platinum under extreme conditions. In March 2013 Graham K. Hubler, a nuclear physicist who worked for the Naval Research Laboratory for 40 years,

5684-591: The University of Utah, which wanted to establish priority on the discovery, broke their apparent agreement, disclosing their work at a press conference on 23 March (they claimed in the press release that it would be published in Nature but instead submitted their paper to the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry ). Jones, upset, faxed in his paper to Nature after the press conference. Fleischmann and Pons' announcement drew wide media attention, as well as attention from

5800-650: The Verity search engine, the server scope, and template encoding (called then "encryption"). Version 3.1, released in Jan 1998, added RDS support as well as a port to the Sun Solaris operating system, while ColdFusion studio gained a live page preview and HTML syntax checker. Released in Nov 1998, version 4 is when the name was changed from "Cold Fusion" to "ColdFusion" - possibly to distinguish it from Cold fusion theory. The release also added

5916-517: The basis of the ability to create web services in CFML. A CFC is created in the usual way, and the attribute access="remote" added to any function within the CFC will make that function available to be called as a SOAP -based web service. The CFML engine auto-generates a WSDL and creates all the necessary stubs for the web service to function. Cold fusion Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature . It would contrast starkly with

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6032-456: The cell was equal to the calculated power leaving the cell within measurement accuracy, and the cell temperature was stable at around 30 °C. But then, at some point (in some of the experiments), the temperature rose suddenly to about 50 °C without changes in the input power. These high temperature phases would last for two days or more and would repeat several times in any given experiment once they had occurred. The calculated power leaving

6148-451: The cell was significantly higher than the input power during these high temperature phases. Eventually the high temperature phases would no longer occur within a particular cell. In 1988, Fleischmann and Pons applied to the United States Department of Energy for funding towards a larger series of experiments. Up to this point they had been funding their experiments using a small device built with $ 100,000 out-of-pocket . The grant proposal

6264-517: The coming year or for the future." In 1999 the Japan C-F Research Society was established to promote the independent research into cold fusion that continued in Japan. The society holds annual meetings. Perhaps the most famous Japanese cold fusion researcher was Yoshiaki Arata , from Osaka University, who claimed in a demonstration to produce excess heat when deuterium gas was introduced into

6380-505: The component in this manner: http://path/to/components/Component.cfc?wsdl. Aside from SOAP, the services are offered in Flash Remoting binary format. Methods which are declared remote may also be invoked via an HTTP GET or POST request. Consider the GET request as shown. This will invoke the component's search function, passing "your query" and "strict" as arguments. This type of invocation

6496-528: The consequences of strip mining , acid rain , the greenhouse effect and the Exxon Valdez oil spill , which happened the day after the announcement. In the press conference, Chase N. Peterson , Fleischmann and Pons, backed by the solidity of their scientific credentials, repeatedly assured the journalists that cold fusion would solve environmental problems, and would provide a limitless inexhaustible source of clean energy, using only seawater as fuel. They said

6612-410: The controversies in the field". They summarized its conclusions thus: While significant progress has been made in the sophistication of calorimeters since the review of this subject in 1989, the conclusions reached by the reviewers today are similar to those found in the 1989 review. The current reviewers identified a number of basic science research areas that could be helpful in resolving some of

6728-466: The controversies in the field, two of which were: 1) material science aspects of deuterated metals using modern characterization techniques, and 2) the study of particles reportedly emitted from deuterated foils using state-of-the-art apparatus and methods. The reviewers believed that this field would benefit from the peer-review processes associated with proposal submission to agencies and paper submission to archival journals. Cold fusion researchers placed

6844-407: The developer that are not part of the CFML language itself. Custom tags are regular CFML files which are intended to be invoked as tags, although it is possible to treat a template as both a custom tag and a regular template. Custom tags are written in CFML and are typically invoked by prefixing the custom tag's file name with cf_ , although there are other ways to invoke custom tags. If a template

6960-485: The effects are not repeatable, the magnitude of the effect has not increased in over a decade of work, and that many of the reported experiments were not well documented'". In summary, reviewers found that cold fusion evidence was still not convincing 15 years later, and they did not recommend a federal research program. They only recommended that agencies consider funding individual well-thought studies in specific areas where research "could be helpful in resolving some of

