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89-588: The Codex Burgundus is a 15th-century Flemish illuminated manuscript book of hours , in the Batthyaneum Library in Alba Julia , Romania . It measures 180 x 120 mm (page), text 110 x 70 mm, binding 190 x 130 mm; and is written in one column with 16 lines per page. It has 55 miniatures on gold mosaic. This is an anthology of prayers meant for the layman. It is written in Latin and French on quarto vellum and

178-564: A climbing or rampant black lion on a gold field. In the story about the Battle of the Golden Spurs , the arms and its corresponding battlecry Vlaendr'n den leeuw ("Flanders, the Lion") plays a crucial role in the forming of a Flemish consciousness, which was popularised in the 19th century by the book De Leeuw van Vlaanderen by Hendrik Conscience . As a result, the arms of the county live on as arms of

267-641: A common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age . The Proto-Germanic language developed in southern Scandinavia (Denmark, south Sweden and southern Norway) and the northern-most part of Germany in Schleswig Holstein and northern Lower Saxony, the Urheimat (original home) of the Germanic tribes. It is possible that Indo-European speakers first arrived in southern Scandinavia with

356-432: A dialect of Proto-Indo-European that had lost its laryngeals and had five long and six short vowels as well as one or two overlong vowels. The consonant system was still that of PIE minus palatovelars and laryngeals, but the loss of syllabic resonants already made the language markedly different from PIE proper. Mutual intelligibility might have still existed with other descendants of PIE, but it would have been strained, and

445-649: A fief of the French kingdom. During this period, Flanders experienced a period of relative prosperity with its strong cloth industry and diverse artwork. Trade in Flanders was so extensive that statues of the Madonna and Child were made in Flanders with ivory, which was accessible only by the Indian Ocean trade networks. Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following

534-468: A larger scope of linguistic developments, spanning the Nordic Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe (second to first millennia BC) to include "Pre-Germanic" (PreGmc), "Early Proto-Germanic" (EPGmc) and "Late Proto-Germanic" (LPGmc). While Proto-Germanic refers only to the reconstruction of the most recent common ancestor of Germanic languages, the Germanic parent language refers to

623-543: A late stage. The early stage includes the stress fixation and resulting "spontaneous vowel-shifts" while the late stage is defined by ten complex rules governing changes of both vowels and consonants. By 250 BC Proto-Germanic had branched into five groups of Germanic: two each in the West and the North and one in the East. The following changes are known or presumed to have occurred in

712-551: A pagan region. From these centers, the conversion of the local populace could be started. In 649 Audomar founded an abbey at Sithiu (the Abbey of Saint Bertin ) and in 680 Aubertus founded the Abbey of St. Vaast near Arras . The Christianisation of the population was mainly the work of missionaries like Amandus ( St. Bavo's Abbey and St. Peter's Abbey in Ghent) and Eligius (coastal region and Antwerp ). In his vita , Eligius makes

801-516: Is bound in dark brown leather. The writing is uncial Gothic. The ornaments are geometrical and floral in blue, red, green, and gold. It has an iconographically unusual illustration depicting the Flight into Egypt with the Virgin Mary leading Joseph on a donkey. This article about an illuminated manuscript is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . County of Flanders Up to 1477,

890-775: Is largely a matter of convention. The first coherent text recorded in a Germanic language is the Gothic Bible , written in the later fourth century in the East Germanic variety of the Thervingi Gothic Christians , who had escaped persecution by moving from Scythia to Moesia in 348. Early West Germanic text is available from the fifth century, beginning with the Frankish Bergakker runic inscription . The evolution of Proto-Germanic from its ancestral forms, beginning with its ancestor Proto-Indo-European , began with

979-413: Is termed Pre-Proto-Germanic . Whether it is to be included under a wider meaning of Proto-Germanic is a matter of usage. Winfred P. Lehmann regarded Jacob Grimm 's "First Germanic Sound Shift", or Grimm's law, and Verner's law , (which pertained mainly to consonants and were considered for many decades to have generated Proto-Germanic) as pre-Proto-Germanic and held that the "upper boundary" (that is,

