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53-427: Cocq is a French surname, meaning rooster . Notable people with the surname include: Frans Banninck Cocq (1605–1655), 17th century burgemeester Fernand Cocq (1861–1940), Belgian politician Hendrick Joseph Cornelius Maria de Cocq (1906–1998), Dutch prelate See also [ edit ] Lecocq [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
106-414: A predator is approaching from the air or on the ground. To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen (a circle dance), often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his call, the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating. Mating typically involves a sequence in which the male approaches
159-497: A behavioral aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to zoopharmacognosy . Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification. For instance, it
212-467: A few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete; they then incubate all the eggs. This is called "going broody ". The hen sits on the nest, fluffing up or pecking defensively if disturbed. She rarely leaves the nest until the eggs have hatched. Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of Tibet have special physiological adaptations that result in
265-421: A higher hatching rate in low oxygen environments. When eggs are placed in a hypoxic environment, chicken embryos from these populations express much more hemoglobin than embryos from other chicken populations. This hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen, binding oxygen more readily. Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its egg tooth to break out of
318-646: A sacred rooster, often during a ritual cockfight , used as a form of communication with the gods. In Gabriel García Márquez 's Nobel-Prize-winning 1967 novel One Hundred Years Of Solitude , cockfighting is outlawed in the town of Macondo after the patriarch of the Buendia family murders his cockfighting rival and is haunted by the man's ghost. Chicken jokes have been made at least since The Knickerbocker published one in 1847. Chickens have been featured in art in farmyard scenes such as Adriaen van Utrecht 's 1646 Turkeys and Chickens and Walter Osborne 's 1885 Feeding
371-427: A short distance. Size and coloration vary widely between breeds. Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called wattles ; combs and wattles are more prominent in males . Some breeds have a mutation that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard. Chickens are omnivores . In
424-401: A single domestication event of the red junglefowl in present-day Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds. The red junglefowl is well adapted to take advantage of the vast quantities of seed produced during the end of the multi-decade bamboo seeding cycle , to boost its own reproduction. In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of
477-512: A total population of 26.5 billion as of 2023 , and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. There are numerous cultural references to chickens in folklore, religion, and literature. Terms for chickens include: Chicken can mean a chick , as in William Shakespeare 's play Macbeth , where Macduff laments the death of "all my pretty chickens and their dam". The usage
530-557: A vector for bacterial diseases such as salmonellosis and spirochaetosis . Viral diseases include avian influenza . Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018 . More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs. In the United States alone, more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat, and more than 300 million chickens are reared for egg production. The vast majority of poultry
583-590: Is a taxon for species classification, no such equivalent exists for omnivores, as omnivores are widespread across multiple taxonomic clades . The Carnivora order does not include all carnivorous species, and not all species within the Carnivora taxon are carnivorous . (The members of Carnivora are formally referred to as carnivorans.) It is common to find physiological carnivores consuming materials from plants or physiological herbivores consuming material from animals, e.g. felines eating grass and deer eating birds. From
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#1732898641676636-481: Is a canid whose diet is naturally 50% plant matter. Like most arboreal species, squirrels are primarily granivores, subsisting on nuts and seeds. However, like virtually all mammals , squirrels avidly consume some animal food when it becomes available. For example, the American eastern gray squirrel has been introduced to parts of Britain, continental Europe and South Africa. Its effect on populations of nesting birds
689-611: Is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between two cocks. Cockfighting is outlawed in many countries as involving cruelty to animals . The activity seems to have been practised in the Indus Valley civilisation from 2500 to 2100 BC. In the process of domestication, chickens were apparently kept initially for cockfighting, and only later used for food. Chickens have long been used as model organisms to study developing embryos. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can easily be opened and used to observe