7076-400: The electrolysis products, which are gaseous, are allowed to leave the cell. In closed cell experiments, the products are captured, for example by catalytically recombining the products in a separate part of the experimental system. These experiments generally strive for a steady state condition, with the electrolyte being replaced periodically. There are also "heat-after-death" experiments, where

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7192-451: The end of the session, eight of the nine leading speakers stated that they considered the initial Fleischmann and Pons claim dead, with the ninth, Johann Rafelski , abstaining. Steven E. Koonin of Caltech called the Utah report a result of " the incompetence and delusion of Pons and Fleischmann, " which was met with a standing ovation. Douglas R. O. Morrison , a physicist representing CERN ,

7308-428: The evolution of heat is monitored after the electric current is turned off. The most basic setup of a cold fusion cell consists of two electrodes submerged in a solution containing palladium and heavy water. The electrodes are then connected to a power source to transmit electricity from one electrode to the other through the solution. Even when anomalous heat is reported, it can take weeks for it to begin to appear—this

7424-498: The experiment with the few details available. Expectations diminished as a result of numerous failed replications, the retraction of several previously reported positive replications, the identification of methodological flaws and experimental errors in the original study, and, ultimately, the confirmation that Fleischmann and Pons had not observed the expected nuclear reaction byproducts. By late 1989, most scientists considered cold fusion claims dead, and cold fusion subsequently gained

7540-416: The experimental protocol had not been published, physicists in several countries attempted, and failed, to replicate the excess heat phenomenon. The first paper submitted to Nature reproducing excess heat, although it passed peer review, was rejected because most similar experiments were negative and there were no theories that could explain a positive result; this paper was later accepted for publication by

7656-518: The first release from Macromedia after their acquisition of Allaire Corporation , which had been announced January 16, 2001. Prior to 2000, Edwin Smith, an Allaire architect on JRun and later the Flash Player , Tom Harwood and Clement Wong initiated a project codenamed "Neo". This project was later revealed as a ColdFusion Server re-written completely using Java . This made portability easier and provided

7772-490: The general funding system". Cold fusion supporters continued to argue that the evidence for excess heat was strong, and in September 1990 the National Cold Fusion Institute listed 92 groups of researchers from 10 countries that had reported corroborating evidence of excess heat, but they refused to provide any evidence of their own arguing that it could endanger their patents. However, no further DOE nor NSF funding resulted from

7888-463: The getmetricdata function (to access performance information), additional performance information in page debugging output, enhanced string conversion functions, and optional whitespace removal. Version 5 was released in June 2001, adding enhanced query support, new reporting and charting features, user-defined functions, and improved admin tools. It was the last to be legacy coded for a specific platform, and

8004-564: The group was bothering to listen. In these circumstances, crackpots flourish, making matters worse for those who believe that there is serious science going on here. United States Navy researchers at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWAR) in San Diego have been studying cold fusion since 1989. In 2002 they released a two-volume report, "Thermal and nuclear aspects of the Pd/D 2 O system", with

8120-413: The higher temperatures were real, and not an experimental artifact, the energy balance would show an unaccounted term. In the Fleischmann and Pons experiments, the rate of inferred excess heat generation was in the range of 10–20% of total input, though this could not be reliably replicated by most researchers. Researcher Nathan Lewis discovered that the excess heat in Fleischmann and Pons's original paper

8236-464: The highest impact journals. University researchers are often unwilling to investigate cold fusion because they would be ridiculed by their colleagues and their professional careers would be at risk. In 1994, David Goodstein , a professor of physics at Caltech , advocated increased attention from mainstream researchers and described cold fusion as: A pariah field, cast out by the scientific establishment. Between cold fusion and respectable science there

8352-493: The initial implementation of cfscript, support for locking (cflock), transactions (cftransaction), hierarchical exception handling (cftry/cfcatch), sandbox security, as well as many new tags and functions, including cfstoredproc, cfcache, cfswitch, and more. Version 4.5, released in Nov 1999, expanded the ability to access external system resources, including COM and CORBA, and added initial support for Java integration (including EJB's, Pojo's, servlets, and Java CFX's). IT also added