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1068-677: Is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages . Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branches during the fifth century BC to fifth century AD: West Germanic , East Germanic and North Germanic . The latter of these remained in contact with the others over a considerable time, especially with the Ingvaeonic languages (including English ), which arose from West Germanic dialects, and had remained in contact with

1157-557: Is the question of what specific tree, in the tree model of language evolution, best explains the paths of descent of all the members of a language family from a common language, or proto-language (at the root of the tree) to the attested languages (at the leaves of the tree). The Germanic languages form a tree with Proto-Germanic at its root that is a branch of the Indo-European tree, which in turn has Proto-Indo-European at its root. Borrowing of lexical items from contact languages makes

1246-544: Is typical not of Germanic but Celtic languages. Another is * walhaz 'foreigner; Celt' from the Celtic tribal name Volcae with k → h and o → a . Other likely Celtic loans include * ambahtaz 'servant', * brunjǭ 'mailshirt', * gīslaz 'hostage', * īsarną 'iron', * lēkijaz 'healer', * laudą 'lead', * Rīnaz 'Rhine', and * tūnaz, tūną 'fortified enclosure'. These loans would likely have been borrowed during

1335-574: The Atrebates . Julius Caesar conquered the area around 54 BC and the population was partially romanised from the 1st to the 3rd century. The Roman road that connected Cologne with Boulogne-sur-Mer was used as a defense perimeter. In the south the Gallo-Romanic population was able to maintain itself, while the north became a no-mans land that also suffered from regular floods from the North Sea . In

1424-659: The Black Death of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War (1338–1453), and increased English cloth production. Flemish weavers had gone over to Worstead and North Walsham in Norfolk in the 12th century and established the wool industry. Through his marriage with Margaret of Dampierre in 1369, Philip the Bold , duke of Burgundy , made an end to the independence of Flanders. Flanders became

1513-708: The Carolingian Mayors of the Palace succeeded in removing the Merovingians from power and obtaining the throne for themselves. The last Merovingian king, Childeric III , was placed in captivity at the later Abbey of Saint Bertinus in St. Omer, and his long hair, a symbol of royal power, was cut off. Charlemagne succeeded his father Pepin the Short in Neustria and Austrasia, and after

1602-671: The Cluniac reform movement and on October 1096 Robert left with an army for the First Crusade . Though the majority of Flemish nobles was absent for four years, law and order was kept thanks to the steady leadership of countess Clementia and the advocacy of bishop Lambert of Arras . For this, the local clergy promoted the Peace and Truce of God movement. The House of Flanders remained in power until 1119, when Baldwin VII of Flanders died heirless, and

1691-654: The Corded Ware culture in the mid-3rd millennium BC, developing into the Nordic Bronze Age cultures by the early second millennium BC. According to Mallory, Germanicists "generally agree" that the Urheimat ('original homeland') of the Proto-Germanic language, the ancestral idiom of all attested Germanic dialects, was primarily situated in an area corresponding to the extent of the Jastorf culture . Early Germanic expansion in

1780-621: The Flanders region of modern Belgium are now called West Flanders and East Flanders . The term Flanders originally referred to the area around Bruges . It is first mentioned in the biography of Saint Eligius ( c.  590 –660), the Vita sancti Eligii . The work was written before 684 but has been known only since 725. This work mentions only the place "in Flandris". A Germanic etymology for Flanders and Flemish (Dutch: Vlaanderen , Vlaams )

1869-581: The Flemish community . It is said that Philip of Alsace brought the lion flag with him from the Holy Land , where, in 1177, he supposedly conquered it from a Saracen knight, but this is a myth. The simple fact that the lion appeared on his personal seal since 1163, when he had not yet taken one step in the Levant , disproves it. In reality Philip was following a West-European trend. In the same period lions also appeared in