742-1587: Is an animal that regularly consumes significant quantities of both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and animal matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates , protein , fat , and fiber , and metabolize the nutrients and energy of the sources absorbed. Often, they have the ability to incorporate food sources such as algae , fungi , and bacteria into their diet. Omnivores come from diverse backgrounds that often independently evolved sophisticated consumption capabilities. For instance, dogs evolved from primarily carnivorous organisms ( Carnivora ) while pigs evolved from primarily herbivorous organisms ( Artiodactyla ). Despite this, physical characteristics such as tooth morphology may be reliable indicators of diet in mammals, with such morphological adaptation having been observed in bears. The variety of different animals that are classified as omnivores can be placed into further sub-categories depending on their feeding behaviors . Frugivores include cassowaries , orangutans and grey parrots ; insectivores include swallows and pink fairy armadillos ; granivores include large ground finches and mice . All of these animals are omnivores, yet still fall into special niches in terms of feeding behavior and preferred foods. Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times or makes possible living in less consistent environments. The word omnivore derives from Latin omnis 'all' and vora , from vorare 'to eat or devour', having been coined by
795-447: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Rooster Gallus domesticus L. The chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) is a large and round short-winged bird , domesticated from the red junglefowl of Southeast Asia around 8,000 years ago. Most chickens are raised for food, providing meat and eggs ; others are kept as pets or for cockfighting . Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with
848-592: Is inhumane towards sentient animals . Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled environment. Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers . Broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size, some weeks longer for free range and organic broilers. Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens. The UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day. Hens of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year;
901-602: Is limited, since the diet, behavior, and phylogeny of one omnivorous species may be very different from that of another: for instance, an omnivorous pig digging for roots and scavenging for fruit and carrion is taxonomically and ecologically quite distinct from an omnivorous chameleon that eats leaves and insects. The term "omnivory" is also not always comprehensive because it does not deal with mineral foods such as salt licks or with non-omnivores that self-medicate by consuming either plant or animal material which they otherwise would not (i.e. zoopharmacognosy ). Though Carnivora
954-600: Is often serious because of consumption of eggs and nestlings. Various birds are omnivorous, with diets varying from berries and nectar to insects , worms , fish , and small rodents . Examples include cranes , cassowaries , chickens , crows and related corvids , kea , rallidae , and rheas . In addition, some lizards (such as Galapagos Lava Lizard ), turtles , fish (such as piranhas and catfish ), and invertebrates are omnivorous. Quite often, mainly herbivorous creatures will eagerly eat small quantities of animal food when it becomes available. Although this
1007-507: Is preserved in placenames such as the Hen and Chicken Islands . In older sources, and still often in trade and scientific contexts, chickens as a species are described as common fowl or domestic fowl . Chickens are relatively large birds , active by day . The body is round, the legs are unfeathered in most breeds, and the wings are short. Wild junglefowl can fly ; chickens and their flight muscles are too heavy to allow them to fly more than
1060-468: Is raised in factory farms . According to the Worldwatch Institute , 74% of the world's poultry meat and 68% of eggs are produced this way. An alternative to intensive poultry farming is free-range farming. Friction between these two main methods has led to long-term issues of ethical consumerism . Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment, creates human health risks and
1113-513: Is supplemented by mentions in historical texts from the last few centuries BC, and by depictions in prehistoric artworks, such as across Central Asia. Chickens were widespread throughout southern Central Asia by the 4th century BC. Middle Eastern chicken remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in Syria . Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. During
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#17328986416761166-577: Is trivial most of the time, omnivorous or herbivorous birds, such as sparrows, often will feed their chicks insects while food is most needed for growth. On close inspection it appears that nectar-feeding birds such as sunbirds rely on the ants and other insects that they find in flowers, not for a richer supply of protein, but for essential nutrients such as cobalt / vitamin b12 that are absent from nectar. Similarly, monkeys of many species eat maggoty fruit, sometimes in clear preference to sound fruit. When to refer to such animals as omnivorous, or otherwise,
1219-528: Is true for many insects, such as beetles in the family Meloidae, which begin by eating animal tissue as larvae , but change to eating plant matter after they mature. Likewise, many mosquito species in early life eat plants or assorted detritus, but as they mature, males continue to eat plant matter and nectar whereas the females (such as those of Anopheles , Aedes and Culex ) also eat blood to reproduce effectively. Although cases exist of herbivores eating meat and carnivores eating plant matter,
1272-480: Is well documented that animals such as giraffes, camels, and cattle will gnaw on bones, preferably dry bones, for particular minerals and nutrients. Felines , which are usually regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestibles (e.g. hair, bones), aid with hemoglobin production, and as a laxative. Occasionally, it is found that animals historically classified as carnivorous may deliberately eat plant material. For example, in 2013, it
1325-540: The Arauco Peninsula in south-central Chile were radiocarbon dated as pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis suggested they were related to prehistoric populations in Polynesia. However, further study of the same bones cast doubt on the findings. Chicken remains have been difficult to date, given the small and fragile bird bones; this may account for discrepancies in dates given by different sources. Archaeological evidence