8468-566: The journal Fusion Technology . Nathan Lewis , professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology , led one of the most ambitious validation efforts, trying many variations on the experiment without success, while CERN physicist Douglas R. O. Morrison said that "essentially all" attempts in Western Europe had failed. Even those reporting success had difficulty reproducing Fleischmann and Pons' results. On 10 April 1989,

8584-495: The large number of failures to replicate excess heat and the greater inconsistency of reports of nuclear reaction byproducts expected by established conjecture . Nuclear fusion of the type postulated would be inconsistent with current understanding and, if verified, would require established conjecture, perhaps even theory itself, to be extended in an unexpected way. The panel was against special funding for cold fusion research, but supported modest funding of "focused experiments within

8700-471: The level of scrutiny expected for mainstream scientific publications . Nevertheless, some interest in cold fusion has continued through the decades—for example, a Google-funded failed replication attempt was published in a 2019 issue of Nature . A small community of researchers continues to investigate it, often under the alternative designations low-energy nuclear reactions ( LENR ) or condensed matter nuclear science ( CMNS ). Nuclear fusion

8816-520: The name, CFML is not a markup language. It is also not SGML , since certain core CFML features prevent it from complying. The CFML engine is configured in such a way that certain file extensions on the server (.cfm, .cfc) are handed off to the CFML engine for processing. In the case of the Java-based engines this is accomplished via Java servlets . The CFML engine only processes CFML tags and functions; it returns text outside of CFML tags and functions to

8932-489: The new CFCPRoxy feature for Java/CFC integration, and more. ColdFusion MX 7.0.2 (codenamed "Mystic") included advanced features for working with Adobe Flex 2 as well as more improvements for the CF Report Builder. On July 30, 2007, Adobe Systems released ColdFusion 8 , dropping "MX" from its name. During beta testing the codename used was "Scorpio" (the eighth sign of the zodiac and the eighth iteration of ColdFusion as

9048-545: The next six weeks, competing claims, counterclaims, and suggested explanations kept what was referred to as "cold fusion" or "fusion confusion" in the news. In April 1989, Fleischmann and Pons published a "preliminary note" in the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry . This paper notably showed a gamma peak without its corresponding Compton edge , which indicated they had made a mistake in claiming evidence of fusion byproducts. Fleischmann and Pons replied to this critique, but

9164-472: The only thing left clear was that no gamma ray had been registered and that Fleischmann refused to recognize any mistakes in the data. A much longer paper published a year later went into details of calorimetry but did not include any nuclear measurements. Nevertheless, Fleischmann and Pons and a number of other researchers who found positive results remained convinced of their findings. The University of Utah asked Congress to provide $ 25 million to pursue

9280-433: The original cold fusion announcement were still happening: results from studies are still not being independently verified and inexplicable phenomena encountered are being labelled as "cold fusion" even if they are not, in order to attract the attention of journalists. In February 2012, millionaire Sidney Kimmel , convinced that cold fusion was worth investing in by a 19 April 2009 interview with physicist Robert Duncan on

9396-427: The output of variables or other content. In addition to CFScript and plugins (as described), CFStudio provided a design platform with a WYSIWYG display. In addition to ColdFusion, CFStudio also supports syntax in other languages popular for backend programming, such as Perl. In addition to making backend functionality easily available to the non-programmer, (version 4.0 and forward in particular) integrated easily with

9512-479: The panel's recommendation. By this point, however, academic consensus had moved decidedly toward labeling cold fusion as a kind of "pathological science". In March 1990, Michael H. Salamon, a physicist from the University of Utah , and nine co-authors reported negative results. University faculty were then "stunned" when a lawyer representing Pons and Fleischmann demanded the Salamon paper be retracted under threat of

9628-620: The public credibility of the A&;M tritium results when it accused its group leader John Bockris and one of his graduate students of spiking the cells with tritium. In October 1990 Wolf finally said that the results were explained by tritium contamination in the rods. An A&M cold fusion review panel found that the tritium evidence was not convincing and that, while they couldn't rule out spiking, contamination and measurements problems were more likely explanations, and Bockris never got support from his faculty to resume his research. On 30 June 1991,