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1958-497: The Funnelbeaker culture , but the sound change in the Germanic languages known as Grimm's law points to a non-substratic development away from other branches of Indo-European. Proto-Germanic itself was likely spoken after c. 500 BC, and Proto-Norse , from the second century AD and later, is still quite close to reconstructed Proto-Germanic, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo-European suggest

2047-629: The Great Privilege that they wrested from Mary of Burgundy , Charles' daughter and successor. In 1482 this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent. The Flemish cities staged two more revolts , but these were ultimately subdued by the armies of the Holy Roman Empire . The 1493 Treaty of Senlis established peace between France and

2136-599: The Holy Roman Empire . This constitutional act made Flanders part of the Seventeen Provinces , that constituted the Low Countries and from then on would be inherited as a whole. The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles personally, they were the region where he spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they were also important for the treasury. Lordship transferred to

2225-488: The House of Alsace . Under Thierry (1128–1168) and his successor Philip of Alsace , Flanders' importance and power increased. In the second half of the 12th century, the county went through a period of great prosperity when Philip of Alsace managed to incorporate the County of Vermandois into Flanders through the inheritance of his wife. The territories he controlled now came to within 25 kilometers of Paris, and were larger than

2314-570: The Low Countries . The link to the empire was strengthened even more when the Burgundian Netherlands came into the hands of the imperial Habsburg dynasty in 1477. Most of Flanders became part of the empire after the Peace of Madrid in 1526 and the Peace of the Ladies in 1529, although it came to be ruled under the Habsburg crown of Spain. The territories of the old county are now the only part of

2403-618: The Norse . A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law , a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European and its gradual divergence into a separate language. The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Migration Period in the fourth century AD. The alternative term " Germanic parent language " may be used to include

2492-652: The Pre-Roman Iron Age (fifth to first centuries BC) placed Proto-Germanic speakers in contact with the Continental Celtic La Tène horizon . A number of Celtic loanwords in Proto-Germanic have been identified. By the first century AD, Germanic expansion reached the Danube and the Upper Rhine in the south and the Germanic peoples first entered the historical record . At about the same time, extending east of

2581-559: The Scheldt river: Ghent , Tournai , Valenciennes , Cambrai and Lambres at Douai on the Scarpe and a number of seaports: Quentovic , Boulogne and Isère portus, a port at the mouth of the Yser . Moreover, the region included a number of rich abbeys, such as Abbey of Saint Bertin , Saint Bavo's Abbey , Saint-Amand Abbey and the Abbey of St. Vaast . Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis

2670-602: The Vistula ( Oksywie culture , Przeworsk culture ), Germanic speakers came into contact with early Slavic cultures, as reflected in early Germanic loans in Proto-Slavic . By the third century, Late Proto-Germanic speakers had expanded over significant distance, from the Rhine to the Dniepr spanning about 1,200 km (700 mi). The period marks the breakup of Late Proto-Germanic and

2759-443: The pagus Cambracinsis in 663, the pagus Taroanensis from 649 and the pagus Bracbatensis at the end of the century. From the 8th century we know of the pagus Rodaninsis from 707, the pagus Gandao from the first quarter of the 8th century, the pagus Mempiscus from 723 and the pagus Flandrensis from around 745. Lastly, the pagus Austrebatensis and the pagus Curtracensis are also counted as Merovingian gaue . In 751

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2848-484: The "lower boundary" was the dropping of final -a or -e in unstressed syllables; for example, post-PIE * wóyd-e > Gothic wait , 'knows'. Elmer H. Antonsen agreed with Lehmann about the upper boundary but later found runic evidence that the -a was not dropped: ékwakraz … wraita , 'I, Wakraz, … wrote (this)'. He says: "We must therefore search for a new lower boundary for Proto-Germanic." Antonsen's own scheme divides Proto-Germanic into an early stage and

2937-427: The 12th century, the territory's autonomous urban centres were instrumental in defeating the French invasion attempt, defeating the French at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. But finally the French prevailed at the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle and with the subsequent treaty of Athis-sur-Orge (1305) Flanders lost Lille, Douai, and Orchies to France and had to pay exorbitant fines but retained their independence as

