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34-463: Coffeyville, Kansas first hosted minor league baseball in 1896. The Coffeyville team played as members of the 1896 Independent level Kansas State League . On August 20, 1896, the Kansas State League folded. Coffeyville was in second place with a record of 12–11, playing under manager Elmer Foster when the league folded. Coffeyville finished 3.5 games behind the first place Independence team in

68-558: A 68–76 record, placing 5th in the 1921 Southwestern League under managers Jerry Jones and Larry Quigley. The 1921 charter member standings featured the Bartlesville Braves (64–80), Coffeyville Refiners (71–72), Independence Producers (103–38), Miami Indians (59–84), Muskogee Mets (93–56), Parsons Parsons/ Cushing Oilers (34–110), Pittsburg Pirates (87–63) and the Sapulpa Sappers (68–76). Sapulpa finished 41.5 games behind of

102-590: A level considered major league from 1914 to 1915. Few independent leagues existed between 1915 and 1993. Major exceptions included the Carolina League and the Quebec -based Provincial League . The Carolina League, based in the North Carolina Piedmont region, gained a reputation as a notorious "outlaw league" during its existence from 1936 to 1938. The Provincial League fielded six teams across Quebec and

136-535: A record of 76–55 under manager Barney Cleveland, finishing 6.5 games behind the 1st place Hutchinson Wheat Shockers. After the season, the Southwestern League returned only three of the eight franchises in 1924, adding five new franchises to the 1924 league. Sapulpa, Oklahoma has not hosted another minor league team. From 1909 to 1911, the Sapulpa Oilers played home games at Athletic Park . The ballpark

170-579: A regular season record 83–56, placing second overall, finishing 2.0 games behind the Muskogee Mets in the eight–team league, but did not qualify for the Finals, won by Sapulpa over Muskogee. Pitcher Oscar Middleton of Coffeyville led the Southwestern League with 23 wins. Playing in the 1923 Class C level Southwestern League, the Coffeyville Refiners won the league championship. Coffeyville placed third in

204-529: A variety of independent semi-professional leagues consisting of industrial teams , where the players are regular employees of the company that own the team and are additionally paid to play baseball for the company on the side. South Korea also has series of small independent leagues. Additionally, as of 2024, two Japanese teams without affiliation to NPB teams play within NPB's minor leagues (the Eastern League and

238-648: The Coffeyville Bricks became members of the eight–team Class D level Kansas State League . The Bricks joined the Bartlesville Indians, Chanute Browns , Fort Scott Giants, Independence Coyotes , Iola Grays , Parsons Preachers and Pittsburg Champs as members in the eight–team league. The Coffeyville Bricks team ended the 1906 season in fifth place. The Bricks finished the season with a 58–50 record, playing under managers Ed Mahley, Harry Barndollar, Heisman and Ed Finney. The Bricks finished 6.5 games behind

272-790: The Coffeyville Community College teams. Walter Johnson Park is located at 715 Park Avenue Coffeyville, Kansas. Coffeyville Refiners players Coffeyville Bricks players Coffeyville Glassblowers players Independent baseball league An independent baseball league is a professional baseball league in the United States or Canada that is not overseen by Major League Baseball or its affiliated Minor League Baseball system (historically referred to as organized baseball ). Independent leagues have flourished in northeastern states, where dense populations can often support multiple franchises . Because they are not subject to

306-749: The MLB Draft League , which operates as an amateur collegiate summer baseball league in the first half of each season and a professional league outside of the structure of Minor League Baseball for the remainder. Independent baseball leagues and teams exist outside of North America, though rarer. In Japan, the Japan Independent Baseball League Organization, which consists of the Shikoku Island League Plus and Baseball Challenge League , operates independently from Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Japan also has

340-519: The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Tim Raines and Rickey Henderson . Gary Carter , another Hall of Famer, managed in the league. The Atlantic League has had many notable managers and coaches, including Wally Backman , Frank Viola , Tommy John , Sparky Lyle , and Bud Harrelson . The Northern League alumni include Leon "Bull" Durham , J. D. Drew , and Darryl Strawberry . Independent leagues are those professional leagues in

374-650: The Webb City Webfeet of the Class C level Western Association moved from Webb City, Missouri to Sapulpa, playing the remainder of the 1909 season as the Sapulpa Oilers . Sapulpa played home games at Athletic Park. Overall, the Webb City/Sapulpa team placed 5th in the eight–team Western Association. Their overall record was 64–59, playing under managers Perry Parker and Frank Everhart and finishing 16.5 games behind

