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98-551: Coatlaxopeuh is a word proposed by Father Mariano Jacobo Rojas of Tepoztlán as a possible Nahuatl origin of the word Guadalupe , the appellation of the Virgin of Guadalupe . The suggestion of a Nahuatl etymology for the Virgin's name was part of the Mexican indigenista debates of the mid 20th century, in which prominent intellectuals reinterpreted Mexican history with a renewed emphasis on

196-458: A cultural horizon founded on kurgan funerals that stretched over a vast steppic area between the Dnieper and Volga rivers. It was initially a herding -based society, with limited crop cultivation in the eastern part of the steppes, while the Dnieper - Donets region was more influenced by the agricultural Tripolye culture . Paleolinguistics likewise postulates Proto-Indo-European speakers as

294-447: A host or a guest. The connotation of an obligatory reciprocity between both guests and hosts has persisted in descendant cognates , such as Latin hospēs ("foreigner, guest; host"), Old English ġiest ("stranger, guest"), or Old Church Slavonic gostĭ ("guest") and gospodĭ ("master"). Guests and hosts were indeed involved in a mutual and reciprocal relationship bound by oaths and sacrifices. The giving and receiving of favors

392-461: A quorum . Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. The priesthood includes the power Jesus gave his apostles to perform miracles such as the casting out of devils and the healing of sick ( Luke 9:1). Latter Day Saints believe that the Biblical miracles performed by prophets and apostles were performed by the power of the priesthood, including the miracles of Jesus, who holds all of

490-414: A theocracy , a society is governed by its priesthood. The word "priest", is ultimately derived from Latin via Greek presbyter , the term for "elder", especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in late antiquity . The Latin presbyter ultimately represents Greek πρεσβύτερος presbúteros , the regular Latin word for "priest" being sacerdos , corresponding to ἱερεύς hiereús . It

588-496: A "person authorized to perform the sacred rituals." For example, clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests , as with certain synods of Lutheranism and Anglicanism , though other branches of Protestant Christianity , such as Methodists and Baptists, use minister and pastor . The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in an anthropological sense to describe

686-412: A birth, and at consecrations , teaching the wisdom and dogma of the faith at any regular worship service, and mediating and easing the experience of grief and death at funerals – maintaining a spiritual connection to the afterlife in faiths where such a concept exists. Administering religious building grounds and office affairs and papers, including any religious library or collection of sacred texts ,

784-598: A bishop. The Church of Sweden has a threefold ministry of bishop, priest, and deacon and those ordained to the presbyterate are referred to as priests. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , ordained presbyters are referred to by various publications, including Finnish ones, as pastors, or priests. In the United States, denominations like the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod use

882-639: A certain kami . Additionally, kannushi are aided by another priest class, miko ( 巫女 , "shrine maidens") , for many rites. The maidens may either be family members in training, apprentices, or local volunteers. Saiin were female relatives of the Japanese emperor (termed saiō ) who served as High Priestesses in Kamo Shrine . Saiō also served at Ise Shrine . Saiin priestesses usually were elected from royalty. In principle, Saiin remained unmarried, but there were exceptions. Some Saiin became consorts of

980-666: A chief, one that presides; proe, before, and sto, to stand, or sisto.]" https://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/priest In historical polytheism , a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity, often in highly elaborate ritual . In the Ancient Near East , the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. Priestesses in antiquity often performed sacred prostitution , and in Ancient Greece, some priestesses such as Pythia , priestess at Delphi , acted as oracles . In ancient Egyptian religion ,

1078-416: A compensation, * kwey- , had the meanings of ' blood-price ', 'vengeance' or 'guilt' in daughter languages, suggesting that it was specifically applied to the restitution for theft or violence. Law was apparently designed to preserve the 'order' (* h₂értus ) of the universe, with the underlying idea that the cosmic harmony should be maintained, be it in the physical universe or the social world. There

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1176-487: A deity or deities. Their office or position is the "priesthood", a term which also may apply to such persons collectively. A priest may have the duty to hear confessions periodically, give marriage counseling, provide prenuptial counseling, give spiritual direction, teach catechism , or visit those confined indoors, such as the sick in hospitals and nursing homes. According to the trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society , priests have existed since