3026-545: The 2nd century CE, as well as the non-runic Negau helmet inscription, dated to the 2nd century BCE), and in Roman Empire -era transcriptions of individual words (notably in Tacitus ' Germania , c. AD 90 ). Proto-Germanic developed out of pre-Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe. According to the Germanic substrate hypothesis , it may have been influenced by non-Indo-European cultures, such as

3115-535: The Forestiers dynasty, who had been appointed by Charlemagne, who had made a small contribution by uniting small feudal territories in the higher parts of the Flemish Valley . The Forestiers dynasty also strengthened the hold of the church on the relatively desolate area. The first Margrave (Count) of Flanders was Baldwin I , who became count in 862, and a romantic anecdote is connected to this: Baldwin eloped with

3204-429: The Germanic subfamily exhibited a less treelike behaviour, as some of its characteristics were acquired from neighbours early in its evolution rather than from its direct ancestors. The internal diversification of West Germanic developed in an especially non-treelike manner. Proto-Germanic is generally agreed to have begun about 500 BC. Its hypothetical ancestor between the end of Proto-Indo-European and 500 BC

3293-820: The Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (born in the Flemish city Ghent ), Flanders became a member of the Burgundian Circle . The county was later involved in the Guelders Wars . Through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 , the County of Flanders was officially detached from France. It became an independent territory of

3382-488: The Middle-Frankish kings died out, the rulers of the West and East-Frankish Kingdoms divided the Middle-Frankish kingdom amongst themselves in the treaty of Meerssen in 870. Now Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid West Francia (the later France) and the loose confederation of principalities of East Francia , that would become the Holy Roman Empire . In the north these two powers were separated by

3471-597: The Pious . Even during Louis' life his three sons started fighting over his heritage. They eventually concluded multiple treaties, of which the Treaty of Verdun , signed in 843, would be the definitive treaty. These treaties created East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia, inherited by Charles the Bald , included the original county of Flanders, that spanned roughly between Oudenburg , Aardenburg and Torhout . After

3560-565: The Romans against the Visigoths . He was also administrator of the province of Belgica Secunda . His son Clovis I conquered from 486 on all of Northern France. The abandoned coast and Scheldt region had been partially repopulated since the 4th century by Saxons and Franks from the east of the Rhine that retained their Germanic culture and language. In the 5th century Salic Franks settled in present-day Northern-France and Wallonia , primarily around

3649-410: The Scheldt river, which had previously separated West Francia from Middle Francia . This separation remained unchanged until the times of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . Militarily, economically and politically, Europe went through a deep crisis. The Vikings invaded from the north, the Magyar from the east and the Saracens from the south. All left trails of destruction. The central authorities of

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3738-437: The Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg with Philip II of Spain , and after 1556 belonged to the Kings of Spain. It was in Steenvoorde (In French Flanders ) in 1566 that the Beeldenstorm broke loose. The Beeldenstorm spread through all of the Low Countries and eventually led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War and the secession of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands . Originally Flanders cooperated with

3827-407: The arms of Brabant , Luxembourg , Holland , Limburg and other territories. The lion as a heraldic symbol was mostly used in border territories and neighbouring countries of the Holy Roman Empire . It was in all likelihood a way of showing independence from the emperor, who used an eagle in his personal arms. In Europe the lion had been a well-known figure since Roman times, through works such as

3916-426: The beginning of the (historiographically recorded) Germanic migrations . The earliest available complete sentences in a Germanic language are variably dated to the 2nd century AD, around 300 AD or the first century AD in runic inscriptions (such as the Tune Runestone ). The language of these sentences is known as Proto-Norse , although the delineation of Late Common Germanic from Proto-Norse at about that time

