130-650: Co-op City (short for Cooperative City ) is a cooperative housing development located in the northeast section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City . It is bounded by Interstate 95 to the southwest, west, and north and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the east and southeast, and is partially in the Baychester and Eastchester neighborhoods. With 43,752 residents as of the 2010 United States Census , it
260-404: A 13-screen multiplex movie theater, department stores, and a supermarket. The development was built on landfill, and the original marshland still surrounds it. The building foundations extend down to bedrock through 50,000 pilings, but the land surrounding Co-op's structures settles and sinks a fraction of an inch each year, creating cracks in sidewalks and entrances to buildings. Most streets in
390-463: A C7 district, reserved "for large open amusement parks". The zoning district is a holdover from Freedomland's operation. In February 1965, plans were announced for the residential Co-op City development, the world's largest housing cooperative , on the site. The plans for Co-op City were announced in May 1965, with no provisions for an amusement park. Construction on Co-op City began in May 1966. While much of
520-465: A city" also has eight parking garages, three shopping centers, a 25-acre (0.10 km) educational park, including a high school, two middle schools, and three grade schools. More than 40 offices are rented by doctors, lawyers, and other professionals, and there are 15 houses of worship. Spread throughout the community are six nursery schools and day care centers, four basketball courts, and five baseball diamonds. The adjacent Bay Plaza Shopping Center has
650-443: A comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however. With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain affordable housing . A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that
780-443: A comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however. With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain affordable housing . A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that
910-421: A compromise was finally reached, with mediation from then- Bronx Borough President Robert Abrams and then- New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo . Cooperators would remit $ 20 million in back payments of maintenance fees, but they would get to take over management of the complex and set their own fees. The shares of stock that prospective purchasers bought to enable them to occupy Co-op City apartments became
1040-413: A cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25 thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022, implemented by Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities . In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There
1170-413: A cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25 thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022, implemented by Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities . In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There
1300-454: A formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset
1430-454: A formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset
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#17330849129701560-463: A housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock. Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to
1690-418: A housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock. Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to
1820-460: A low population of residents who are uninsured . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 7%, lower than the citywide rate of 14%, though this was based on a small sample size. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in Community District 10 is 0.0075 milligrams per cubic metre (7.5 × 10 oz/cu ft), the same as
1950-458: A manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance. In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from condominiums where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into
2080-458: A manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance. In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from condominiums where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into
2210-520: A mortgage loan from New York State Housing Finance Agency . The community is part of Bronx Community District 10 and its ZIP Code is 10475. Nearby attractions include Pelham Bay Park , Orchard Beach and City Island . Co-op City's 15,372 residential units are composed of 35 high-rise buildings and seven clusters of townhouses, making it the largest residential development in the United States. It sits on 320 acres (1.3 km), though only 20% of
2340-589: A non-fatal assault rate of 53 per 100,000 people, Community District 10's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 243 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole. The 45th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 67% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported five murders, 13 rapes, 235 robberies, 265 felony assaults, 108 burglaries, 609 grand larcenies, and 323 grand larcenies auto in 2022. The Co-op City Department of Public Safety
2470-563: A part of the Australian social housing / community housing sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs. One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of Victoria . CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes. Common Equity, in
2600-458: A part of the Australian social housing / community housing sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs. One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of Victoria . CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes. Common Equity, in
2730-527: A partial collapse in one garage, inspectors found 5 of the 8 garages to be unsafe and ordered them closed for extensive repairs. The other 3 garages were able to remain partially open during repairs. To deal with the parking crisis, New York City allowed angled parking in the community, the large greenways in the complex were paved over to make outdoor parking lots and agreements were made with nearby shopping centers to use their extra parking spaces. All garages were re-opened by January 2008, and work began to restore
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#17330849129702860-404: A rental setting. However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is nonprofit , so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. In some cases, the co-op follows Rochdale Principles where each shareholder has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as limited stock companies where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by
2990-404: A rental setting. However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is nonprofit , so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. In some cases, the co-op follows Rochdale Principles where each shareholder has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as limited stock companies where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by
3120-410: A result of the continued presence of the amusement park zoning lot at Bartow and Baychester Avenues, there were no restrictions on the heights of signs on that lot. In late 2017, the site's owner began erecting tall LED billboards on the lot, a move opposed by Co-op City residents since one of the billboards faced Co-op City, keeping residents awake at night. The following year, residents proposed changing
3250-401: A type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use. In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in