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408-531: The Western League ). Similarly, within KBO Futures League , the minor league of Korea Baseball Organization (KBO), there is an unaffiliated team that consists only of South Korean military personnel . A select number of Japanese independent teams also participate in the off-season Miyazaki Phoenix League alongside Japanese and Korean minor league teams. Sapulpa Sappers The Sapulpa Sappers

442-617: The 1924 Coffeyville Refiners folded from the Southwestern League during the season. On July 5, 1924, the franchise folded with a final record of 29–32, playing the partial season under manager Pat O'Byrne. Coffeyville, Kansas has not hosted another minor league team. In 1896, the Coffeyville minor league team hosted home games at Osborn Park . Osborn Park was noted to have been located at 1st Street & Beach to 5th Street & Walnut, Coffeyville, Kansas. The 1902 Coffeyville Indians played home minor league games at Mineral Park. The ballpark

476-519: The 1st place Enid Railroaders in the final standings. Continuing play as members of the 1910 Western Association, Sapulpa placed 3rd in the final standings. The Oilers ended the 1910 season with a 65–61 record in the final standings, 26.0 games behind the 1st place Joplin Miners in the eight–team league. The Oilers' manager was Larry Millton. In 1911, the Class D level Western Association folded during

510-522: The 1st place Independence Producers, who were 19.0 games ahead of the 2nd place Muskogee Mets . In 1922, the Southwestern League continued play as a Class C level league. The 1922 league is also referred to as the Southwestern Association. The Sapulpa Sappers captured the 1922 Southwestern Association Championship. Playing under Manager Barney Cleveland, Sapulpa finished with a regular season record 81–58, placing 3rd overall, 4.0 games behind

544-468: The Muskogee Mets in the eight–team league. In the 1922 Playoffs, Sapulpa defeated the Muskogee Mets 4 games to 2 to claim the 1922 Southwestern Association Championship. The 1923 season was Sapulpa's final minor league season. Playing in the 1923 Class C level Southwestern League, the Sapulpa Yankees finished 2nd overall in the Southwestern League standings. The Sapulpa Yankees ended the season with

578-716: The National Association after one season of independence. Notable exceptions were the California League , which was independent in 1902 and from 1907 to 1909; the United States Baseball League , which folded during its independent 1912 season; and the Colonial League, a National Association Member that went independent in 1915 and then folded. Another independent league, the Federal League , played at

612-522: The Northern League's success paved the way for other independent leagues like the Texas-Louisiana League and Northeast League . Over the next eight years, at least 16 independent leagues formed, of which six existed in 2002. As of the 2024 season, there are seven active leagues, with four of them acting as MLB Partner Leagues . Additionally, Major League Baseball co-operatively operates

646-507: The United States and Canada not under the purview of organized Minor League Baseball and the Commissioner of Baseball. Independent baseball existed in the early 20th century and has become prominent again since 1993. Leagues operated mostly autonomously before 1902, when the majority joined the NAPBL. From then until 1915, a total of eight new and existing leagues remained independent. Most joined

680-457: The eight–team Class D level Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League in 1907. With a final record of 71–57, managed by Bill Stuart , the Glassblowers finished 9.0 games behind the first place Bartlesville Boosters in the final standings. The Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League permanently folded after the 1907 season. The Coffeyville use of the "Glassblowers" moniker corresponds to local industry growth in

714-583: The era. A total of eight glass factories were noted to have formed in Coffeyville between 1901 and 1910. In 1911, the Coffeyville White Sox became members of the eight–team Class D level Western Association and folded during the season. On June 14, 1911 the White Sox folded with a record of 15–24, playing under manager Harry Bradbury. On June 18, 1911, the league disbanded after six Western Association teams had folded. The first place Ft. Scott Scouts were

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748-544: The final champion as the Western Association permanently folded following the 1911 season. Resuming minor league play in 1921, the Coffeyville "Refiners" became a charter member of the Class D level Southwestern League . In their first season of play in the league, the Coffeyville Refiners placed fourth. With a 71–72 record under manager Josh Clarke, Coffeyville finished 38.0 games behind of the first place Independence Producers (103–38), who finished 19.0 games ahead of

782-588: The final standings. The 1902 Coffeyville Indians resumed play as members of the eight–team Class D level Missouri Valley League and relocated during the season. On June 23, 1902 Coffeyville moved to Chanute, Kansas with a record of 9–30 and finished the season as the Chanute Oilers . The Coffeyville/Chanute team placed sixth and finished the season with an overall record of 41–81, playing under managers Fred Porter, Larry Powers, J.G. Galbreath and Jack Jamison. The Coffeyville/Chanute team finished 44.0 games behind

