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133-467: Commercial and personal vehicles registered in Nova Scotia have been exempted from Cobequid Pass tolls since December 21, 2021. Eligible Nova Scotian vehicles must either register for a free transponder or present proof of provincial vehicle registration at the toll booth. Tolls continue to be charged for out-of-province vehicles: $ 4 for personal vehicles and $ 3 per axle for commercial vehicles. According to

266-676: A Triple-E Senate . The Senate of Canada would become a democratically elected chamber (then and now, the Senate continues to be an appointed body, appointments are still made by the Governor General, but now following the list offered by the Prime Minister) and each province would have an equal number of seats, so that no province would have more power than another. A Triple-E Senate was highly popular in Western Canada, especially Alberta, where

399-403: A New Canada—a Canada which may be defined as "a balanced, democratic federation of provinces, distinguished by the sustainability of its environment, the viability of its economy, the acceptance of its social responsibilities, and the recognition of the equality and uniqueness of all of its citizens and provinces." New Canada must include a new deal for aboriginal peoples and a new Senate to address

532-495: A Western-based political party to being a national party. However, it excluded candidates from Quebec, as there was little support from francophone Quebecers for Reform's opposition to distinct society for Quebec. However, Manning did not dispel the possibility of Reform naturally expanding into Quebec in the early 1990s, as in his 1992 book, The New Canada , Manning credits the populist reform tradition in Canada as not having begun in

665-459: A bigoted customer, and following Reform MP David Chatters ' remark that it would be acceptable for a school to prevent a homosexual person from teaching in school, a crisis erupted in the Reform Party caucus after Manning did not censure their comments. MPs Jan Brown and Jim Silye demanded that Manning reprimand Ringma and Chatters, threatening that they and other moderate Reformers would leave

798-471: A bilingual country had not worked and that language policy should be a provincial issue. Reformers criticized government-sponsored multiculturalism for creating a "hyphenated Canadian" identity, rather than a single Canadian identity . The party's platform called to an end to government initiatives to promote multiculturalism in Canada. The Reform Party differed greatly with other major federal political parties in regards to national unity, as it did not treat

931-773: A coalition with Clark's Tories in the House, which was widely seen as an attempt by Clark to reunite the Canadian right on his terms. The split forced Day to call a new leadership convention, where, in April 2002, Stephen Harper defeated Day to become the new Alliance leader and Leader of the Official Opposition. Once Harper assumed the leadership, most of the rebellious MPs rejoined the Alliance party. Two MPs did not rejoin, however: Inky Mark chose to remain outside of caucus, and eventually joined

1064-582: A combination of the Cobequid Mountains (which the highway crosses over) and the word " bypass ". There is no geographic feature in Nova Scotia, such as an actual mountain pass in the Cobequid Mountains, having the name "Cobequid Pass". This section of highway opened as a 4-lane divided freeway on 15 November 1997, with the prior alignment of Highway 104 between Thomson Station and Masstown being re-designated as part of Nova Scotia Trunk 4 . It has

1197-602: A comprehensive study to evaluate the feasibility of introducing congestion pricing. The charge would be combined with other traffic reduction implementations, allowing money to be raised for public transit improvements and bike and pedestrian enhancements. The various pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008, with final study results expected in 2009. (see San Francisco congestion pricing ) Taiwan Highway Electronic Toll Collection System (see Electronic Toll Collection (Taiwan) ) In December 2013,

1330-511: A fringe element, and none of its 72 candidates won election. However, the party ran second to the governing Tories in many Western ridings and earned 2.1% of the total national vote. The party clearly identified itself as a Western-based political party in 1988 with its slogan "The West Wants In". The party advocated controversial policies such as its opposition to official bilingualism and multiculturalism and its opposition for distinct society status for Quebec which all mainstream political parties at

1463-469: A high fatality rate that were occurring in the early to mid 1990s; it was political pressure resulting from these accidents that forced the cash-strapped provincial government to pursue toll financing for the realignment section now known as the Cobequid Pass Toll Highway. Beginning in the fall of 1994 and continuing into 1995, national and local media began reporting on a controversy involving

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1596-441: A large amount of information in both directions between the road and the vehicle, but also of providing route information. Thus, ETC 2.0 has far more advanced functions than ETC 8 (which provides only toll collection function on toll roads). The ETC 2.0 system provides a variety of advantages to road users through information provision services, such as congestion avoidance, safe driving support, etc., and route information collected by

1729-435: A letter to the constituency association which called for all candidates to accept the Reform Party's denouncement of racism and demanded that Collins accept this. Collins and his supporters refused, and he subsequently failed to win the nomination. In 1993, Manning was again confronted by an example of intolerance by a Reform Party candidate, John Beck, who made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur,

1862-497: A message saying that Quebec politicians had dominated the federal government for too long and that Reform would end this favouritism towards Quebec. The other party leaders harshly criticized the advertisement and Manning was accused of being "intolerant" and a "bigot" for permitting the advertisement to be aired. Manning however has not held a public negative view of Quebec; in his 1992 book, The New Canada , he complimented Quebec for being open to populist third parties, mentioning

1995-416: A motion was passed saying that the Reform Party recognized the equality of every individual, but only after the delegates demanded that the words "without discrimination" be removed from the motion. The 1995 convention controversially called for the removal of group specification in all human rights legislation which was accepted in the convention by a 93 percent vote in favour. Another controversial motion in

2128-486: A national breakthrough by running candidates in all provinces and territories. Although they became the Official Opposition , a Liberal majority and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of the party. In an attempt to move beyond its Western Canadian regional base and broaden its platform to encompass ideas from Eastern Canada , the party changed its name to