9744-448: The reasons being to avoid the negative connotations associated with "cold fusion". The new names avoid making bold implications, like implying that fusion is actually occurring. The researchers who continue their investigations acknowledge that the flaws in the original announcement are the main cause of the subject's marginalization, and they complain of a chronic lack of funding and no possibilities of getting their work published in

9860-486: The rejection by the mainstream community. The Boston Globe estimated in 2004 that there were only 100 to 200 researchers working in the field, most suffering damage to their reputation and career. Since the main controversy over Pons and Fleischmann had ended, cold fusion research has been funded by private and small governmental scientific investment funds in the United States, Italy, Japan, and India. For example, it

9976-453: The release of ColdFusion 8, Java-style interfaces are supported. ColdFusion components use the file extension cfc to differentiate them from ColdFusion templates (.cfm). Component methods may be made available as web services with no additional coding and configuration. All that is required is for a method's access to be declared 'remote'. ColdFusion automatically generates a WSDL at the URL for

10092-500: The release of ColdFusion MX, the CFML language API was released with an OOP interface. With the release of ColdFusion 7.0 on February 7, 2005, the naming convention was amended, rendering the product name "Macromedia ColdFusion MX 7" (the codename for CFMX7 was "Blackstone"). CFMX 7 added Flash-based and XForms -based web forms, and a report builder that output in Adobe PDF as well as FlashPaper , RTF and Excel . The Adobe PDF output

10208-429: The required information goes between the beginning (<) character and the ending (>) character in the form of tag attributes (name/value pairs), as in the example below. If it is legal for tags not to have a body, it is syntactically acceptable to leave them unclosed as in the first example, though many CFML developers choose to self-close tags as in the second example to (arguably) make the code more legible. Even if

10324-639: The research, and Pons was scheduled to meet with representatives of President Bush in early May. On 30 April 1989, cold fusion was declared dead by The New York Times . The Times called it a circus the same day, and the Boston Herald attacked cold fusion the following day. On 1 May 1989, the American Physical Society held a session on cold fusion in Baltimore, including many reports of experiments that failed to produce evidence of cold fusion. At

10440-479: The results had been confirmed dozens of times and they had no doubts about them. In the accompanying press release Fleischmann was quoted saying: "What we have done is to open the door of a new research area, our indications are that the discovery will be relatively easy to make into a usable technology for generating heat and power, but continued work is needed, first, to further understand the science and secondly, to determine its value to energy economics." Although

10556-503: The roadmap anticipating releases in 2018 and 2020. Among the key features anticipated for the 2016 release were a new performance monitor, enhancements to asynchronous programming, revamped REST support, and enhancements to the API Manager, as well as support for CF2016 projected into 2024. As for the 2020 release, the features anticipated at that time (in 2017) were configurability (modularity) of CF application services, revamped scripting and object-oriented support, and further enhancements to

10672-418: The same directory as the file (or in a pre-defined customtags directory), it can be invoked thus: CFX tags are custom tags which are developed using Java or C++ , and are prefixed with cfx_ just like cf_. Java and C++ tags are added to the CFML runtime environment using the CFML engine's administrator or by editing configuration files. On some CFML engines JSP tags can also be included in CFML pages using

10788-518: The scientific community. The 1986 discovery of high-temperature superconductivity had made scientists more open to revelations of unexpected but potentially momentous scientific results that could be replicated reliably even if they could not be explained by established theories. Many scientists were also reminded of the Mössbauer effect , a process involving nuclear transitions in a solid. Its discovery 30 years earlier had also been unexpected, though it

10904-668: The sense that it could not be explained by chemical reactions alone. They felt that such a discovery could bear significant commercial value and would be entitled to patent protection. Jones, however, was measuring neutron flux, which was not of commercial interest. To avoid future problems, the teams appeared to agree to publish their results simultaneously, though their accounts of their 6 March meeting differ. In mid-March 1989, both research teams were ready to publish their findings, and Fleischmann and Jones had agreed to meet at an airport on 24 March to send their papers to Nature via FedEx . Fleischmann and Pons, however, pressured by