3380-401: A type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use. In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in
3510-461: Is a legal term used in the Scandinavian countries ( Sweden , Denmark , and Norway ) for a type of joint ownership of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents
3640-407: Is a legal term used in the Scandinavian countries ( Sweden , Denmark , and Norway ) for a type of joint ownership of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents
3770-530: Is a legal entity which owns real estate consisting of one or more residential buildings. The entity is usually a cooperative or a corporation and constitutes a form of housing tenure . Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting . The cooperative
3900-834: Is a privately owned and operated security force that protects the residents, visitors and property of Co-op City only. The Co-op City Department of Public Safety currently employs more than 100 Public Safety officers and 10 civilian employees. Co-op City is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 66/Ladder Co. 61 fire station at 21 Asch Loop. As of 2018, preterm births are more common in Community District 10 than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Community District 10, there were 110 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.3 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Community District 10 has
4030-501: Is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 20% are between the ages of between 0–17, 26% between 25–44, and 27% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 18% respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 10 was $ 59,522. In 2018, an estimated 14% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of
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4160-735: Is also located in Morris Park. Co-op City is located within ZIP Code 10475. The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Co-op City: The largest open space in Co-op City itself is the Greenway, which is located in the superblock connecting all of the buildings. The majority of Co-op City was built atop Rattlesnake Creek , a small stream that emptied into the Hutchinson River to
4290-467: Is being used to describe this period in Co-op City history. Many of these efforts are also helping in the "greening" of the complex: the power-plant will be less polluting, the buildings will be more efficient and recycling efforts will become more extensive. The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) awarded its largest ever grant—$ 5.2 million—to the community under its NY Energy $ mart Assisted Multifamily Program. In 2003, after
4420-540: Is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned apartments in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole. A living cooperation ( wooncoöperatie ) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015. "Company-share" apartments operate in
4550-540: Is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned apartments in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole. A living cooperation ( wooncoöperatie ) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015. "Company-share" apartments operate in
4680-412: Is currently managed by Douglas Elliman Property Management. There are two weekly newspapers serving the community: Co-op City Times (the official RiverBay paper) and City News . When Co-op City first opened, the original residents were required to pay $ 450 per room in equity and subsequently $ 25 per room in carrying charges. As of November 15, 2022, people who applied to live in Co-op City must meet
4810-410: Is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in
4940-410: Is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in
5070-467: Is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership. Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives
5200-467: Is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership. Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives
5330-423: Is no pay for serving on the board. The corporation employs over 1000 people and has 32 administrative and operational departments to serve the development. The complex has its own Public Safety Department with more than 100 sworn officers. In December 2007, the cable television company Cablevision gave RiverBay permission to use its fiber optic cables in order to install additional surveillance cameras throughout
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5460-1228: Is re-couped is that very low purchase price. Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city. Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster. Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing. They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing. Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally
5590-1179: Is re-couped is that very low purchase price. Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city. Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster. Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing. They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing. Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally
5720-408: Is similar to a lease . In equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules. The word cooperative is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain
5850-408: Is similar to a lease . In equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules. The word cooperative is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain
5980-430: Is that the members, through their elected representatives , screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which
6110-430: Is that the members, through their elected representatives , screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which
6240-586: Is the largest housing cooperative in the world. It is in New York City Council District 12. Co-op City was formerly marshland before being occupied by an amusement park called Freedomland U.S.A. from 1960 to 1964. Construction began in 1966 and the first residents moved in two years later, though the project was not completed until 1973. The construction of the community was sponsored by the United Housing Foundation and financed with
6370-561: Is the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", about the same as the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Community District 10, there are 7 bodegas . The nearest large hospitals are Calvary Hospital , Montefiore Medical Center 's Jack D. Weiler Hospital, and NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi in Morris Park . The Albert Einstein College of Medicine campus
6500-427: Is usually a cooperative or a corporation and constitutes a form of housing tenure . Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting . The cooperative
6630-587: Is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state. Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than
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#17330849129706760-423: Is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state. Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than
6890-553: The GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen (Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations). The Housing cooperative project in Egypt aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters. In addition, these units are offered at
7020-447: The GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen (Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations). The Housing cooperative project in Egypt aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters. In addition, these units are offered at