2261-607: A number of issues were considered highly intolerant by onlookers. In 1991, Manning was humiliated at a Reform Party rally when a supporter praised him in racist terms, saying, "You're a fine white person. You know, we are letting in too many people from the Third World, the low blacks, the low Hispanics. They're going to take over the province." Later in the same rally, another supporter stood up and said, "Let them [Quebeckers] go. We don't need Quebec." Long-time Progressive Conservative member and political commentator Dalton Camp observed

2394-495: A package of proposed constitutional amendments, called the Meech Lake Accord , failed to meet the needs of Westerners and Canadian unity overall. The Reform Party was founded as a western-based populist party to promote reform of democratic institutions. However, shortly after the 1987 founding convention, social and fiscal conservatives became dominant within the party, moving it to the right . Their political aims were

2527-730: A payment at chain convenient store at third day after vehicle travel, since a subscription to ETC is not mandated by law. Taiwan was the first country to transfer from flat-rate toll stations to a distance-based pay-as-you-go tolling system on all of its freeways. It has the longest ETC freeway mileage in the world. Electronic toll collection systems rely on four major components: automated vehicle identification, automated vehicle classification, transaction processing, and violation enforcement. The four components are somewhat independent, and, in fact, some toll agencies have contracted out functions separately. In some cases, this division of functions has resulted in difficulties. In one notable example,

2660-630: A picture of the license plate to identify the vehicle, and a bill may be mailed to the address where the car's license plate number is registered, or drivers may have a certain amount of time to pay online or by phone. Singapore was the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing, in 1974. Since 2005, nationwide GNSS road pricing systems have been deployed in several European countries. With satellite-based tolling solutions, it

2793-405: A policy pamphlet called Blue Sheet that was issued in mid-1991 stating that Reformers opposed "any immigration based on race or creed or designed to radically or suddenly alter the ethnic makeup of Canada". The statement was considered too controversial and subsequent Reform Party policy documents did not declare any similar concern for a radical alteration of the ethnic make-up of Canada. By 1993,

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2926-500: A populist conservative party, with strong social conservative and fiscal conservative elements. It was initially motivated by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative Party (PC Party) government of Brian Mulroney . Led by its founder Preston Manning throughout its existence, Reform was considered a populist movement that rapidly gained popularity and momentum in Western Canada during

3059-518: A posted speed limit of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) throughout, except for a posted speed limit of 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph) for a 1 km (0.62 mi) section at the toll plaza. The Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation was created by a provincial statute, the Highway 104 Western Alignment Act , whose sole purpose was to finance, design, construct, operate and maintain this new alignment of highway. The Cobequid Pass Toll Highway

3192-628: A prepaid M-TAG account. The European Union issued the EFC-directive, which attempts to standardize European toll collection systems. Systems deployed after January 1, 2007 must support at least one of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard or 5.8 GHz microwave technology. Furthermore, the European Commission issued the Regulation on

3325-481: A ready contractor in Winnipeg , Manitoba . To Reformers, these events served as evidence that Liberals and Progressive Conservatives consistently favoured Eastern Canada at the expense of Western Canada. The Reform Party called for a decentralized Canadian federation in which the provinces would have more authority and advocated that the Canadian federal government ensure provincial equality in Canada such as by creating

3458-481: A reduction in government spending on social programs, and reductions in taxation. Though largely a fringe party in 1987, by 1990 the party had made huge inroads in public support as support for Mulroney's PC party dropped due to the unpopular Goods and Services Tax (GST), high unemployment, and the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. In 1992, leader Preston Manning released a book called The New Canada explaining

3591-500: A revival of grassroots democratic populism is to be characteristic of the revitalization of Canadian federal politics of the 1990s, especially in Quebec and the West, it is of primary importance that its leaders be well versed in ways and means of preventing populism from developing racist or other extremist overtones. (This, of course, is also the number-one challenge facing those attempting to lead

3724-521: A series of high-profile scandals, all contributed to the implosion of the Progressive Conservative "grand coalition" in the 1993 election . The Progressive Conservatives suffered the worst defeat ever for a governing party at the federal level, falling from 151 to only two seats, while the Liberals under Jean Chrétien won a majority government. The Reform Party's success in 1993 was related to

3857-439: A strong debate in the Reform Party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he did not want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. Manning won a leadership review , with over 75% support quelling opposition to him. In 2000, following the second of the two United Alternative conventions, the party voted to dissolve in favour of a new party, the "Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance" (commonly called

3990-502: A system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area in 1959. In the 1960s and the 1970s, the first prototype systems were tested. Norway has been a world pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology, beginning in 1986. Italy was the first country to deploy a full electronic toll collection system in motorways at national scale in 1989. In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey

4123-434: A tempting target for toll evasion. Several methods can be used to deter toll violators. Reform Party of Canada Provincial Provincial The Reform Party of Canada ( French : Parti réformiste du Canada ) was a right-wing populist and conservative federal political party in Canada that existed from 1987 to 2000. Reform was founded as a Western Canada -based protest movement that eventually became

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4256-532: A two-tier private and public health insurance system. Preston Manning asserted however that the Reform Party was committed to ensuring that all Canadians would be able to access health insurance and health services. The Reform Party supported a classical liberal economic plan including support for free trade and the North American Free Trade Agreement . The Reform Party supported significant tax cuts for citizens and businesses and opposed

4389-542: A vehicle on another operator's tolled road with the tolls incurred charged to the driver's toll-payment account with their home operator. An example is the United States E-ZPass tag, which is accepted on toll roads, bridges and tunnels in fifteen states from Illinois to Maine . In Australia, there are a number or organizations that provide tags known as e-TAG that can be used on toll roads. They include Transport for NSW 's E-Toll and Transurban 's Linkt . A toll