1274-757: A few priestly and Levitical functions, such as the pidyon haben (redemption of a first-born son) ceremony and the Priestly Blessing , have been retained. Especially in Orthodox Judaism, kohanim remain subject to a number of restrictions concerning matters related to marriage and ritual purity . Orthodox Judaism regard the kohanim as being held in reserve for a future restored Temple . Kohanim do not perform roles of propitiation, sacrifice, or sacrament in any branch of Rabbinical Judaism or in Karaite Judaism . The principal religious function of any kohanim

1372-406: A hierarchy of wealth and poverty was recognized. Some graves, larger than the average and necessitating a considerable number of people to be built, likewise suggest a higher status given to some individuals. These prestigious funerals were not necessarily reserved to the wealthiest person. Smiths in particular were given sumptuous graves, possibly due to the association of smithery with magic during

1470-467: A legendary past in Indo-European traditions. In this form of kinship organization, the individual's genetic distance from the clan's founding ancestor determined his social status. But if he was of exceptional prowess or virtue, the same individual could in his turn gain social prestige among the community and eventually found his own descent-group. In the reconstructed lexicon linking the individual to

1568-405: A male only hereditary Taoist priesthood until more recent times (p. 550,551). The Shinto priest is called a kannushi ( 神主 , lit. "Master of the kami ") , originally pronounced kamunushi , sometimes referred to as a shinshoku ( 神職 ) . A kannushi is the person responsible for the maintenance of a Shinto shrine, or jinja , purificatory rites, and for leading worship and veneration of

1666-512: A minority of provinces (10 out of the 38 worldwide) retain an all-male priesthood. Most Continuing Anglican churches do not ordain women to the priesthood. As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the Roman Catholic Church, and a minority who prefer to use the title presbyter in order to distance themselves from

1764-864: A more favourable environment allowing for grassland productivity. Yamnaya new pastoral economy then experienced a third wave of rapid demographic expansion, that time towards Central and Northern Europe. Migrations of Usatovo people towards southeastern Poland, crossing through the Old European Tripolye culture from around 3300 BCE, followed by Yamnya migrations towards the Pannonian Basin between 3100 and 2800, are interpreted by some scholars as movements of pre-Italic, pre-Celtic and pre-Germanic speakers. The Proto-Indo-European language probably ceased to be spoken after 2500 as its various dialects had already evolved into non-mutually intelligible languages that began to spread across most of western Eurasia during

1862-582: A secondary sense to presbyters , began in the 6th century to be used of presbyters, and is today commonly used of presbyters, distinguishing them from bishops. Today, the term "priest" is used in the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Oriental Orthodoxy , the Church of the East , and some branches of Lutheranism to refer to those who have been ordained to a ministerial position through receiving

1960-584: A semi-nomadic and pastoral population with subsidiary agriculture. Bronze was introduced to the Pontic-Caspian steppes during this period. Following the Yamnaya expansion, long-distance trade in metals and other valuables, such as salt in the hinterlands, probably brought prestige and power to Proto-Indo-European societies. However, the native tradition of pottery making was weakly developed. The Yamnaya funeral sacrifice of wagons, carts, sheep, cattle, and horse

2058-484: A temple. These rituals include bathing the murti s (the statues of the gods/goddesses), performing puja , a ritualistic offering of various items to the gods, the waving of a ghee or oil lamp also called an offering in light, known in Hinduism as aarti , before the murtis . Pujaris are often married. A purohita , on the other hand, performs rituals and saṃskāras (sacraments), yajnas (sacrifices) outside of

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2156-470: A term to designate themselves as a group. Another word, * h₁leudhos , means 'people', 'freemen' in a more general way. Proto-Indo-European had several words for 'leader': * tagós was a general term derived from * tā̆g- ('set in place, arrange'); * h₃rḗǵs meant a ruler who also had religious functions, with the Roman rex sacrorum ('king of the sacred') as a heritage of the priestly function of

2254-433: A variant name. She sees both versions as being linked historically to Cōātlīcue , whose name means "Serpent Skirt." Priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities . They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of,

2352-426: Is kohen (singular כהן kohen , plural כּהנִים kohanim ), hence the family names Cohen , Cahn , Kahn , Kohn , Kogan , etc. Jewish families with these names belong to the tribe of Levi ( Levites – descended from Levi , the great-grandfather of Aaron) and in twenty-four instances are called by scripture as such. In Hebrew, the word for "priesthood" is kehunnah . The Hebrew word kohen comes from