7150-547: The Hutchinson River Parkway was a large swampy area known by residents as "the dump", and most of the land on the north side of the Hutchinson River was flat land used for recreation. The land to the south of the Hutchinson River (now Section 5 of Co-op City) was swampland. A tidal estuary reached from the Hutchinson River at the New Haven Railroad along a route just north of Hunter and Boller Avenue to pass under
7280-650: The New Zealand housing system . In the Philippines , a tenant-owner's association often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are transformed into condominiums. A tenant-owner's association ( Swedish : bostadsrättsförening , Norwegian : borettslag , Danish : andelsboligforening )
7410-544: The New Zealand housing system . In the Philippines , a tenant-owner's association often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are transformed into condominiums. A tenant-owner's association ( Swedish : bostadsrättsförening , Norwegian : borettslag , Danish : andelsboligforening )
7540-624: The United States , housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or LLCs and are found in abundance in the area from Madison, Wisconsin , to the New York metropolitan area . There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of
7670-474: The United States , housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or LLCs and are found in abundance in the area from Madison, Wisconsin , to the New York metropolitan area . There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of
7800-422: The apartment , and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children),
7930-422: The apartment , and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children),
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#17330849129708060-489: The Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 45% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Community District 10 is considered high-income relative to
8190-646: The Bronx, with African American and Hispanic residents comprising the majority of residents by 1987. In the 1990s, after the fall of the Soviet Union , the neighborhood received an influx of former Eastern Bloc émigrés , especially from Russia and Albania . Community District 10 is patrolled by the 45th Precinct of the NYPD , located at 2877 Barkley Avenue in Throggs Neck. The 45th Precinct ranked 28th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. As of 2018, with
8320-516: The Freedomland site and some of the surrounding land was infilled, several existing houses were retained along Givans Creek (near Section 5 of Co-op City) because of opposition from residents there. These houses received sewage and other utilities, though these projects were delayed. There was a controversy when Co-op City builders filled the land to grade, because the existing houses were located as much as 12 feet (3.7 m) below grade, and filling for
8450-507: The Hutchinson River Parkway. The estuary was the site of boat yards and canoe rental sites during the 1950s. The northern portion of the site became the home of a 205-acre theme park named Freedomland U.S.A. Freedomland operated from June 19, 1960 until September 1964, when it closed after going bankrupt. A small portion of the former park site at the northeast corner of Bartow and Baychester Avenues in Co-op City remains zoned as
8580-660: The UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative. Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through North American Students of Cooperation . Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative and Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative opened in 2014 and Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of Students for Cooperation . In
8710-660: The UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative. Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through North American Students of Cooperation . Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative and Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative opened in 2014 and Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of Students for Cooperation . In
8840-555: The University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized into similar networks. The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out
8970-452: The University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized into similar networks. The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out
9100-480: The agreement that Co-op City would remain in the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program for at least seven more years as a concession on the arrears and that any rehabilitation that Co-op City took on to improve the original poor construction (which happened under New York State's watch) would earn credit toward eliminating the debt. By 2008, RiverBay had submitted enough proof of construction repairs to pay off
9230-517: The balance of arrears to New York State. Within the first decade of the 2000s, the aging development began undergoing a complex-wide $ 240 million renovation, replacing piping and garbage compactors, rehabilitating garages and roofs, upgrading the power plant, making facade and terrace repairs, switching to energy-efficient lighting and water-conserving technologies, replacing all 130,000 windows and 4,000 terrace doors (costing $ 57.9 million in material and labor) and all 179 elevators. The word "renaissance"
9360-502: The city average. Fourteen percent of Community District 10 residents are smokers , which is the same as the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Community District 10, 24% of residents are obese , 13% are diabetic , and 37% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty-seven percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which
9490-517: The community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas. Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called
9620-419: The community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas. Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called
9750-429: The community are named after notable historical personalities. Generally, streets in section one begin with the letter "D", section two begins with the letter "C", section three with the letter "A", section four with the letter "B" and section five with the letter "E". Other streets include: In the 1920s the land that would become Co-op City had been set aside, intended for a future municipal airport. The land north of
9880-535: The community's needs will be sold back to the electrical grid, adding another source of income for RiverBay. In September 2007, a report by the New York Inspector General, Kristine Hamann, charged that the Division of Housing and Community Renewal (DHCR), which is responsible for overseeing Mitchell-Lama developments, was negligent in its duties to supervise the contracting, financial reporting, budgeting and
10010-513: The complex to be viewed at the Public Safety Command Center. In 2008, trained supervisors were granted the power to write summonses for parking and noise violations and Segways were acquired – along with bikes – to help the officers patrol during the warmer months. Co-op City was managed by Marion Scott Real Estate, Inc. from October 1999 to November 2014. Before then the property was run by in-house general managers. The development