4522-498: Is a subsidiary of the contractor, Atlantic Highways Corporation (AHC). Both are now owned by Aecon . AHC guaranteed the highway for three years, which was an unprecedented warranty period at that time, and all deficiencies were repaired at their expense. Maintenance has been performed by the Department of Transportation & Infrastructure Renewal since the expiration of that warranty in 2000. The Cobequid Pass received its name from

4655-442: Is a truck tolling system in (Germany). This system instead uses Global Positioning System location information to identify when a vehicle is located on a tolled Autobahn . Implementation of this system turned out to be far lengthier and more costly than expected. As smart phone use becomes more commonplace, some toll road management companies have turned to mobile phone apps to inexpensively automate and expedite paying tolls from

4788-414: Is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads , HOV lanes , toll bridges , and toll tunnels . It is a faster alternative which is replacing toll booths , where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card. In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an automated radio transponder device. When

4921-498: Is accepted on all toll roads in the country. In Brazil, the Sem Parar/Via-Fácil system allows customers to pass through tolls in more than 1,000 lanes in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Sem Parar/Via-Fácil also allows users to enter and exit more than 100 parking lots. There are also other systems, such as via expressa, onda livre and auto expresso, that are present in

5054-409: Is accomplished by a combination of a camera which takes a picture of the car and a radio frequency keyed computer which searches for a drivers window/bumper mounted transponder to verify and collect payment. The system sends a notice and fine to cars that pass through without having an active account or paying a toll. Factors hindering full-speed electronic collection include: Even if line lengths are

5187-468: Is called (see AutoPASS ). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country, the Via Verde , which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations. The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states, though many U.S. toll roads maintain the option of manual collection. ETC 2.0 is not only capable of sending and receiving

5320-479: Is debited to the customer's account with their tag provider. Some toll road operators – including Sydney's Sydney Harbour Tunnel , Lane Cove Tunnel and Westlink M7 , Melbourne's CityLink and Eastlink , and Brisbane's Gateway Motorway – encourage use of such tags, and apply an additional vehicle matching fee to vehicles without a tag. A similar device in France, called Liber-T for light vehicles and TIS-PL for HGVs,

5453-405: Is destructive to the individual, and in the long run, society". The Reform Party advocated an immigration policy based solely on the economic needs of Canada and differed from the other main parties by calling for more restrictions on immigration and for an annual limit on migration into Canada. Reform's early policy proposals for immigration were seen as highly controversial in Canada including

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5586-404: Is in the urban context of congested cities, allowing to charge tolls without vehicles having to slow down. This application made feasible to concession to the private sector the construction and operation of urban freeways, as well as the introduction or improvement of congestion pricing , as a policy to restrict auto travel in downtown areas. Between 2004 and 2005, Santiago, Chile , implemented

5719-414: Is not necessary to install electronic readers beside or above the road in order to read transponders since all vehicles are equipped with On Board Units having Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in order to determine the distance traveled on the tolled road network - without the use of any roadside infrastructure. US Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose

5852-408: Is sufficient to make the no-stop-to-pay savings insignificant compared to time still lost due waiting in line to pass the toll gate. Toll plazas are typically wider than the rest of the highway; reducing the need for them makes it possible to fit toll roads into tight corridors. Despite these limitations, if delay at the toll gate is reduced, the tollbooth can serve more vehicles per hour. The greater

5985-575: Is the process of determining the identity of a vehicle subject to tolls. The majority of toll facilities record the passage of vehicles through a limited number of toll gates. At such facilities, the task is then to identify the vehicle in the gate area. Some early AVI systems used barcodes affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles. Most current AVI systems rely on radio-frequency identification , where an antenna at

6118-825: The Bloc Populaire Canadien , the Ralliement créditiste du Québec , the Parti Québécois , and the Bloc Québécois as examples of populist third parties in the province. In May 1987, a conference called "A Western Assembly on Canada's Economic and Political Future" was held in Vancouver , British Columbia . This conference led to the formation of the Reform Party in Winnipeg in October of that year. The party's founding occurred as

6251-522: The Bloc Québécois , which became the Official Opposition . Reform actually finished second to the Liberals , led by Jean Chrétien , in the nationwide popular vote, due almost entirely to a strong showing in the West; virtually all PC support in Western Canada, particularly in rural areas, transferred to Reform. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, allowing it to just nose out Reform for Official Opposition status. Nevertheless,

6384-742: The Canadian Alliance in 2000. That same year, the Alliance lost an election to a third Liberal majority. In 2003, the Unite the Right movement culminated in the Alliance merging with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada . Reform's impact on the Conservative Party's leaders and policies has been significant; three of its four permanent leaders were once Reform Party members. The Reform Party

6517-599: The Canadian Alliance ), a declaration of policy, and a new constitution. On April 2, 2000, the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada granted the Reform Party's applications to change its name and logo (retroactive to March 27, 2000), over the objections of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the Canadian Action Party. The newly named party's platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms. However, it

6650-415: The Department of Indian Affairs and transferring its responsibilities directly to Aboriginal governing bodies to lessen Aboriginal peoples' dependence on the federal government. The Reform Party strongly opposed extending marriage rights to gays and lesbians . Many members of the Reform Party saw homosexuality as a moral wrong. Reform leader Preston Manning himself once publicly stated that "homosexuality

6783-564: The Francophone province of Quebec in a unique manner. Instead, it believed Quebec was just one province of Canada, all of which were equal and none having a special status. Unlike the other parties, Reform did not believe that Quebec secession should be sought to be avoided at all costs and by all means, because the party believed that this amounted to favouritism to Quebec. Reformers believed that Canada could continue to exist without Quebec, but hoped that offers of decentralization would satisfy