4005-433: The cities of Courtrai , Tournai and Bavay . They adapted to the local Gallo-Romanic population. From the 6th century on the no-mans-land farther north was filled by Franks from the Rhinelands and other Germanic groups from the Netherlands and Germany. The first wave of immigration in the present day Flemish territory was accompanied by limited Christianisation. In the wake of the immigrants, missionaries tried to convert

4094-439: The coastal and Scheldt areas Saxon tribes gradually appeared. For the Romans, Saxon was a general term, and included Angles , Saxons , Jutes and Erules. The coastal defense around Boulogne and Oudenburg , the Litus Saxonicum , remained functional until about 420. These forts were manned by Saxon soldiers. From their base land Toxandria the Salian Franks further expanded into the Roman empire. The first incursion into

4183-399: The core area under French suzerainty was west of the Scheldt and historians call this "Royal Flanders" (Dutch: Kroon-Vlaanderen , French: Flandre royale ). Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th century onward, held land east of the river as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire , and this is referred to as "Imperial Flanders" ( Rijks-Vlaanderen or Flandre impériale ). From 1384, the county

4272-433: The county was inherited by Charles the Good , of the House of Denmark . He abandoned the title "Marquis of Flanders", which had been used alongside the comital style since the 10th century. The counts of Flanders were the last French lords using the title marquis, which would not be used again in France until 1504. After a short interlude under William Clito of Normandy (1127–1128), the county went to Thierry of Alsace of

4361-427: The dates of borrowings and sound laws are not precisely known, it is not possible to use loans to establish absolute or calendar chronology. Most loans from Celtic appear to have been made before or during the Germanic Sound Shift . For instance, one specimen * rīks 'ruler' was borrowed from Celtic * rīxs 'king' (stem * rīg- ), with g → k . It is clearly not native because PIE * ē → ī

4450-421: The daughter of the Frankish king Charles the Bald , Judith of West Francia . Judith, who had previously been married to two English kings, refused her father's command to return to him. After mediation by the pope, the Frankish king reconciled with his son-in-law, and gave him the title of margrave, and the corresponding feudal territories as dowry. Margrave was primarily a military appointment and some versions of

4539-416: The death of his brother Karloman he was able to reunite the entire Frankish Empire. Though he resided in Aachen , he spent much time travelling through his territories. In 811 he inspected the fleet that he had ordered built in Boulogne and Ghent, to protect against Viking invasions. The region comprising future Flanders was, from an economic point of view, a flourishing region, with a series of ports along

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4628-414: The development of a separate common way of speech among some geographically nearby speakers of a prior language and ended with the dispersion of the proto-language speakers into distinct populations with mostly independent speech habits. Between the two points, many sound changes occurred. Phylogeny as applied to historical linguistics involves the evolutionary descent of languages. The phylogeny problem

4717-555: The dominion of the count of Flanders as a separate title, until it was absorbed by the French crown. In 1071, Robert I became count of Flanders after his successful rebellion against his nephew Arnulf III who died in the battle of Cassel . Flemish knights in the 11th and 12th centuries were some of the most effective and well-respected knights of Europe even before the Crusades . They were known to be chivalrous but lax on enforcing religious norms. Nevertheless, count Robert II and his wife Clementia of Burgundy were supporters of

4806-427: The drapery industry. Aside from this, the grain trade with England and through Holland with Hamburg were also important. Saint-Omer became the most important transit-port for French wine in the 12th century. These were the centuries of the breakthrough of the Flemish merchants, with their trade with England, the Baltic area and South-West France, as well as the land routes to the Rhineland and Italy though later only

4895-432: The earlier boundary) was the fixing of the accent, or stress, on the root syllable of a word, typically on the first syllable. Proto-Indo-European had featured a moveable pitch-accent consisting of "an alternation of high and low tones" as well as stress of position determined by a set of rules based on the lengths of a word's syllables. The fixation of the stress led to sound changes in unstressed syllables. For Lehmann,