11020-485: The state of Utah invested $ 4.5 million to create the National Cold Fusion Institute. The United States Department of Energy organized a special panel to review cold fusion theory and research. The panel issued its report in November 1989, concluding that results as of that date did not present convincing evidence that useful sources of energy would result from the phenomena attributed to cold fusion. The panel noted

11136-414: The tag can have a body, including a body may not be necessary in some instances because the attributes specify all the required information. In these cases, as with the second example above, the end tag (and hence, the tag body) may be omitted and the tag may be self-closing as in the following example: Various tags offer the ability to type-check input parameters (e.g. cffunction, cfparam, cfqueryparam) if

11252-416: The term "cold fusion" in 1986 in an investigation of "geo-fusion", the possible existence of fusion involving hydrogen isotopes in a planetary core . In his original paper on this subject with Clinton Van Siclen, submitted in 1985, Jones had coined the term "piezonuclear fusion". The most famous cold fusion claims were made by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann in 1989. After a brief period of interest by

11368-439: The versions available from version 4.0 forward. With the release of ColdFusion MX 6.0, the engine had been re-written in Java and supported its own runtime environment, which was easily replaced through its configuration options with the runtime environment from Sun. Version 6.1 included the ability to code and debug Macromedia Flash . Version 3, released in June 1997, brought custom tags, cfsearch/cfindex/cfcollection based on

11484-595: The web server unchanged. Named Cold Fusion at the outset, the software was created in 1995 by the Allaire Corporation , originally located in Minnesota . It later moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts and then finally to Newton, Massachusetts before being acquired by Macromedia in 2001. Allaire Cold Fusion thus became Macromedia Cold Fusion. At the release of version 4, the space in the name was removed to become ColdFusion. Adobe acquired Macromedia in 2005. As of 2023 , it

11600-569: The wider scientific community, their reports were called into question by nuclear physicists. Pons and Fleischmann never retracted their claims, but moved their research program from the US to France after the controversy erupted. Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah hypothesized that the high compression ratio and mobility of deuterium that could be achieved within palladium metal using electrolysis might result in nuclear fusion. To investigate, they conducted electrolysis experiments using

11716-716: The years, several books have appeared that defended them. Around 1998, the University of Utah had already dropped its research after spending over $ 1 million, and in the summer of 1997, Japan cut off research and closed its own lab after spending $ 20 million. A 1991 review by a cold fusion proponent had calculated "about 600 scientists" were still conducting research. After 1991, cold fusion research only continued in relative obscurity, conducted by groups that had increasing difficulty securing public funding and keeping programs open. These small but committed groups of cold fusion researchers have continued to conduct experiments using Fleischmann and Pons electrolysis setups in spite of

11832-571: Was denied. After deuterium was discovered in 1932, Tandberg continued his experiments with heavy water . The final experiments made by Tandberg with heavy water were similar to the original experiment by Fleischmann and Pons. Fleischmann and Pons were not aware of Tandberg's work. The term "cold fusion" was used as early as 1956 in an article in The New York Times about Luis Alvarez 's work on muon-catalyzed fusion . Paul Palmer and then Steven Jones of Brigham Young University used

11948-578: Was disbanded in 2010. The Google Group CFML Conventional Wisdom was created as a forum for open, public discussions about language and engine features; its use has dwindled since 2011. In 2012, the OpenCFML Foundation was launched. Its function is to push open-source CFML applications and platforms. Former Railo lead developer Michael Offner launched Lucee , a fork of Railo , in London on January 29, 2015. Backed by community supporters and members of

12064-414: Was due to background from the air. In 1927, Swedish scientist John Tandberg reported that he had fused hydrogen into helium in an electrolytic cell with palladium electrodes. On the basis of his work, he applied for a Swedish patent for "a method to produce helium and useful reaction energy". Due to Paneth and Peters's retraction and his inability to explain the physical process, his patent application

12180-448: Was named director. One of the SKINR projects is to replicate a 1991 experiment in which a professor associated with the project, Mark Prelas, says bursts of millions of neutrons a second were recorded, which was stopped because "his research account had been frozen". He claims that the new experiment has already seen "neutron emissions at similar levels to the 1991 observation". In May 2016,