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6916-690: The Garden State Parkway in New Jersey, and at various locations in California, Florida, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Texas, cars can travel through electronic lanes at full speed. Illinois' Open Road Tolling program features 274 contiguous miles of barrier-free roadways, where I-PASS or E-ZPass users continue to travel at highway speeds through toll plazas, while cash payers pull off the main roadway to pay at tollbooths. Currently over 80% of Illinois' 1.4 million daily drivers use an I-PASS. Enforcement

7049-475: The Goods and Services Tax (GST). In the 1993 federal election , Reform pledged to eliminate Canada's chronic budget deficit within a period of three years. However, the Liberals won a majority government and pledged to eliminate the deficit too, though with a more moderate approach. The Reform Party called for major changes in the federal government's relations with Aboriginal peoples, which included dismantling

7182-542: The House of Commons before making a major electoral breakthrough in the 1993 federal election , when it supplanted the PCs as the largest conservative party in Canada. In opposition, the party advocated for spending restraint, tax cuts, reductions in immigration, and wider reform of Canada's political institutions such as the Senate . In the 1997 federal election , the party attempted to make

7315-503: The National Energy Program of the 1980s, introduced by a federal Liberal government, involved major government intervention into Canada's energy markets to regulate prices, resulting in economic losses to Alberta and benefits to Eastern Canada. It also cited the 1986 decision by a federal Progressive Conservative government to contract the construction of CF-18 military aircraft to an unprepared contractor in Quebec rather than

7448-604: The New Jersey E-ZPass regional consortium's Violation Enforcement contractor did not have access to the Transaction Processing contractor's database of customers. This, together with installation problems in the automated vehicle identification system, led to many customers receiving erroneous violation notices, and a violation system whose net income, after expenses, was negative, as well as customer dissatisfaction. Source: Automated vehicle identification (AVI)

7581-473: The York University student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, and within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy. Reform Members of Parliament (MP) such as Deborah Grey joined Manning in denouncing such intolerant people who joined the party. Reform MPs Jan Brown and Stephen Harper (who would later become Prime Minister) went against the majority of Reform delegates at

7714-505: The controlled-access expressways in 2001. By 2019, 92% of drivers are using ETC. ETC was first introduced in Bergen , Norway, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of completely unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating with electronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology

7847-756: The $ 27.5 million funding for this project from the Government of Canada. It was revealed that the federal Minister of Public Works , David Dingwall , had attempted to redirect approximately $ 26 million of highway funding designated for Nova Scotia from the proposed bypass of the Wentworth Valley toward upgrading sections of the Fleur-de-lis Trail , a scenic highway that ran through Mr. Dingwall's federal riding of Cape Breton—East Richmond , as well as that of provincial Minister of Transportation and Public Works , Richard Mann 's riding of Richmond . The controversy

7980-505: The 1994 Reform convention in Ottawa and was personally disgusted with what he heard, saying, "The speechifying gives off acrid whiffs of xenophobia, homophobia, and paranoia—like an exhaust—in which it seems clear both orator and audience have been seized by some private terror: immigrants, lesbians, people out of work or from out of town and criminals." During the Reform Party policy convention in 1995, Manning urged members to avoid extremism, and

8113-401: The 1994 party convention by refusing to support a motion that called for the party to oppose the allowance of homosexual couples to be treated the same as heterosexual couples. In 1996, after Reform MP Bob Ringma stated in a newspaper interview that store owners should be free to move gays and "ethnics" "to the back of the shop," or even to fire them if the presence of that individual offended

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8246-451: The 1995 convention called for tighter regulation of people infected with HIV, which was supported by 84 percent of the delegates. One Reformer delegate raised concern that such a policy on HIV would make the party look anti-homosexual, but another delegate responded to this by saying "I did not join the Reform Party to bow down at the altar of political correctness." The Reform Party was plagued by an influx of intolerant people who supported

8379-478: The Alliance off-guard. Nonetheless, the party went into the election with great hopes, campaigning on tax cuts, an end to the federal gun registration program, and their vision of "family values." Day was expected to have greater appeal to Ontario voters. At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5% in the polls, and some thought they could win the election, or at least knock the Liberals down to a minority government. However,

8512-530: The Cobequid Pass every day. Prior to this new alignment, Highway 104 ran east and south from Thomson Station for 53 kilometres (33 mi) to Masstown on the present alignment of Trunk 4 through the Wentworth Valley and over Folly Mountain . This 2-lane uncontrolled access section included climbing Folly Mountain and was nicknamed "The Valley of Death" due to an increasing number of accidents with

8645-450: The English and French"—a federation of founding peoples and ethnic groups distinguished by official bilingualism, government-sponsored multiculturalism, and government enterprise. The approach to national unity is to grant special status to those Canadians who feel constitutionally or otherwise disadvantaged. This is Old Canada—and it has become "a house divided against itself." Reformers seek

8778-580: The European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) which must be implemented by all Member States from 19 October 2021. All toll roads in Ireland must support the eToll tag standard. From 2015, the Norwegian government requires commercial trucks above 3.5 tons on its roads to have a transponder and a valid road toll subscription. Before this regulation, two-thirds of foreign trucks failed to pay road tolls. The most revolutionary application of ETC

8911-486: The Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, when Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard 's position as Leader of the Opposition granted him a meeting with visiting US President Bill Clinton , Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage. Reform's platform and policies emphasized the rights and responsibilities of

9044-518: The Liberals responded by accusing the Alliance of having a "hidden agenda" (introducing two-tier health care , threatening gay rights and abortion rights) which the party denied. Though disappointed with the election results in Ontario, the Alliance increased its presence to 66 MPs, including two MPs from Ontario, and remained the Official Opposition. Nationally, the party increased its popular vote to 25%. The Liberals increased their large majority mostly at