2450-603: Is La que viene volando de la luz como el águila de fuego (she who comes flying from the region of light like an eagle of fire). The region of light was the dwelling place of the Aztec gods, and the eagle was a sign from the gods. To the Spaniards, it sounded like 'Guadalupe' and reminded them of their Virgin at home." Rodríguez holds that the Spanish thought of "Guadalupe of Estremadura , Spain. [As] A large number of conquistadors were from

2548-403: Is also commonly a responsibility – for example, the modern term for clerical duties in a secular office refers originally to the duties of a cleric . The question of which religions have a "priest" depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters, and less of

2646-401: Is confirmed by lexical evidence, including the word * h₂u̯edh -, 'to lead (away)', being the word that denotes a male wedding a female. Rights, possessions, and responsibilities were consequently reckoned to the father, and wives were to reside after marriage near the husband's family, after the payment of a bride-price. The household (* domos ) was generally ruled by the senior male of

2744-531: Is largely the same as within the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity , except that canon law in almost every Anglican province restricts the administration of confirmation to the bishop , just as with ordination . Although Anglican priests who are members of religious orders must remain celibate (although there are exceptions, such as priests in the Anglican Order of Cistercians ),

2842-717: Is possible that the Latin word was loaned into Old English , and only from Old English reached other Germanic languages via the Anglo-Saxon mission to the continent, giving Old Icelandic prestr , Old Swedish präster , Old High German priast . Old High German also has the disyllabic priester, priestar , apparently derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre . An alternative theory makes priest cognate with Old High German priast , prest , from Vulgar Latin * prevost "one put over others", from Latin praepositus "person placed in charge". That English should have only

2940-580: Is the reconstructed culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans , the ancient speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language , ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages . Many of the modern ideas in this field involve the unsettled Indo-European homeland debate about the precise origins of the language itself. There are four main approaches researchers have employed in their attempts to study this culture: Archaeologist David W. Anthony and linguist Donald Ringe distinguish three different cultural stages in

3038-558: Is to perform the Priestly Blessing , although an individual kohen may also become a rabbi or other professional religious leader. The traditional Beta Israel community in Israel had little direct contact with other Jewish groups after the destruction of the temple and developed separately for almost two thousand years. While some Beta Israel now follow Rabbinical Jewish practices, the Ethiopian Jewish religious tradition ( Haymanot ) uses

Possible Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-589: The Eastern Catholic Churches , but in neither case may they marry after ordination, even if they become widowed. Candidates for bishop are chosen only from among the celibate. Orthodox priests will either wear a clerical collar similar to the above-mentioned, or simply a very loose black robe that does not have a collar. The role of a priest in the Anglican Communion and the Free Church of England

3234-580: The Pontic-Caspian steppes , with domesticated animals at the root of the Proto-Indo-European conception of the universe. Anthony attributes the first and progressive domestication of horses, from taming to actually working with the animal, to this period. Between 4500 and 4200, copper, exotic ornamental shells and polished stone maces were exchanged across the Pontic–Caspian steppes from Varna , in

3332-782: The Suvorovo –to– Cernavoda I migration, in the context of a progression of the Khvalynsk culture westwards towards the Danube area, from which had also emerged the Novodanilovka (4400–3800) and Late Sredny Stog (4000–3500) cultures. Recent genetic studies have shown that males of the Khvalynsk culture belonged to the Western Steppe Herder (WSH) cluster, which is a mixture of Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) ancestry. This admixture appears to have happened on

3430-471: The canonical minimum age is twenty-five. Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger. Dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the Holy See (Can. 1031 §§ 1, 4.) A Catholic priest must be incardinated by his bishop or his major religious superior in order to engage in public ministry. Secular priests are incardinated into a diocese , whereas religious priests live

3528-495: The colophons of many Mandaean texts . The position is not hereditary, and any Mandaean male who is highly knowledgeable about religious matters is eligible to become a priest. A Hindu priest traditionally comes from the Brahmin community. Priests are ordained and trained as well. There are two types of Hindu priests, pujaris ( swamis , yogis , and gurus ) and purohitas ( pandits ). A pujari performs rituals in

3626-676: The consecrated life and can work anywhere in the world that their specific community operates. In Orthodoxy, the normal minimum age is thirty (Can. 11 of Neocaesarea) but a bishop may dispense with this if needed. In neither tradition may priests marry after ordination. In the Catholic Church, priests in the Latin Church must be celibate except under special rules for married clergy converting from certain other Christian confessions. Married men may become priests in Eastern Orthodoxy and