10140-436: The complex's corporation itself was later changed to RiverBay at Co-op City. The construction of the community was financed with a mortgage loan from New York State Housing Finance Agency (HFA). The complex defaulted on the loan in 1975 and has had ongoing agreements to pay back HFA. Mismanagement, shoddy construction, and corruption led to the community's defaulting on its loan in 1975. The original Kazan board resigned, and
10270-436: The cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to
10400-436: The cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to
10530-445: The cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating surpluses; fees on
10660-445: The cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating surpluses; fees on
10790-535: The east. A small nature preserve called the Givans Creek Woods is located at the northern portion of Co-op City, near the intersection of Baychester Avenue and Co-op City Boulevard. Despite its name, which is derived from Scottish immigrant Robert Givan, it is located above Rattlesnake Creek. Housing cooperative A housing cooperative , or housing co-op , is a legal entity which owns real estate consisting of one or more residential buildings. The entity
10920-836: The eight middle-class housing projects built by the US government between 1940 and 1942 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency . There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , Minnesota , and more. Housing cooperative A housing cooperative , or housing co-op ,
11050-468: The electricity brought in from Con Edison to a 40-megawatt tri-generation facility with the ability to use oil, gas or steam (depending on market conditions) to power turbines to produce its own energy. The final cost of this energy independence could be as much as $ 90 million, but it is hoped to pay for itself with the savings earned—with conservative estimates at $ 18 million annually—within several years. Also, whatever excess power generated after satisfying
11180-514: The enforcement of regulations in Co-op City (and other M-L participants) during the period of January 2003 to October 2006. The report also chided Marion Scott management for trying to influence the RiverBay Board by financing election candidates and providing jobs and sports tickets to Board members and their family/friends—all violations of DHCR and/or RiverBay regulations. The DHCR was instructed to overhaul its system of oversight to better protect
11310-587: The flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing Societies. for additional information. In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative: A housing corporation ( woningcorporatie ) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in
11440-533: The flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing Societies. for additional information. In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative: A housing corporation ( woningcorporatie ) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in
11570-450: The following requirements. The following requirements depend on the number of rooms and number of residents. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Co-Op City was 43,752, an increase of 3,076 (7.6%) from the 40,676 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 857.55 acres (347.04 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 51.0 inhabitants per acre (32,600/sq mi; 12,600/km). The racial makeup of
11700-502: The greenways that had been paved. Financial responsibility for these upgrades was the subject of a protracted dispute between RiverBay and the State of New York. Co-op City was developed under New York's Mitchell-Lama Program , which subsidizes affordable housing . RiverBay charged that the state should help with the costs because of severe infrastructure failures stemming from the development's original shoddy construction, which occurred under
11830-423: The land was developed, leaving many green spaces. The apartment buildings range from 24 to 33 floors. There are four types of buildings: 10 Triple Core (26 stories high with 500 apartment units per building), 10 chevron (24 stories, 414 units), 15 tower (33 stories, 384 units), and 236 town houses. The townhouses are three stories high and have a separate garden apartment and upper duplex apartment. This "city within
11960-458: The lot's zoning to a standard commercial use. A tall wind turbine was erected on the lot in December 2019. The turbine toppled later that month, knocking down the billboard, but causing no injuries. RiverBay Corporation is the corporation that operates the community and is led by a 15-member board of directors. As a cooperative development, the tenants run the complex through this elected board. There
12090-482: The main development caused storm runoff to flood the existing houses. Residents began moving in during December 1968, and construction was completed in 1973. The project was sponsored and built by the United Housing Foundation , an organization established in 1951 by Abraham Kazan and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America , and was designed by cooperative architect Herman J. Jessor . The name of
12220-714: The maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations. Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options. In the Industrialisation in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in
12350-605: The maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations. Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options. In the Industrialisation in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in
12480-406: The membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession of their homes. A housing cooperative is normally de facto non-profit , since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in
12610-406: The membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession of their homes. A housing cooperative is normally de facto non-profit , since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in
12740-695: The municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of Montreuil after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another. The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to
12870-583: The municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of Montreuil after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another. The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to
13000-587: The neighborhood was 8.5% (3,723) White , 60.5% (26,452) African American , 0.2% (108) Native American , 1.2% (522) Asian , 0.0% (7) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (125) from other races , and 1.6% (681) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.7% (12,134) of the population. The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises City Island, Co-op City, Country Club, Pelham Bay, Schuylerville, Throgs Neck and Westchester Square, had 121,868 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.1 years. This
13130-488: The other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders. Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative association . In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which
13260-488: The other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders. Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative association . In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which
13390-445: The person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the co-operative. The board of directors is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on
13520-445: The person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the co-operative. The board of directors is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on