9177-465: The Mulroney government made another attempt at amending Canada's constitution . The Charlottetown Accord was even more ambitious than the Meech Lake Accord , but it failed to win support in a nationwide referendum . The Reform Party was one of the few groups to oppose the accord. The constitutional debacle, unpopular initiatives such as the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), together with

9310-476: The Nova Scotia Department of Public Works about 50 per cent of passenger vehicles and about 70 per cent of commercial trucks using the Cobequid Pass were registered out-of-province, as of December 2021. Tolls are collected via both electronic toll collection as well as cash paid to toll booth operators. Toll collection operations are run by Atlantic Highway Management Corporation Limited (AHMCL), which

9443-492: The Reform Party as his father Ernest Manning had been when he purged anti-Semites from the Alberta Social Credit Party . He stated that during the 1988 election he was faced with just such an extremist, Doug Collins , who was seeking nomination as a Reform candidate. Many Reform supporters condemned Collins as being racist and said that they would leave the party if he were nominated. Manning responded by sending

9576-529: The Reform Party drew large support. The Reform Party called for the privatization of various government services that the party believed could be better provided by the private sector. These government services included a number of state-owned corporations including Canada Post , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , and Petro Canada . The Reform Party suggested that Canada's government-funded universal health insurance system be replaced by

9709-630: The Tories, and the scandal-plagued Jim Pankiw was rejected when he applied for readmission to the Alliance caucus. A cornerstone of the Reform Party's agenda was the rejection of the belief that Canada is a divided country, with division existing between English and French Canada. Instead, Preston Manning called for a "New Canada" with a new identity that would solve existing problems, stating in his book The New Canada (1992): The leaders of Canada's traditional federal parties continue to think of our country as "an equal partnership between two founding races,

9842-420: The accounts, and handling customer inquiries. The transaction processing component of some systems is referred to as a "customer service center". In many respects, the transaction processing function resembles banking, and several toll agencies have contracted out transaction processing to a bank. Customer accounts may be postpaid, where toll transactions are periodically billed to the customer, or prepaid, where

9975-475: The amount of the toll makes it easy to implement road congestion pricing , including for high-occupancy lanes, toll lanes that bypass congestion, and city-wide congestion charges. The payment system usually requires users to sign up in advance and load money into a declining-balance account, which is debited each time they pass a toll point. Electronic toll lanes may operate alongside conventional toll booths so that drivers who do not have transponders can pay at

10108-550: The banner of the Reform Party of Alberta . In 1990, he became Reform's first (and only) federal Senator, remaining in office until his untimely death one year later. Waters' appointment, following his election victory, has led some to describe him as Canada's first elected Senator. In 1991 and 1992, support for Reform rose not only in Western Canada, but also in other parts of Canada as well, including Ontario . The party took note of this new support and changed its position from being

10241-419: The booth. Open road tolling is an increasingly popular alternative which eliminates toll booths altogether; electronic readers mounted beside or over the road read the transponders as vehicles pass at highway speeds, eliminating traffic bottlenecks created by vehicles slowing down to go through a toll booth lane. Vehicles without transponders are either excluded or pay by plate – a license plate reader takes

10374-435: The car's bill." In the 1960s and the 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the undersides of the vehicles and readers, which were located under the surface of the highway. Plans were however scrapped and it never came into actual implementation. Modern toll transponders are typically mounted under the windshield, with readers located in overhead gantries. After tests in 1974, in 1975, Singapore became

10507-532: The charge permanent in 2007 (see Stockholm congestion tax ); and in Valletta , the capital city of Malta, since May 2007. In January 2008, Milan began a one-year trial program called Ecopass , a pollution pricing program in which low-emission-standard vehicles pay a user fee; alternative fuel vehicles and vehicles using conventional fuels but compliant with the Euro IV emission standard are exempted. The program

10640-547: The coalition of Western Prairie populists , Quebec nationalists , Ontario business leaders, and Atlantic Red Tories that made up Brian Mulroney 's Progressive Conservative Party began to fracture. The party was the brainchild of a group of discontented Western interest groups who were upset with the PC government and the lack of a voice for Western concerns at the national level. Leading figures in this movement included Ted Byfield , Stan Roberts , Francis Winspear , and Preston Manning . A major intellectual impetus at

10773-455: The collapse of the 1984–1993 PC electoral coalition of Westerners, rural Ontarians, and Quebec nationalists, the Reform Party's fortunes rose. It first entered Parliament in 1989, when Deborah Grey won a by-election in the rural Alberta riding of Beaver River , more than tripling her vote total from the 1988 general election . The party achieved a major breakthrough in the 1993 federal election , when it jumped to 52 seats, just two behind

10906-403: The contentious topic of western separation, which was not a serious concern as most of the delegates rejected the idea and Manning stated that he would refuse to lead a western separatist party and went on to say "We want to tell the rest of the country not that the West is leaving, but that the West is arriving." The party fought in the 1988 federal election , but was never considered more than

11039-661: The convention, Manning was unanimously named leader after Roberts left the convention in protest over the new party's finances. The party's delegates discussed a variety of topics to formulate policies such as calling for the party to endorse a Triple-E Senate amendment to be added to the Meech Lake Accord , advocating the addition of property rights into the Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and other issues such as "provincial resource rights, deficit reduction, free trade, economic diversification, welfare reform, and regional fairness in federal procurements." The convention briefly discussed

11172-473: The customer funds a balance in the account which is then depleted as toll transactions occur. The prepaid system is more common, as the small amounts of most tolls makes pursuit of uncollected debts uneconomic. Most postpaid accounts deal with this issue by requiring a security deposit , effectively rendering the account a prepaid one. Source: A violation enforcement system (VES) is useful in reducing unpaid tolls, as an unmanned toll gate otherwise represents