3724-514: The deity or deities of the religion to which they subscribe, often interpreting the meaning of events and performing the rituals of the religion. There is no common definition of the duties of priesthood between faiths; but generally it includes mediating the relationship between one's congregation, worshippers , and other members of the religious body, and its deity or deities, and administering religious rituals and rites. These often include blessing worshipers with prayers of joy at marriages, after

3822-409: The early Bronze Age . In general, such graves were mostly occupied by males in the eastern Don-Volga steppes, while they were more egalitarian in the western Dnieper-Donets region. Linguistics has allowed for the reliable reconstruction of a large number of words relating to kinship relations. These all agree in exhibiting a patriarchal , patrilocal and patrilineal social fabric. Patrilocality

3920-541: The imāms and the mullāhs . A Mandaean priest refers to an ordained religious leader in Mandaeism . In Mandaean scriptures , priests are referred to as Naṣuraiia ( Naṣoraeans ). All priests must undergo lengthy ordination ceremonies, beginning with tarmida initiation. Mandaean religious leaders and copyists of religious texts hold the title Rabbi or in Arabic ' Sheikh '. All Mandaean communities traditionally require

4018-564: The root KWN/KON כ-ו-ן 'to stand, to be ready, established' in the sense of "someone who stands ready before God", and has cognates in other Semitic languages , e.g. Phoenician KHN 𐤊𐤄𐤍 "priest" or Arabic kahin كاهن "priest". Since the destruction of the Second Temple , and (therefore) the cessation of the daily and seasonal temple ceremonies and sacrifices, kohanim have become much less prominent. In traditional Judaism ( Orthodox Judaism and to some extent, Conservative Judaism )

Possible Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-604: The sacrament of Holy Orders , although "presbyter" is also used. Since the Protestant Reformation , non-sacramental denominations are more likely to use the term " elder " to refer to their pastors. The Christian term "priest" does not have an entry in the Anchor Bible Dictionary , but the dictionary does deal with the above-mentioned terms under the entry for "Sheep, Shepherd.". The most significant liturgical acts reserved to priests in these traditions are

4214-540: The secular clergy —bishops, priests, and deacons who are not members of religious orders—are permitted to marry before or after ordination (although in most provinces they are not permitted to marry a person of the same sex ). The Anglican churches, unlike the Roman Catholic or Eastern Christian traditions, have allowed the ordination of women as priests (referred to as "priests" not "priestesses") in some provinces since 1971. This practice remains controversial, however;

4312-605: The Christian Nobility of the German Nation in order to dismiss the medieval Christian belief that Christians were to be divided into two classes: "spiritual" and "temporal" or non-spiritual. Conservative Lutheran reforms are reflected in the theological and practical view of the ministry of the church. Much of European Lutheranism follows the traditional Catholic governance of deacon, presbyter, and bishop. The Lutheran archbishops of Finland, Sweden, etc. and Baltic countries are

4410-709: The Danube-Donets region after the first migration gave way to the Cernavodă (4000–3200), Usatovo (3500–2500), Mikhaylovka (3600–3000) and Kemi Oba (3700–2200) cultures, from west to east respectively. The Yamnaya horizon , associated with the Late Proto-Indo-European language (following both the Anatolian and Tocharian splits), originated in the Don - Volga region before spreading westwards after 3300 BCE, establishing

4508-509: The Nahuatl language did not have the voiced consonants "g" or "d", it was likely that the name had originally been a Nahuatl word which was later misheard by Spaniards as “Guadalupe”. He proposed that the original name could have been " tequantlanopeuh " which he translated as "She who originated from the summit of the rocks". Father Mario Rojas Sánchez who translated the Nicān Mopōhua suggested

4606-514: The Nahuatl name " Tlecuauhtlapeupeuh ," which he translates as "She who emerges from the region of light like the Eagle from fire". Scholar Jeanette Rodríguez, citing Xavier Escalada, notes "the Nahuatl language does not contain the letters d and g; therefore Our Lady's name could not have been "Guadalupe". She also presents the theory that Juan Diego and his uncle called the Virgin "Tlecuauhtlacupeuh", saying "The Nahuatl understanding of 'Tlecuauhtlacupeuh'

4704-399: The Proto-Indo-European legal system. For instance, the word * serk - ('to make a circle, complete') designated a type of compensation where the father (or master) had to either pay for the damages caused by his son (or slave), or surrender the perpetrator to the offended party. It is attested by a common legal and linguistic origin in both Roman and Hittite laws . Another root denoting