4984-428: The entire journey that the dialect of Proto-Indo-European that would become Proto-Germanic underwent through the millennia. The Proto-Germanic language is not directly attested by any complete surviving texts; it has been reconstructed using the comparative method . However, there is fragmentary direct attestation of (late) Proto-Germanic in early runic inscriptions (specifically the Vimose inscriptions , dated to

5073-496: The erosion of unstressed syllables, which would continue in its descendants. The final stage of the language included the remaining development until the breakup into dialects and, most notably, featured the development of nasal vowels and the start of umlaut , another characteristic Germanic feature. Loans into Proto-Germanic from other (known) languages or from Proto-Germanic into other languages can be dated relative to each other by which Germanic sound laws have acted on them. Since

5162-404: The fables of Aesop . The future county of Flanders had been inhabited since prehistory. During the Iron Age the Kemmelberg formed an important Celtic settlement. During the times of Julius Caesar, the inhabitants were part of the Belgae , a collective name for all Celtic and Germanic tribes in the north of Gaul . For Flanders in specific these were the Menapii , the Morini , the Nervii and

5251-415: The first mention of the word Flanders , when he toured the area around 650. During the 7th century the first gaue or pagi were created in the Flemish territories. Gaue were administrative subdivisions of the civitates . The gaue from the 7th and 8th centuries would form the basis of the county of Flanders. The pagus Tornacensis dates from c.  580 , and from the 7th century we know of

5340-491: The heathen population, but had little success. The bishoprics were reinstated, usually with the same natural borders of the Late-Roman era; the Silva Carbonaria separated the Bishopric of Cambrai from the Bishopric of Tongeren , while the Scheldt again became the border between the bishoprics of Cambrai and Tournai . Vedast and Eleutherius of Tournai were assigned to reinstate the bishoprics of Arras and Tournai. However, these bishoprics failed to survive independently. In

5429-445: The historic County of Flanders only partially overlaps with the present-day region of Flanders in Belgium, but even there, it extends beyond the present provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders. Some of the historic county is now part of France and the Netherlands. The land covered by the county is spread out over: The arms of the County of Flanders were allegedly created by Philip of Alsace , count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191;

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5518-545: The history of Proto-Germanic in the wider sense from the end of Proto-Indo-European up to the point that Proto-Germanic began to break into mutually unintelligible dialects. The changes are listed roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. The stages distinguished and the changes associated with each stage rely heavily on Ringe 2006 , Chapter 3, "The development of Proto-Germanic". Ringe in turn summarizes standard concepts and terminology. This stage began with

5607-431: The lands of the Atrebates was turned away in 448 at Vicus Helena. But after the murder of the Roman general Flavius Aëtius in 454 and Roman emperor Valentinianus III in 455, the Salic Franks encountered hardly any resistance. From Duisburg , king Chlodio conquered Cambrai and Tournai , and he reached the Somme . After his death two Salic kingdoms emerged. Childeric is recorded in 463 as king of Tournay and ally of

5696-411: The late 6th century the bishopric of Arras was connected to that of Cambrai, and at the start of the 7th century the same was done to the bishoprics of Tournai and Noyon . At the end of the 6th century, the duchy of Dentelinus was created in the north of what would later constitute Neustria . The duchy presumably included the bishoprics of Boulogne, Thérouanne, Arras, Tournai, Cambrai and Noyon: thus,

5785-409: The late medieval French kingdom outside of modern-day France, Catalonia having been renounced in 1258. By 1795 the entire Austrian Netherlands , the successor of the Spanish Netherlands , was acquired by France under the French First Republic , and this was recognized by treaty in 1797. After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to

5874-404: The name of their germanic leader, with -inga haim added. - Inga haim meant 'the settlement of the tribe of X'. For example: Petegem comes from Petta-inga-haim , which meant 'the settlement of the tribe of Petta'. The colonisation and germanisation of Flanders took place primarily in the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 7th century the population-level had risen sufficiently to start rebuilding

5963-405: The newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands , which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Although the French Republic had avoided using the names of the great medieval counties for their administrative départements, the Dutch and Belgian regimes brought back such names, and as a consequence the two westernmost provinces of