11305-424: The desire of the Quebec government for greater autonomy while still being equitable to all the provinces. Manning denied that he and most Reformers based their policies on intolerant views, but admitted that the party's populism had an inadvertent effect of drawing in some intolerant people whom Manning claimed he had always sought to keep out. Manning claimed that he was just as committed to purging extremists from

11438-455: The end of the journey. Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi is considered the father of ETC in motorways because not only co-designed Telepass but was able to make it the first standardized operating ETC system in the world as European standard in 1996. He acted as a consultant for deployment of ETC in many countries including Japan, United States, Brazil. In Japan, only the ETC System was constructed in all of

11571-557: The expense of the NDP, and the Tories under Joe Clark lost many seats and remained in fifth place, but Clark was elected in Calgary Centre in the middle of Alliance country, so the overall political landscape was not significantly changed. However, the Alliance failure to win more than the two seats in Ontario, along with residual resentments from the Alliance leadership contest and questions about Day's competence, led to caucus infighting. In

11704-469: The first country in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing on its more urbanized roads. It was refined in 1998 as Electronic Road Pricing (ERP). Italy deployed a full ETC in motorways at national scale in 1989. Telepass , the brand name of the ETC belonging to Autostrade S.p.A. now Autostrade per l'Italia ,

11837-420: The gaps between vehicles, to provide basic information on the presence of a vehicle. With clever software processing of the inductive data a wide range of vehicle classes can be derived by careful analysis of the inductive profile. Treadles permit counting the number of axles as a vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle installations, also detect dual-tire vehicles. Light-curtain laser profilers record

11970-435: The highway into segments, each having a price value determined by distance to the next gate (interchange). A daily gate count is calculated at midnight, and the total charge is deducted in 48 hours. Each vehicle receives a further discount after the first 200 kilometers, and eTag subscribers with prepaid accounts get a further 10% reduction. Non-subscribers are billed by license plate recognition and mail statements, or can make

12103-423: The individual, Senate and other democratic reforms in addition to smaller, more fiscally responsible government. However, the party came under persistent partisan attack of being extremist and intolerant due to a number of statements by Reform MPs which were considered racist, homophobic, and sexist. In the 1997 election , Reform made only minor gains, but did manage to become the Official Opposition. Nonetheless,

12236-519: The lanes. One such example application is Alabama Freedom Pass mobile, used to link customer accounts at sites operated by American Roads LLC. The app communicates in real time with the facility transaction processing system to identify and debit customer accounts or bill a major credit card. Source: Automated vehicle classification is closely related to automated vehicle identification (AVI). Most toll facilities charge different rates for different types of vehicles, making it necessary to distinguish

12369-503: The late 1980s and early 1990s. In addition to attracting social conservatives, the party was popular among Western Canadians who were disillusioned with Mulroney's perceived prioritization of Quebec (during his attempts to reform the Constitution ) as well as fiscal conservatives who were critical of the Mulroney government's tax increases and inability to reduce the budget deficit . In a 1989 by-election , Reform won its first-ever seat in

12502-450: The long term, the greater the relative advantage that registering and turning one's vehicle into an electronic-toll one provides, the faster cars will be converted from manual-toll use to electronic-toll use, and therefore the fewer manual-toll cars will drag down average speed and thus capacity. In some countries, some toll agencies that use similar technology have set up (or are setting up) reciprocity arrangements, which permit one to drive

12635-404: The mobilization of people who were opposed to the welfare state, but this represents only one dimension of the party's appeal. Jenkins (2002) examines the effect of issues on Reform support during the campaign and considers the actual process by which issues affected party support. Although candidates can prime or stress certain issues for voters, the priming label is sometimes misused. Jenkins makes

12768-550: The need for transponders, some systems, notably the 407 ETR (Express Toll Route) near Toronto and the A282 ( M25 ) Dartford Crossing in the United Kingdom, use automatic number plate recognition. Here, a system of cameras captures images of vehicles passing through tolled areas, and the image of the number plate is extracted and used to identify the vehicle. This allows customers to use the facility without any advance interaction with

12901-399: The old toll stations were replaced by distance-based pay-as-you-go all-electronic toll collection on all of Taiwan's major freeways. All tolls are collected electronically by overhead gantries with multi-lane free flow, not at traditional toll booths. Taiwan was the first country to switch from manual tolling to all-electronic, multi-lane free-flow tolling on all of its freeways. To simulate

13034-638: The original Blue Sheet pamphlet and controversial opinions expressed by individuals within Reform raised the question over whether Reform was intolerant to non-white people and whether the party harboured racist members. Subsequent repeated accounts of xenophobic and racist statements by individual Reform party supporters and members spread this concern, though the party itself continuously denied that it supported such views. The Reform Party declared its opposition to existing government-funded bilingualism and multiculturalism . Reformers claimed that efforts to create

13167-440: The origins of the new party and its policies, explaining his personal life and convictions, and defending some of the controversial elements of Reform's policies. The Reform Party was founded as a Western -based political party in a convention in October 1987 in Winnipeg , Manitoba led by three principal organizers including Preston Manning, former Liberal Party member Stan Roberts , and Robert Muir . On November 1, 1987, at

13300-720: The party began to soften its image as intolerant of minorities and ahead of the 1997 election sought to both recruit candidates and appeal to voters from ethnic minority backgrounds. In an updated version of the party's policy platform released as the Blue Book in 1996, Reform supported the acceptance and integration of immigrants and refugees that met the requirements of the UN 1951 Refugee Convention "regardless of race, language or culture" while calling for limits on family migration, barring non-citizens from claiming state unemployment welfare and stricter penalties against illegal immigration. However,