4802-534: The Western tradition Confirmation is ordinarily celebrated by a bishop . In the East, Chrismation is performed by the priest (using oil specially consecrated by a bishop) immediately after Baptism, and Unction is normally performed by several priests (ideally seven), but may be performed by one if necessary. In the West, Holy Baptism may be celebrated by anyone. The Vatican catechism states that "According to Latin tradition,

4900-482: The Yamnaya horizon, and eventually to the emergence of a guest-host political structure. As various herding clans began to move across the steppes, especially during harsh seasons, it became necessary to regulate local migrations on the territories of tribes which had likely restricted these obligations to their kins or co-residents (* h₂erós ) until then. In Proto-Indo-European, the term * ghós-ti -, whose original meaning must have been "table companion", could either mean

4998-456: The actual threefold immersion together with the scriptural words may be performed by a layperson or deacon. The remainder of the rite, and Chrismation , must still be performed by a priest, if the person survives. The only sacrament which may be celebrated only by a bishop is that of Ordination ( cheirotonia , "Laying-on of Hands"), or Holy Orders . In these traditions, only men who meet certain requirements may become priests. In Catholicism,

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5096-699: The administration of the Sacraments , including the celebration of the Holy Mass or Divine Liturgy (the terms for the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin and Byzantine traditions, respectively), and the Sacrament of Reconciliation , also called Confession . The sacraments of Anointing of the Sick ( Extreme Unction ) and Confirmation are also administered by priests, though in

5194-564: The age of 12 can be ordained to the priesthood. However, prior to a policy change in 1978 , the LDS Church did not ordain men or boys who were of black African descent. The LDS Church does not ordain women to any of its priesthood offices. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ), the second largest denomination of the movement, began ordaining women to all of its priesthood offices in 1984. This decision

5292-473: The chieftains were titled goði , a word meaning "priest". As seen in the saga of Hrafnkell Freysgoði , however, being a priest consisted merely of offering periodic sacrifices to the Norse gods and goddesses; it was not a full-time role, nor did it involve ordination. In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by human election or human choice. In Judaism, the priesthood is inherited in familial lines. In

5390-688: The clan, * h₂erós means a 'member of one's own group', 'one who belongs to the community' (in contrast to an outsider). It gave way to the Indo-Iranian * árya (an endonym ), and probably to the Celtic * aryos ('noble, freeman'), the Hittite arā- ('peer, companion'), and the Germanic * arjaz ('noble, distinguished'). It is unlikely however that the term had an ethnic connotation, and we do not know if Proto-Indo-European speakers had

5488-471: The classic (post- Anatolian ) Proto-Indo-European language, showed the first traces of cereal cultivation after 4000, in the context of a slow and partial diffusion of farming from the western parts of the steppes to the east. Around 3700–3300, a second migration wave of proto-Tocharian speakers towards South Siberia led to the emergence of the Afanasievo culture (3300–2500). The spoke-less wheeled wagon

5586-458: The earliest of times and in the simplest societies, most likely as a result of agricultural surplus and consequent social stratification . The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in many early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of Judaism , Christianity , Buddhism , Shinto , and Hinduism . They are generally regarded as having privileged contact with

5684-456: The eastern Pontic–Caspian steppe starting around 5,000 BC. Steppe economies underwent a revolutionary change between 4200 and 3300 BCE, in a shift from a partial reliance on herding, when domesticated animals were probably used principally as a ritual currency for public sacrifices, to a later regular dietary dependence on cattle, and either sheep or goat meat and dairy products. The Late Khvalynsk and Repin cultures (3900–3300), associated with

5782-451: The eastern Balkans, to Khvalynsk , near the Volga river . Around 4500, a minority of richly decorated single graves, partly enriched by imported copper items, began to appear in the steppes, contrasting with the remaining outfitted graves. The Anatolian distinctive sub-family may have emerged from a first wave of Indo-European migration into southeastern Europe around 4200–4000, coinciding with

5880-507: The elder brother of Moses . In Exodus 30:22–25 God instructs Moses to make a holy anointing-oil to consecrate the priests "for all of eternity". During the times of the two Jewish Temples in Jerusalem , the Aaronic priests performed the daily and special Jewish-holiday offerings and sacrifices within the temples; these offerings are known as the korbanot . In Hebrew, the word for "priest"