6052-458: The northern provinces as a member of the Union of Utrecht , and also signed the Act of Abjuration in 1581, but from 1579 to 1585, in the period known as the " Calvinist Republic of Ghent ", it was reconquered by the Spanish army. Flanders stayed under Spanish control. Through the efforts of the French king Louis XIV , the entire southern part of Flanders was annexed by France, and became known as South-Flanders or French Flanders . This situation

6141-433: The northwestern region between the North Sea and the Silva Carbonaria, an area the outlines of which were very similar to the later Flanders. The duchy was primarily intended to serve as a military and strategic deterrent against Frisian and Saxon invasions, and was a cornerstone in the military defense of the Merovingian Empire . In 600, Chlothar II (584–628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to Austrasia , but after

6230-422: The original Flemish pagus over the years over all territories south and west of the Scheldt river , including the lordship of the Four Amts, Zeelandic Flanders , the Burgraviate of Aalst  [ nl ] to the east and the County of Artois to the southwest, which remained part of Flanders until it became a separate county in 1237. After that date, the county of Artois at various times still came under

6319-413: The period marked the definitive break of Germanic from the other Indo-European languages and the beginning of Germanic proper, containing most of the sound changes that are now held to define this branch distinctively. This stage contained various consonant and vowel shifts, the loss of the contrastive accent inherited from PIE for a uniform accent on the first syllable of the word root, and the beginnings of

6408-523: The possession of the House of Valois-Burgundy , that ruled over the Burgundian State . In 1449 the city of Ghent revolted against duke Philip the Good . In 1453 Philip crushed the rebels at the battle of Gavere , ending the revolt. The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states, and upon the death of duke Charles the Bold attempted to re-assert this position by means of

6497-530: The present day. The Christianisation attempts in the 6th century by bishops like Eleutherius and Vedast had largely failed. Thus, in the 8th century a different strategy was chosen. A new Christianisation attempt was made under influence from King Dagobert I . He appointed several devoted missionaries from the southern parts of his kingdom to his royal domains in the northern parts of his kingdom. The missionaries were tasked with founding monasteries and abbeys there, that were to serve as centers of Christianity in

6586-549: The reduction of the resulting unstressed syllables. By this stage, Germanic had emerged as a distinctive branch and had undergone many of the sound changes that would make its later descendants recognisable as Germanic languages. It had shifted its consonant inventory from a system that was rich in plosives to one containing primarily fricatives, had lost the PIE mobile pitch accent for a predictable stress accent, and had merged two of its vowels. The stress accent had already begun to cause

6675-539: The relative position of the Germanic branch within Indo-European less clear than the positions of the other branches of Indo-European. In the course of the development of historical linguistics, various solutions have been proposed, none certain and all debatable. In the evolutionary history of a language family, philologists consider a genetic "tree model" appropriate only if communities do not remain in effective contact as their languages diverge. Early Indo-European had limited contact between distinct lineages, and, uniquely,

6764-415: The religious, military and administrative infrastructure. In the area of linguistics, the situation stabilised so that a large, bilingual region with a linear language border could emerge in the 8th century. In Pas-de-Calais , which had been densely populated a long time, a language barrier had emerged in the 6th–7th century, but in the 9th century a romanisation -movement started that has continued until

6853-655: The restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622–623, the duchy was returned. At the end of the 6th and the 7th century a new inflow emerged from the western Pas-de-Calais . This area had been germanised in the 5th century and descendants of the Saxons and Franks had settled in future Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant . New groups of germanic settlers also came in from the Netherlands and Germany. Their new settlements often received

6942-585: The rivers Aa , Yser and Zwin , which were endangering the accessibility of Saint-Omer , Ypres and Bruges . Biervliet also served as a counter to Hollandic influence. Trade partners included England, the Baltic countries and France over sea, and the Rhineland and Italy over land. The wool trade with England was of special importance to the rising cloth industry in Flanders. The wealth of many Flemish cities (as their Belltowers and cloth halls testify) came from