1378-605: The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons in the hypothalamus . Reproductive hormones including estrogen , progesterone , and gonadotropins ( luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ) initiate and maintain sexual maturation changes. Reproduction declines with age, thought to be due to a decline in GnRH-I-N. Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. A flock thus uses only
1431-609: The Hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries BC), in the southern Levant , chickens began to be widely domesticated for food. The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC. Breeding increased under the Roman Empire and reduced in the Middle Ages . Genetic sequencing of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in
1484-751: The High Middle Ages chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season. Chickens reached Egypt via the Middle East for purposes of cockfighting about 1400 BC and became widely bred in Egypt around 300 BC. Three possible routes of introduction into Africa around the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and
1537-412: The order Carnivora), and behaviorally (they subsist on a largely carnivorous diet). Depending on the species of bear, there is generally a preference for one class of food, as plants and animals are digested differently. Canines including wolves , dogs , dingoes , and coyotes eat some plant matter, but they have a general preference and are evolutionarily geared towards meat. However, the maned wolf
1590-482: The surname Cocq . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocq&oldid=814081296 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of French origin Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1643-609: The Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area. Chicken bones from
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1696-524: The Berbers, across the Sahara . The earliest known remains are from Mali , Nubia , East Coast, and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD. Chickens are susceptible both to parasites such as mites , and to diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses . The parasite Dermanyssus gallinae feeds on blood, causing irritation and reducing egg production, and acts as
1749-505: The Chickens . The nursery rhyme " Cock a doodle doo ", its chorus line imitating the cockerel's call, was published in Mother Goose's Melody in 1765. The 2000 animated adventure comedy film Chicken Run , directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park , featured anthropomorphic chickens with many chicken jokes. Omnivore An omnivore ( / ˈ ɒ m n ɪ v ɔːr / )
1802-717: The French and later adopted by the English in the 1800s. Traditionally the definition for omnivory was entirely behavioral by means of simply "including both animal and vegetable tissue in the diet. " In more recent times, with the advent of advanced technological capabilities in fields like gastroenterology , biologists have formulated a standardized variation of omnivore used for labeling a species' actual ability to obtain energy and nutrients from materials. This has subsequently conditioned two context-specific definitions. The taxonomic utility of omnivore's traditional and behavioral definition
1855-479: The UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods, or sold as 'soup hens'. In some other countries, flocks are sometimes force moulted rather than being slaughtered to re-invigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, or up to 28 days under experimental conditions. This stimulates
1908-425: The chicken genome is similarly sized compared to other birds, but smaller than nearly all mammals: the human genome is 3.2 Gb . The final gene set contained 26,640 genes (including noncoding genes and pseudogenes ), with a total of 19,119 protein-coding genes, a similar number to the human genome. In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken recessive gene , talpid2 , and found that
1961-671: The classification "omnivore" refers to the adaptation and main food source of the species in general, so these exceptions do not make either individual animals or the species as a whole omnivorous. For the concept of "omnivore" to be regarded as a scientific classification , some clear set of measurable and relevant criteria would need to be considered to differentiate between an "omnivore" and other categories, e.g. faunivore , folivore , and scavenger . Some researchers argue that evolution of any species from herbivory to carnivory or carnivory to herbivory would be rare except via an intermediate stage of omnivory. Various mammals are omnivorous in
2014-446: The developing embryo. Equally important, embryologists can carry out experiments on such embryos, close the egg again and study the effects later in development. For instance, many important discoveries in limb development have been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity . The chicken was the first bird species to have its genome sequenced. At 1.21 Gb ,
2067-406: The embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. Chickens are featured widely in folklore , religion , literature , and popular culture. The chicken is a sacred animal in many cultures and deeply embedded in belief systems and religious practices. Roosters are sometimes used for divination , a practice called alectryomancy. This involves the sacrifice of
2120-425: The entire range of the prehistoric Austronesian maritime migrations to Island Southeast Asia , Micronesia , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar , starting from at least 3000 BC from Taiwan . These chickens might have been introduced during pre-Columbian times to South America via Polynesian seafarers, but evidence for this is still putative. The possibility that domestic chickens were in