5978-648: The emperor, called Nyōgo in Japanese. The Saiin order of priestesses existed throughout the Heian and Kamakura periods. Proto-Indo-European society Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Indo-European society

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6076-568: The evolution of the Proto-Indo-European language : Domesticated cattle were introduced around 4700 BCE from the Danube valley to the Volga - Ural steppes where the Early Khvalynsk culture (4900–3900) had emerged, associated by Anthony with the Early Proto-Indo-European language . Cattle and sheep were more important in ritual sacrifices than in diet, suggesting that a new set of cults and rituals had spread eastward across

6174-460: The family, the * dems-potis ('master of the household'), and could also consist of his children, grandchildren, and perhaps unrelated slaves or servants. His wife probably also played a complementary role: some evidence suggest that she would have kept her position as the mistress (* pot-n-ih₂ ) of the household in the event her husband dies, while the eldest son would have become the new master. The Proto-Indo-European expansionist kinship system

6272-469: The feast was called the * ghosti-potis , the 'lord of the guests', who honoured the immortal gods and his mortal guests with gifts of food, drink, and poetry. Vertical social inequalities were partly balanced by horizontal mutual obligations of hospitality between guests and hosts. According to Anthony, the domestication of horses and the introduction of the wagon in the Pontic-Caspian steppe between 4500 and 3500 BCE led to an increase in mobility across

6370-699: The historic national primates and some ancient cathedrals and parishes in the Lutheran church were constructed many centuries before the Reformation. Indeed, ecumenical work within the Anglican Communion and among Scandinavian Lutherans mutually recognize the historic apostolic legitimacy and full communion . Likewise in America, Lutherans have embraced the apostolic succession of bishops in the full communion with Episcopalians and most Lutheran ordinations are performed by

6468-561: The keys of the priesthood. The priesthood is formally known as the "Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God", but to avoid the too frequent use of the name of deity, the priesthood is referred to as the Melchizedek priesthood ( Melchizedek being the high priest to whom Abraham paid tithes). As an authority, the priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in

6566-419: The king. Public feasts sponsored by such patrons were a way for them to promote and secure a political hierarchy built on the unequal mobilization of labor and resources, by displaying their generosity towards the rest of the community. Rivals competed publicly through the size and complexity of their feasts, and alliances were confirmed by gift-giving and promises made during those public gatherings. The host of

6664-542: The more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word priest . While priest is the official title of a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide (retained by the Elizabethan Settlement), the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the Church of England ) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters). Even though both words mean 'elders' historically

6762-524: The name of God. Latter Day Saints believe that acts (and in particular, ordinances ) performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven, on earth, and in the afterlife. There is some variation among the Latter Day Saint denominations regarding who can be ordained to the priesthood. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), all worthy males above

6860-424: The nation's indigenous heritage. In addition to coatlaxopeuh many other proposed Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe have been suggested, but in the devotional literature coatlaxopeuh remains the most accepted. The earliest suggestion that the word "Guadalupe" was a corruption of an original Nahuatl word was by the priest Luis Becerra y Tanco in 1666. He proposed that since Juan Diego did not speak Spanish, and since

6958-462: The presence of a priest, since priests are required to officiate over all important religious rituals, including masbuta , masiqta , birth and wedding ceremonies. Priests also serve as teachers, scribes, and community leaders. There are three types of priests in Mandaeism : Priests have lineages based on the succession of ganzibria priests who had initiated them. Priestly lineages, which are distinct from birth lineages, are typically recorded in

7056-564: The principles of Yin-Yang 5 elements (fire, water, soil, wood, and metal p. 53) school of ancient Chinese philosophy, as they relate to marriage, death, festival cycles, and so on. The Taoist priest seeks to share the benefits of meditation with his or her community through public ritual and liturgy (p. 326). In the ancient priesthood before the Tang, the priest was called Jijiu ("libationer" p. 550), with both male and female practitioners selected by merit. The system gradually changed into

7154-533: The province of Estremadura and quite naturally were devoted to the local patroness. ...the devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe in Estremadura was reaching its peak at the time of the first contacts between Spain and the New World". Rodríguez adds that the name "To the Spaniards...reminded them of their Virgin at home. To the natives, it...referred to a sign that had come from their gods." This allowed each side to see in

7252-415: The religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, ruling out any other career. Many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases, it is a part-time role. For example, in the early history of Iceland