13650-419: The purchaser to live in an apartment in Co-op City because they are not federally-regulated shares of commercial stock . In 2004, Co-op City was financially unable to continue payments to HFA due to the huge costs of emergency repairs. New York Community Bank helped RiverBay satisfy its $ 57 million mortgage obligation, except for $ 95 million in arrears, by refinancing the loan later that same year. This led to
13780-587: The rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland . The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in
13910-530: The rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland . The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in
14040-461: The remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes. In Finland , by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as limited companies (Finnish asunto-osakeyhtiö ) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to
14170-406: The remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes. In Finland , by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as limited companies (Finnish asunto-osakeyhtiö ) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to
14300-443: The residents and taxpayer money. In October 2007, a former board president, Iris Herskowitz Baez, and a former painting contractor, Nickhoulas Vitale, pleaded guilty to involvement in a kickback scheme. While on the RiverBay Board, Baez steered $ 3.5 million in subsidized painting contracts for needed work in Co-op City apartments, to Vitale's company, Stadium Interior Painting, in exchange for $ 100,000 in taxpayer money. Herskowitz Baez
14430-399: The rest of the city and not gentrifying . Because of its large senior citizen block—well over 8,300 residents above the age of sixty as of 2007—it is considered the largest naturally occurring retirement community (NORC) in the nation and its Senior Services Program has extensive outreach to help its aging residents, most of whom moved in as workers and remained after retiring. Co-op City
14560-428: The right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with student cooperatives in some college and university communities across the United States. As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as
14690-428: The right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with student cooperatives in some college and university communities across the United States. As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as
14820-526: The routine intervention of a mediator who could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution. The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility. Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are
14950-477: The routine intervention of a mediator who could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution. The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility. Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are
15080-529: The sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages. There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: John Lennon , for instance, lived in The Dakota , a housing co-operative, and most apartments in New York City that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a condominium arrangement. There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate,
15210-477: The sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages. There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: John Lennon , for instance, lived in The Dakota , a housing co-operative, and most apartments in New York City that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a condominium arrangement. There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate,
15340-491: The second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world, VAK ("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in Amsterdam . Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of household dwellings (apartments and houses). A (house) owners' association ( Vereniging van Eigenaren , VvE)
15470-440: The second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world, VAK ("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in Amsterdam . Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of household dwellings (apartments and houses). A (house) owners' association ( Vereniging van Eigenaren , VvE)
15600-407: The share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of
15730-407: The share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of
15860-435: The state of NSW , is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long. In 2013, the opening of La Maison des Babayagas , an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from
15990-435: The state of NSW , is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long. In 2013, the opening of La Maison des Babayagas , an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from
16120-440: The state took over control. Cooperators, faced with a 25-percent increase in their monthly maintenance fees, organized residents to refuse to pay their monthly maintenance fees. New York State threatened to foreclose on the property and evict the residents, which would mean the loss of their equity. However, cooperators stayed united and held out for 13 months (the longest and largest strike of its kind in United States history) before
16250-425: The subject of protracted litigation, culminating in a United States Supreme Court decision United Housing Foundation, Inc. v. Forman , 421 U.S. 837 (1975). 57 residents sued because they had been charged for costs that were not described in a 1965 Information Bulletin seeking to attract residents for apartments in Co-op City. The Supreme Court held that federal courts have no jurisdiction of shares of stock that allow
16380-419: The supervision of the state. The state countered that RiverBay was responsible for the costs because of its lack of maintenance over the years. In the end, a compromise had the state supplying money and RiverBay refinancing the mortgage, borrowing $ 480 million from New York Community Bank in 2004, to cover the rest of the capital costs. In 2007, the power plant was in the process of upgrading from solely managing
16510-399: The wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make business decisions. In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a board of directors from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the annual general meeting . In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by
16640-399: The wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make business decisions. In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a board of directors from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the annual general meeting . In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by
16770-466: Was home to a large Jewish community during its early years, as well as Italian Americans and Irish Americans ; many of them had relocated from other areas of the Bronx, such as the Grand Concourse . With African Americans making up a large minority, the community became known for its ethnic diversity. As early tenants grew older and moved away, the newer residents reflected the current population of
16900-533: Was sentenced to 6 months in jail and 12 months' probation and given a $ 10,000 fine in March 2008. During January 2015 , an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease sickened 8 people near Co-op City's cooling towers. Twelve people were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease between December 2014 and the end of the outbreak in January 2015. Another outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in 2018 sickened three people, one of whom died. As
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