2173-417: The female and performs a waltzing display. If the female is unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on her back. After copulation the male does a tail-bending display. Sperm transfer occurs by cloacal contact between the male and female, in an action called the 'cloacal kiss'. As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a neuroendocrine system,
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2226-520: The first egg is laid and egg number. Water or ground-dwelling fowl similar to modern partridges , in the Galliformes , the order of bird that chickens belong to, survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed all tree-dwelling birds and their dinosaur relatives. Chickens are descended primarily from the red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) and are scientifically classified as
2279-949: The hen to lose her feathers but also re-invigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were moulted in the US. Keeping chickens as pets became increasingly popular in the 2000s among urban and suburban residents. Many people obtain chickens for their egg production but often name them and treat them as any other pet like cats or dogs. Chickens provide companionship and have individual personalities. While many do not cuddle much, they will eat from one's hand, jump onto one's lap, respond to and follow their handlers, as well as show affection. Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent birds, and many people find their behaviour entertaining. Certain breeds, such as silkies and many bantam varieties, are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities. A cockfight
2332-418: The highest authenticated rate of egg laying is 371 eggs in 364 days. After 12 months of laying, the commercial hen's egg-laying ability declines to the point where the flock is commercially unviable. Hens, particularly from battery cage systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years. In
2385-524: The most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl. A word for the domestic chicken ( *manuk ) is part of the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian language , indicating they were domesticated by the Austronesian peoples since ancient times. Chickens, together with dogs and pigs, were carried throughout
2438-602: The red junglefowl's ability to reproduce prolifically when exposed to a surge in its food supply. Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated remains controversial. Genomic studies estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. A landmark 2020 Nature study that fully sequenced 863 chickens across
2491-462: The same species. Domesticated chickens freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl. The domestic chicken has subsequently hybridised with grey junglefowl , Sri Lankan junglefowl and green junglefowl ; a gene for yellow skin, for instance, was incorporated into domestic birds from the grey junglefowl ( G. sonneratii ). It is estimated that chickens share between 71 and 79% of their genome with red junglefowl. According to one early study,
2544-703: The shell. Hens remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches; during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac . The hen guards her chicks and broods them to keep them warm. She leads them to food and water and calls them towards food. The chicks imprint on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old. Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause inbreeding depression expressed as reduced egg number and delayed sexual maturity. Strongly inbred Langshan chickens display obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, particularly for traits such as age when
2597-539: The wild, such as species of hominids , pigs , badgers , bears , foxes , coatis , civets , hedgehogs , opossums , skunks , sloths , squirrels , raccoons , chipmunks , mice , hamsters and rats . Most bear species are omnivores, but individual diets can range from almost exclusively herbivorous ( hypocarnivore ) to almost exclusively carnivorous ( hypercarnivore ), depending on what food sources are available locally and seasonally. Polar bears are classified as carnivores, both taxonomically (they are in
2650-530: The wild, they scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects, and animals as large as lizards , small snakes, and young mice . A chicken may live for 5–10 years, depending on the breed . The world's oldest known chicken lived for 16 years. Chickens are gregarious , living in flocks , and incubate eggs and raise young communally. Individual chickens dominate others, establishing a pecking order ; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking,
2703-404: The world suggests that all domestic chickens originate from a single domestication event of red junglefowl whose present-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China, northern Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of
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#17328986416762756-568: Was considered that American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) may be physiologically omnivorous once investigations had been conducted on why they occasionally eat fruits. It was suggested that alligators probably ate fruits both accidentally and deliberately. "Life-history omnivores" is a specialized classification given to organisms that change their eating habits during their life cycle. Some species, such as grazing waterfowl like geese, are known to eat mainly animal tissue at one stage of their lives, but plant matter at another. The same
2809-553: Was described in female chickens by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921 as the "pecking order". Male chickens tend to leap and use their claws in conflicts. Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced predator, such as a young fox. A male's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males, and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg and to call their chicks. Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that
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