7350-439: The right and obligation to interact with the gods belonged to the pharaoh . He delegated this duty to priests, who were effectively bureaucrats authorized to act on his behalf. Priests staffed temples throughout Egypt, giving offerings to the cult images in which the gods were believed to take up residence and performing other rituals for their benefit. Little is known about what training may have been required of priests, and

7448-491: The sacred fire to the accompaniment of ritual chants. The Mobad also prepare drinks for the haoma ritual. In Indian Zoroastrianism , the priesthood is reserved for men and is a mostly hereditary position, but women have been ordained in Iran and North America as a mobedyar, meaning an assistant mobed. The Taoist priests (道士 "master of the Dao " p. 488) act as interpreters of

7546-458: The selection of personnel for positions was affected by a tangled set of traditions, although the pharaoh had the final say. In the New Kingdom of Egypt , when temples owned great estates, the high priests of the most important cult—that of Amun at Karnak —were important political figures. High-ranking priestly roles were usually held by men. Women were generally relegated to lower positions in

7644-456: The single term priest to translate presbyter and sacerdos came to be seen as a problem in English Bible translations . The presbyter is the minister who both presides and instructs a Christian congregation, while the sacerdos , offerer of sacrifices , or in a Christian context the eucharist , performs "mediatorial offices between God and man". The feminine English noun, priestess ,

7742-460: The spouses as ministers of Christ's grace mutually confer upon each other the sacrament of Matrimony ". Thus marriage is a sacrament administered by the couple to themselves, but may be witnessed and blessed by a deacon, or priest (who usually administers the ceremony). In the East, Holy Baptism and Marriage (which is called "Crowning") may be performed only by a priest. If a person is baptized in extremis (i.e., when in fear of immediate death), only

7840-531: The story something it "understood and valued, which would inevitably bring them together as a unifying force." Gloria Anzaldúa , in her book Borderlands / La Frontera , proposes the indigenous origin of Guadalupe as Coatlalopeuh , which she translates as "She Who Has Dominion over Serpents." She argues that because Coatlalopeuh sounds like Guadalupe , the Spanish saw Coatlalopeuh as parallel or identical to "the dark Virgin , Guadalupe , patroness of West Central Spain" (Page 27). Anzaldúa gives Coatlaxopeuh as

7938-551: The temple hierarchy, although some held specialized and influential positions, especially that of the God's Wife of Amun , whose religious importance overshadowed the High Priests of Amun in the Late Period . In ancient Rome and throughout Italy, the ancient sanctuaries of Ceres and Proserpina were invariably led by female sacerdotes , drawn from women of local and Roman elites. It

8036-521: The temple. There are special purohitas who perform only funeral rites. In many cases, a purohita also functions as a pujari . While only men have traditionally been ordained as priests in the past, recent developments such as feminism in India have led to the opening of training schools for women to become priests. A Zoroastrian priest are called a Mobad and they officiate the Yasna , pouring libations into

8134-557: The term priest has been more associated with the " High Church " or Anglo-Catholic wing, whereas the term " minister " has been more commonly used in " Low Church " or Evangelical circles. The general priesthood or the priesthood of all believers , is a Christian doctrine derived from several passages of the New Testament . It is a foundational concept of Protestantism . It is this doctrine that Martin Luther adduces in his 1520 To

8232-462: The terms "reverend" and "pastor" interchangeably for ordained members of the clergy. Methodist clergy often have the title of pastor , minister , reverend , etc. In the Latter Day Saint movement , the priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man, including the authority to perform ordinances and to act as a leader in the church. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as

8330-446: The third wave of Indo-European migrations (3300–1500). Indo-Iranian languages were introduced to Central Asia, present-day Iran, and South Asia after 2000 BCE. It is generally agreed that Proto-Indo-European society was hierarchical, with some form of social ranking and various degrees of social status. It is unlikely, however, that they had a rigidly stratified structure, or castes such as are found in historical India. There

8428-506: The word Kahen to refer to a type non-hereditary cleric. Aaronic Kohanim also officiated at the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim . The Samaritan kohanim have retained their role as religious leaders. With the spread of Christianity and the formation of parishes , the Greek word ἱερεύς (hiereus), and Latin sacerdos , which Christians had since the 3rd century applied to bishops and only in