13433-501: The party ever won east of Manitoba. That seat was lost in 1997. Demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the " United Alternative ," to create a small-"c" conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed "conservative" vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, although some polls showed that the Liberals were the second choice of many PC voters (especially in Ontario). Manning's efforts created

13566-462: The party if no reprimand was taken. Manning proceeded to suspend Ringma and Chatters for several months but also reprimanded Brown and Silye for speaking out against the party. Brown and Silye both subsequently left the Reform Party and later ran as Progressive Conservative candidates. In spite of official objections to intolerance by the party leadership and some Reformer MPs, comments and decisions made at party conventions by Reform Party supporters on

13699-508: The party still failed to present a true challenge to the Liberal government, since its agenda was seen as too extreme for the liking of Central and Atlantic Canada . A notable exception was rural Central Ontario , an area that was almost as socially conservative as Reform's Western heartland. However, due to massive vote splitting with the PCs, this support only translated into one seat in Ontario during Reform's 1993 breakthrough—the only seat that

13832-401: The party's first leadership convention after being renamed, Manning was defeated in favour of the younger, more charismatic Stockwell Day , longtime treasurer of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain , joined the newly named party in October 2000, becoming the Alliance's only member of the Senate. In the fall of 2000, the Liberals called a snap election that caught

13965-445: The party's opposition to government-funded multicultural programs and bilingual programs. Some have claimed that the large problem of intolerance in the Reform Party was not a mere coincidence of its policies of opposing government-sponsored multicultural programs, but a deliberate effort by the party to rally such intolerant people and to push an intolerant agenda. The media focused on Reform's troubles involving intolerant people within

14098-414: The party, which made the party appear to support such intolerance. On the issue of episodes of racism and extremism within the Reform Party, Manning himself recognized the serious dangers that the political ideology of populism (which the Reform Party supported) posed should racists and extremists infiltrate it and spoke of the serious need for the party to repel such racism and extremism, saying that: If

14231-444: The previous model, where a vehicle would not pass toll collection over short-distance travel, each vehicle receives 20 kilometers per diem of free travel and is billed NT$ 1.2 per kilometer thereafter. Buses and trailers are subject to heavy vehicle surcharges. The highway administration may alter fares (e.g. remove the per diem ) during peak travel seasons to facilitate distribution of congestion to midnight hours. The toll gates divide

14364-459: The problem of regional alienation. New Canada must be workable without Quebec, but it must be open and attractive enough to include a New Quebec. The Reform Party saw the Canadian federal government as led by the Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties as being consistently indifferent to Western Canada while focusing too much attention on Eastern Canada (especially Quebec ). It noted that

14497-575: The reform movements of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.)" By 1997, the Reform Party attempted to combat distaste for its views on immigration and minority rights by selecting multiple members of ethnic minority groups as candidates in that year's federal election. As a result, multiple minorities became Reform MPs, including Rahim Jaffer (who became Canada's first Muslim Member of Parliament), Gurmant Grewal (an Indo-Canadian Sikh who had immigrated to Canada six years earlier), Deepak Obhrai (who

14630-483: The road side devices and greatly contribute to ITS promotion. As of March 2018, in Japan, a total of approximately 2.61 million vehicles are equipped with devices compliant with the ETC 2.0. In some urban settings, automated gates are in use in electronic-toll lanes, with 5 mph (8 km/h) legal limits on speed; in other settings, 20 mph (35 km/h) legal limits are not uncommon. However, in other areas such as

14763-409: The same in electronic lanes as in manual ones, electronic tolls save registered cars time: eliminating the stop at a window or toll machine, between successive cars passing the collection machine, means a fixed-length stretch of their journey past it is traveled at a higher average speed, and in a lower time. This is at least a psychological improvement, even if the length of the lines in automated lanes

14896-421: The shape of the vehicle, which can help distinguish trucks and trailers. In modern systems simple laser light curtains are being replaced with more technically advanced Lidar systems. These safety critical systems, used in autonomous vehicles, are less sensitive to environmental conditions. Source: Transaction processing deals with maintaining customer accounts, posting toll transactions and customer payments to

15029-490: The spring of 2001, eleven MPs who either voluntarily resigned or were expelled from the party formed the "Independent Alliance Caucus." The group was led by Chuck Strahl and included Grey. Day offered the dissidents an amnesty at the end of the summer, but seven of them, including Grey and Strahl, turned it down and formed their own parliamentary grouping, the Democratic Representative Caucus . The DRC formed

15162-422: The states of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana and Minas Gerais. Since 2016, National Highway Authority of Pakistan implemented electronic toll collection on its motorway network using a RFID -based tag called the "M-TAG". The tag is attached to the windscreen of vehicles and is automatically scanned at toll plazas on entry and exit, meanwhile debiting the calculated toll tax from

15295-423: The throughput of any toll lane, the fewer lanes required, so construction costs can be reduced. Specifically, the toll-collecting authorities have incentives to resist pressure to limit the fraction of electronic lanes in order to limit the length of manual-lane lines. In the short term, the greater the fraction of automated lanes, the lower the cost of operation (once the capital costs of automating are amortized). In

15428-500: The time supported. In 1989, following the sudden death of John Dahmer , PC MP for Beaver River in Alberta, the Reform Party gained its first MP when Deborah Grey won the resulting by-election . Grey had finished fourth in the 1988 election. As the party's first MP, she became Reform's deputy leader, a position she held for the remainder of the party's history. Also in 1989, Stanley Waters won Alberta's first senatorial election under