12296-430: Was not measured, but estimated from measurements that didn't have any excess heat. Unable to produce excess heat or neutrons, and with positive experiments being plagued by errors and giving disparate results, most researchers declared that heat production was not a real effect and ceased working on the experiments. In 1993, after their original report, Fleischmann reported "heat-after-death" experiments—where excess heat

12412-438: Was not renewed in 1998 after spending $ 40 million with no tangible results. The IMRA laboratory stopped cold fusion research in 1998 after spending £12 million. Pons has made no public declarations since, and only Fleischmann continued giving talks and publishing papers. Mostly in the 1990s, several books were published that were critical of cold fusion research methods and the conduct of cold fusion researchers. Over

12528-477: Was originally referred to by the codename Zeus, after first being confirmed as coming by Adobe at Adobe MAX 2010, and during much of its prerelease period. It was also commonly referred to as "ColdFusion next" and "ColdFusion X" in blogs, on Twitter, etc., before Adobe finally confirmed it would be "ColdFusion 10". For much of 2010, ColdFusion Product Manager Adam Lehman toured the US setting up countless meetings with customers, developers, and user groups to formulate

12644-434: Was quickly replicated and explained within the existing physics framework. The announcement of a new purported clean source of energy came at a crucial time: adults still remembered the 1973 oil crisis and the problems caused by oil dependence, anthropogenic global warming was starting to become notorious, the anti-nuclear movement was labeling nuclear power plants as dangerous and getting them closed, people had in mind

12760-405: Was recognized as early as the nineteenth century by Thomas Graham . In the late 1920s, two Austrian-born scientists, Friedrich Paneth and Kurt Peters , originally reported the transformation of hydrogen into helium by nuclear catalysis when hydrogen was absorbed by finely divided palladium at room temperature. However, the authors later retracted that report, saying that the helium they measured

12876-613: Was released on July 12, 2018. ColdFusion 2018 was codenamed Aether during prerelease. As of March 2023, Adobe had released 16 updates for ColdFusion 2018. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: Adobe ColdFusion (2021 Release) was released on Nov 11th, 2020. ColdFusion 2021 was code named Project Stratus during pre-release. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: Adobe released ColdFusion 2023 on May 17, 2023. New features available are as follows: In Sep 2017, Adobe announced

12992-531: Was released on May 15, 2012. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include (but are not limited to): Additional new or improved features in ColdFusion Enterprise or Developer editions include (but are not limited to): The lists above were obtained from the Adobe web site pages describing "new features", as listed first in the links in the following list. CF10

13108-673: Was reported in Nature , in May, 2019, that Google had spent approximately $ 10 million on cold fusion research. A group of scientists at well-known research labs (e.g., MIT , Lawrence Berkeley National Lab , and others) worked for several years to establish experimental protocols and measurement techniques in an effort to re-evaluate cold fusion to a high standard of scientific rigor. Their reported conclusion: no cold fusion. In 2021, following Nature's 2019 publication of anomalous findings that might only be explained by some localized fusion, scientists at

13224-440: Was the first Java implementation of the CFML language. (ColdFusion was written in C and C++ until version 6.0, the first Java-based version, was released in 2002.) New Atlanta licensed BlueDragon around 2001 and made it available as a commercial product, eventually creating a .NET implementation of CFML. Open BlueDragon is a fork of the commercial BlueDragon product and was first released in 2008. The Railo CFML engine began as

13340-565: Was the first to call the episode an example of pathological science . On 4 May, due to all this new criticism, the meetings with various representatives from Washington were cancelled. From 8 May, only the A&M tritium results kept cold fusion afloat. In July and November 1989, Nature published papers critical of cold fusion claims. Negative results were also published in several other scientific journals including Science , Physical Review Letters , and Physical Review C (nuclear physics). In August 1989, in spite of this trend,

13456-763: Was turned over for peer review , and one of the reviewers was Steven Jones of Brigham Young University . Jones had worked for some time on muon-catalyzed fusion , a known method of inducing nuclear fusion without high temperatures, and had written an article on the topic entitled "Cold nuclear fusion" that had been published in Scientific American in July 1987. Fleischmann and Pons and co-workers met with Jones and co-workers on occasion in Utah to share research and techniques. During this time, Fleischmann and Pons described their experiments as generating considerable "excess energy", in

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