816-527: The first place Nevada Lunatics in the final standings With a record of 86–38, Nevada finished 2.5 games ahead of the second place Springfield Reds (83–40), who were followed by the Fort Scott Giants (80–44), Sedalia Goldbugs (72–48), Joplin Miners (56–66), Coffeyville Indians/ Chanute Oilers (41–81), Jefferson City Convicts (40–85) and Iola Gasbags (34–90) in the final standings. Coffeyville, Kansas next hosted minor league baseball in 1906, when

850-470: The first place Independence Coyotes in the final standings. The Kansas State League did not return to play in 1907. The Coffeyville, Kansas use of the "Bricks" moniker corresponds to local industry in the era, as five brick plants were reportedly established in Coffeyville between 1900 and 1910, utilizing natural local clay resources. The 1907 Coffeyville Glassblowers continued play in the new league and finished in second place. Coffeyville became members of

884-466: The prominent local industry. Coffeyville, Kansas was home to numerous refineries in the era, including the COOP Refinery , which continues today. In 1922, the Coffeyville Refiners continued play as the Southwestern League became a Class C level league. The 1922 league was also referred to as the Southwestern Association. Playing under managers Joe Clark and Russ Ennis, Coffeyville ended the season with

918-486: The regular season standings with a final record of 73–61, led by managers James Hansen and Charlie Bates. Coffeyville finished 11.0 games behind the first place Hutchinson Wheat Shockers. In the Playoff, Coffeyville swept Hutchinson in four games. After the season, the Southwestern League returned only three of the eight franchises in 1924, adding five new franchises to the 1924 league. In their final season of minor league play,

952-482: The season. On June 18, 1911, the Sapulpa Oilers were 23–21 and in 3rd place when the league disbanded. Six Western Association teams had folded, causing the league to disband. The Sapulpa Oilers were managed by George McAvoy and Harry Bradbury in 1911, as the team ended play 6.5 games behind the 1st place Ft. Scott Scouts. The Sapulpa Sappers franchise became a charter member of the 1921 Class D level Southwestern League . Playing at League Park, Sapulpa finished with

986-469: The second place Muskogee Mets . The 1921 final standings featured the Independence Producers, followed by the Muskogee Mets (93–56), Pittsburg Pirates (87–63), Coffeyville Refiners (71–72), Sapulpa Sappers (68–76), Bartlesville Braves (64–80), Miami Indians (59–84) and Parsons Parsons / Cushing Oilers (34–110) as charter members. The Coffeyville use of the "Refiners" moniker corresponds to

1020-645: The territorial limitations imposed on affiliated minor-league teams, independent clubs can relocate as close to affiliated teams (and one another) as they choose to. For example, the city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania , cannot have an affiliated team because of its proximity to the Harrisburg Senators and Reading Fightin Phils , leaving the Atlantic League to place a team—the Lancaster Barnstormers —to fill

1054-714: The void. Another example is the greater New York City metropolitan area, where there are many independent teams: the Long Island Ducks , Staten Island FerryHawks , New Jersey Jackals , New York Boulders , and Sussex County Miners . The Atlantic League considered as the top level of competition among the independent leagues, and has had more marquee players than any other independent league, including Jose Canseco , Mat Latos , Steve Lombardozzi Jr. , Francisco Rodríguez , Chien-Ming Wang , Roger Clemens , Rich Hill , Scott Kazmir , Juan González , John Rocker , and Dontrelle Willis . Two former Atlantic League players are in

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1088-563: Was a primary name of the minor league baseball teams based in Sapulpa, Oklahoma . Between 1909 and 1923, Sapulpa teams played as members of the Western Association from 1909 to 1911, Southwestern League in 1921, Southwestern Association in 1922 and Southwestern League in 1923, capturing the 1922 league championship. Minor league baseball began in Sapulpa, Oklahoma in 1909. On July 18, 1909,

1122-425: Was independent from 1948 to 1949. Similarly to early 20th-century independent leagues, it joined the National Association in 1950, playing for six more years. Independent leagues saw new growth after 1992, after the new Professional Baseball Agreement in organized baseball instituted more stringent revenue and stadium requirements on members. The Northern League and Frontier League both started play in 1993, and

1156-549: Was noted to have been located at 12th Street & Walnut, along the Verdigris River . The ballpark was said to have been located within Brown's Mineral Health Spa and Resort in Coffeyville, Kansas. Beginning in 1906, the Coffeyville minor league teams played home games at Forest Park . Called "Walter Johnson Park" today, the park is still in use as a public park with a ballpark and other amenities. The ballpark today serves as home to

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