15561-425: The time was provided by Peter Brimelow 's 1986 book, The Patriot Game . They believed the West needed its own party if it was to be heard. Their main complaints against the Mulroney government were its alleged favouritism towards Quebec, lack of fiscal responsibility, and a failure to support a program of institutional reform (for example, of the Senate ). The roots of this discontent lay mainly in their belief that

15694-479: The toll agency. The disadvantage is that fully automatic recognition has a significant error rate, leading to billing errors and the cost of transaction processing (which requires locating and corresponding with the customer) can be significant. Systems that incorporate a manual review stage have much lower error rates, but require a continuing staffing expense. A few toll facilities cover a very wide area, making fixed toll gates impractical. The most notable of these

15827-416: The toll gate communicates with a transponder on the vehicle via Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC). RFID tags have proved to have excellent accuracy, and can be read at highway speeds. The major disadvantage is the cost of equipping each vehicle with a transponder, which can be a major start-up expense, if paid by the toll agency, or a strong customer deterrent, if paid by the customer. To avoid

15960-487: The vehicle passes a roadside toll reader device, a radio signal from the reader triggers the transponder, which transmits back an identifying number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an electronic payment system charges the user the toll. A major advantage is the driver does not have to stop, reducing traffic delays. Electronic tolling is cheaper than a staffed toll booth, reducing transaction costs for government or private road owners. The ease of varying

16093-450: The vehicles passing through the toll facility. The simplest method is to store the vehicle class in the customer record, and use the AVI data to look up the vehicle class. This is low-cost, but limits user flexibility, in such cases as the automobile owner who occasionally tows a trailer. More complex systems use a variety of sensors. Inductive sensors embedded in the road surface can determine

16226-472: The west, and mentions its early roots in the 19th century reform parties of Upper Canada (Ontario) Lower Canada (Quebec), and Nova Scotia that fought against colonial elites such as the Family Compact and Château Clique and sought to replace them with responsible governments. In addition, Manning complimented Quebec for being open to populist politics and populist third party politics. In 1992,

16359-467: The world's first 100% full speed electronic tolling with transponders crossing through the city's core (CBD) in a system of several concessioned urban freeways ( Autopista Central and Autopista ). The United Arab Emirates implemented in 2007 a similar road toll collection in Dubai , called Salik . Similar schemes were previously implemented but only on bypass or outer ring urban freeways in several cities around

16492-485: The world's first successful congestion pricing scheme implemented with manual control (see also Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme ), and was refined in 1998 (see Singapore's Electronic Road Pricing ), Bergen (1986), Oslo (1990), and Trondheim (1991) (see Trondheim Toll Scheme ); Rome in 2001 as an upgrade to the manual zone control system implemented in 1998; London in 2003 and extended in 2007 (see London congestion charge ); Stockholm , tested in 2006 and made

16625-505: The world: Toronto in 1997 ( Highway 407 ), several roads in Norway (AutoPASS), Melbourne in 2000 ( CityLink ), and Tel Aviv also in 2000 ( Highway 6 ). Congestion pricing or urban toll schemes were implemented to enter the downtown area using ETC technology and/or cameras and video recognition technology to get the plate numbers in several cities around the world: urban tolling in Norway's three major cities: Singapore in 1974 introduced

16758-511: Was born in Tanzania), and Inky Mark (a Chinese-Canadian). However, these attempts to refurbish the party's image were damaged during the 1997 campaign, when Reform released a controversial television advertisement in which the faces of four Quebec politicians (Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe , Progressive Conservative leader Jean Charest , and separatist Quebec Premier Lucien Bouchard ) were crossed out, followed by

16891-464: Was built with CAD $ 66 million in private financing (from CIT Financial) and CAD $ 27.5 million from the Government of Nova Scotia and CAD $ 27.5 million from the Government of Canada. The private financing loan is being paid back through tolls collected at a toll booth located between KM 72 and 73 in Londonderry , Colchester County . In 2019, an average of 7,600 cars and 2,100 trucks were passing through

17024-427: Was capitalized by the Reform Party of Canada which erected a large sign beside the highway at Glenholme which read: Mr. Dingwall $ 26-Million is Highway Robbery Give It Back To Highway 104 Reform Party of Canada 45°25′56.21″N 63°34′38.9″W  /  45.4322806°N 63.577472°W  / 45.4322806; -63.577472 Electronic toll collection Electronic toll collection ( ETC )

17157-529: Was designed by Dr. Eng Pierluigi Ceseri and Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi and included a full operational real time Classification of Vehicles and Enforcement via cameras interconnected with the PRA (Public Register of Automobiles) via a network of more than 3.000 Km. optical fibers. Telepass introduced the concept of ETC Interoperability because interconnected 24 different Italian motorway operators allowing users to travel between different concession areas and paying only at

17290-547: Was extended through December 2011 and in January 2012 was replaced by a congestion pricing scheme called Area C . New York City considered the implementation of a congestion pricing scheme. New York City Council approved such a plan in 2008, but it was not implemented because the New York State Assembly did not approve it. (see New York congestion pricing ) In 2006, San Francisco transport authorities began

17423-524: Was founded in 1987 as an effort to give a voice to Western Canadian interests. Preston Manning , the son of former Alberta Premier Ernest Manning , was elected the party's first leader. Ernest Manning had led the Alberta Social Credit Party . Although the Reform Party never adopted the historical monetary reform ideas of the Canadian social credit movement , both movements appealed to economically and socially conservative Western Canadian populists. With

17556-449: Was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the newly named party, and the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus (with a few exceptions). Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called the party "Reform in pantyhose," and some opponents referred to the party as the "Reform Alliance" to reinforce this perception. At

17689-406: Was the first to propose a similar system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area . He proposed that each car would be equipped with a transponder: "The transponder's personalized signal would be picked up when the car passed through an intersection, and then relayed to a central computer which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of day and add it to

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