8526-697: Was a general distinction between free persons and slaves, typically prisoners of war or debtors unable to repay a debt. The free part of society was composed of an elite class of priests, kings and warriors, along with the commoners, with each tribe following a chief ( * wiḱpots ) sponsoring feasts and ceremonies, and immortalized in praise poetry. The presence of kurgan graves prominently decorated with dress, body ornaments and weaponry, along with well-attested roots for concepts such as "wealth" ( * h₂ép- ), "to be in need" ( * h₁eg- ) or "servant" ( * h₂entbʰi-kʷolos , "one who moves about on both sides"; and * h₂upo-sth₂-i/o- , "one standing below"), indicate that

8624-516: Was accompanied by a set of ritual actions that indebted the guest to show hospitality to his host at any time in the future. The obligation could even be heritable: Homer ’s warriors, Glaukos and Diomedes , stopped fighting and presented gifts to each other when they learned that their grandfathers had shared a guest-host relationship. Violations of the guest-host obligations were considered immoral, illegal and unholy: in Irish law , refusing hospitality

8722-533: Was coined in the 17th century, to refer to female priests of the pre-Christian religions of classical antiquity. In the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the women ordained in the Anglican communion , who are referred to as "priests", irrespective of gender, and the term priestess is generally considered archaic in Christianity. Webster's 1829 Dictionary stated "PRIEST, noun [Latin proestes,

8820-415: Was deemed a crime as serious as murder. The killing of a guest was also greeted with a singular revulsion, as was the abuse of hospitality. Because of the archaic nature of traditional legal phraseology—which preserves old forms and meaning for words—and the necessity for legal sentences to be uttered precisely the same way each time to remain binding, it is possible to securely reconstruct some elements of

8918-528: Was fairly high, with many individuals living to 50–60 years old. The language itself appeared as a dialect continuum during this period, meaning that neighbouring dialects differed only slightly between each other, whereas distant language varieties were probably no longer mutually intelligible due to accumulated divergences over space and time. As the steppe became dryer and colder between 3500 and 3000, herds needed to be moved more frequently in order to feed them sufficiently. Yamnaya distinctive identity

9016-455: Was however probably no public enforcement of justice, nor were there formal courts as we know them today. Contractual obligations were protected by private individuals acting as sureties: they pledged to be responsible for payments of debts incurred by someone else if the latter defaulted. In case of litigation, one could either take matter into their own hands, for instance by barring someone from accessing their property to compel payment, or bring

9114-546: Was introduced to the Pontic-Caspian steppe around 3500 from the neighbouring North Caucasian Maykop culture (3700–3000), with which Proto-Indo-Europeans traded wool and horses. Interactions with the hierarchical Maykop culture, itself influenced by the Mesopotamian Uruk culture , had notable social effects on the Proto-Indo-European way of life. Meanwhile, the Khvalynsk-influenced cultures that had emerged in

9212-518: Was likely related to a cult of ancestors requiring specific rituals and prayers, a connection between language and cult that introduced the Late Proto-Indo-European language to new speakers. Yamnaya chiefdoms had institutionalized differences in prestige and power, and their society was organized along patron-client reciprocity, a mutual exchange of gifts and favors between their patrons, the gods, and human clients. The average life expectancy

9310-426: Was likely supported by both marital exogamy (the inclusion of foreign women through marriage) and the exchange of foster children with other families and clans, as suggested by genetic evidence and later attestations from Indo-European-speaking groups. Once established, the family lasted as long as the male stock of its founder endured, and clan or tribal founders were often portrayed as mythical beings stemming from

9408-477: Was one of the reasons that led to a schism in the church, which prompted the formation of the independent Restoration Branches movement from which other denominations have sprung, including the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . Islam has no sacerdotal priesthood. There are, however, a variety of academic and administrative offices which have evolved to assist Muslims with this task, such as

9506-561: Was the only public priesthood attainable by Roman matrons and was held in great honor. A Roman matron was any mature woman of the upper class, married or unmarried. Females could serve public cult as Vestal Virgins but few were chosen, and then only from young maidens of the upper class. After the departure of the Israelites from Egypt , priests in ancient Israel were required by the Law of Moses to be direct patrileneal descendants of Aaron ,

9604-463: Was thus founded on mobile pastoralism , permitted by two earlier innovations: the introduction of the wheeled wagon and the domestication of the horse. Yamnaya herders likely watched over their cattle and raided on horseback, while they drove wagons for the bulk transport of water or food. Light-framework dwellings could be easily assembled and disassembled to be transported on pack animals. Another climate change that occurred after around 3000 led to

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