7031-502: The separation of a distinct speech, perhaps while it was still forming part of the Proto-Indo-European dialect continuum. It contained many innovations that were shared with other Indo-European branches to various degrees, probably through areal contacts, and mutual intelligibility with other dialects would have remained for some time. It was nevertheless on its own path, whether dialect or language. This stage began its evolution as

7120-502: The story theorize that King Charles made Baldwin Margrave in the hope that he would be killed by the Vikings. Initially the French kings meant to secure the safety of the northern French border from Viking invasions with this act. The counts, however, made good use of the crisis situation by incorporating the surrounding plundered territories into the county. The counts expanded the influence of

7209-468: The strength of this proposal is that it would describe the salt marshes and mud flats of this low-lying coastal region. It was regularly inundated, before the development of dykes which started around 1050. However, a weak point of the proposal is that the Germanic wordforms which it requires are not found in any records of Dutch or its dialects. Comparison was instead based upon Old High German flewen and flouwen , and Old Norse flaumr . The geography of

7298-684: The territories given back by France to the Emperor, were two of the founding members of the United States of Belgium . Just like the other parts of the Austrian Netherlands, the county of Flanders declared its independence. This took place on the Friday-market at Ghent on 4 January 1790. The "Manifest van Vlaenderen" was drawn up by Charles-Joseph de Graeve and Jean-Joseph Raepsaet . The county of Flanders officially ceased to exist in 1795, when it

7387-450: The territories his feudal lord, the French king, directly controlled. During the rule of the House of Alsace, cities developed and new institutions were formed. The ports of Gravelines , Nieuwpoort , Damme , Biervliet , Dunkirk , and Mardijk were founded, as well as Calais by Philip's brother Matthew of Alsace . Aside from colonisation, the ports also functioned to reduce the silting of

7476-498: The two Frankish kingdoms were unable to organise an effective defensive, causing the population to lose faith and trust in their far-removed rulers. In the wake of this power vacuum, local powerful individuals saw their chance. Often these individuals were the descendants of people associated with Charlemagne . The county of Flanders originated from the Gau or Pagus Flandrensis (Dutch: Vlaanderengouw  [ nl ] ), led by

7565-497: The yearly fairs of Champagne. Flanders's flourishing trading towns made it one of the most urbanised parts of Europe. In 1194, Baldwin I of Constantinople of the House of Hainaut , succeeded the House of Alsace. In 1278 Guy of Dampierre , of the House of Dampierre , became count of Flanders. The king of France wanted to definitively conquer Flanders, and started the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305) . Increasingly powerful in

7654-731: Was annexed by France, and divided into two departments : Lys (present day West Flanders ) and Escaut (present day East Flanders and Zeelandic Flanders ). Austria confirmed its loss in the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio . Proto-Germanic Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc ; also called Common Germanic )

7743-573: Was formalised in 1678 at the Treaty of Nijmegen . After the extinction of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs became counts of Flanders. Under Maria Theresa of Austria , the Austrian Netherlands flourished. In 1789 a revolution broke out against emperor Joseph II . In 1790 the county of Flanders and a separate province called West Flanders , which constituted

7832-466: Was politically united to the Duchy of Burgundy , and it formed the starting point for more acquisitions in the area, and the eventual creation of the Burgundian Netherlands . The expansion of Flemish ("Burgundian") power deep into the Holy Roman Empire further complicated the relationship between Flanders and France, but reinforced the connections with Brabant, Hainaut, Holland and other parts of

7921-412: Was proposed by Maurits Gysseling in 1948, based upon an article by René Verdeyen in 1943. According to this proposal, the terms Flanders and Flemish are likely derived from words derived from Proto-Germanic * flaumaz , meaning stream, current, flood or eddy. Based on this, it is proposed that there was a proto-Germanic term *flaumdra which referred to waterlogged land. According to Toorians,

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