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82-599: The Club Deportivo Potosino is a sports club located in the city of San Luis Potosí , in the Mexican state of the same name. Founded in 1940, it is the oldest sports club in the city, nationally renowned for its high performance in various sports disciplines such as swimming and tennis. The club is commonly referenced as the birthplace of the Michelada , with claims stating that a member called Michel Ésper used to order his daily beer with salt and lemon juice, eventually giving origin to

164-467: A constitution actually led to a conservative revolt against him led by General Echegaray . He resigned in favor of Manuel Robles Pezuela on 23 December. On 30 December a conservative junta in Mexico City elected General Miguel Miramón as president. President Miramón's most important military priority was now the capture of Veracruz, the liberals' stronghold. He left the capital on February 16, leading

246-448: A day to help them expand their mining efforts. Currently the Huichol people are trying to find outside groups to help them in the conservation of their land and culture by protecting this mountain. The coat of arms of the state shows Louis IX of France, after whom the state was named, standing on a hill in the town of Cerro de San Pedro , where gold and silver were discovered. The state

328-548: A government mandated oath upholding the new constitution, which left Catholic civil servants with the choice of losing their jobs or being excommunicated. General Félix Zuloaga led army troops to the capital and closed congress and issued the Plan of Tacubaya on December 17, 1857. The constitution was nullified, President Comonfort was initially signed onto the plan and was retained in the presidency and given emergency powers. Some liberal politicians were arrested, including President of

410-475: A loan with the United States. He was reported to despair of Mexico's situation and saw some form of protection from the United States as the way forward and the way to prevent a resurgence of Spanish colonialism. Correspondence between Melchor Ocampo and Santos Degollado discussing Lerdo's attempt to negotiate a loan was captured and published by conservatives. Degollado was later to advocate mediation through

492-571: A manufacturing presence in San Luis Potosí since 1980 and employs nearly 2,000 people there. ABB Group multinational in Mexico moved its headquarters from Mexico City to San Luis Potosí in 2007. Throughout the state, major industrial parks can be seen, especially in highly urbanized areas such as the capital, San Luis Potosí, and other major cities. The minimum wage in the state is 66.45 pesos per day as of 2015. The state of San Luis Potosí reports

574-810: A military command. Former conservative president during the Reform War Manuel Robles Pezuela was also executed in 1862 by the Juarez government for attempting to help the French. Seeing the intervention as an opportunity to undo the Reform, conservative generals and statesmen who had played a role during the War of the Reform joined the French and a conservative assembly voted in 1863 to invite Habsburg Archduke Maximilian to become Emperor of Mexico. The Emperor, however, proved to be of liberal inclinations and ended up ratifying

656-538: A new document more in accord with Mexican interests. In response, congress deposed President Comonfort, but Zuloaga's troops entered the capital on the 18th and dissolved congress. The following day, Comonfort accepted the Plan of Tacubaya, and released a manifesto making the case that more moderate reforms were needed under the current circumstances. The Plan of Tacubaya did not lead to a national reconciliation, and as Comonfort realized this he began to back away from Zuloaga and

738-637: A plant under construction, San Luis Potosí Assembly , to employ up to 1,800 people which will have the capacity to produce up to 160,000 vehicles per year, or about 440 cars per day. The new plant in San Luis Potosí is an important pillar of the BMW Group's global production strategy who aim to achieve a balance in our production and sales in the different world regions. Its grand opening on June 7, 2019, created 1,500 jobs, eco friendly by being supplied with 100% of CO2 free electricity, and produce 150,000 (3 series model only) vehicles annually. Cummins has also had

820-412: A population of 2,822,255 people. The population growth rate from 2010 to 2013 was about 3.6%. The state's population is relatively young, 60% of its residents being under 30 years of age. The state reports a life expectancy rate similar to the national average, that is, 72 years for men, and 77 years of age for women. Regarding cultural and ethnic diversity, 15% of the state population is indigenous, and

902-585: A pretext, and with the American Civil War preventing the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine , Napoleon III invaded Mexico in 1862, and sought local help in setting up a monarchical client state. Former liberal president Ignacio Comonfort , who had played such a key role in the outbreak of the Reform War, was killed in action that year, having returned to the country to fight the French, and having been given

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984-416: A publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " San Luis Potosí (state) ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 152. Reform War [REDACTED] 78,570 [REDACTED] 8,713 103 Americans killed by Mexican liberals The Reform War , or War of Reform ( Spanish : Guerra de Reforma ), also known as

1066-431: A subsidiary of Canadian company New Gold , announced plans to start open pit mining at Cerro San Pedro . There was major opposition to the project, but in 2007, the mine started operating, and was still both active and disputed as of 2016. One of the mountains within the state's declared National Sacred Site, Wirikuta , is being purchased for silver mining by a Canadian company, First Majestic Silver . The mountain

1148-435: A war council, including in it prominent citizens to meet the crisis and by November 5 it was resolved to fight until the end. The conservatives were not struggling with a shortage of funds, due to looting the british legation of $ 700,000, but with increasing defections. Nonetheless, Miramon gained a victory when he attacked the liberal headquarters of Toluca on 9 December, in which almost all of their forces were captured. With

1230-486: Is an important industry and hides, tallow and wool are exported. Fine cabinet and construction woods are also made and exported to a limited extent. Potosí (in Bolivia) was believed to have enough gold to build a bridge between Potosí and Spain. San Luis Potosí was compared to it upon the discovery of the mines and therefore named after it. At one time San Luis Potosí ranked among the leading mining provinces of Mexico, but

1312-670: Is an important site for the Huichol ceremonial migration, Peyote hunt, and deer dance. On October 27, 2000, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) claimed this site as a protected area for its importance as a cultural route and endemic flora and fauna species. Later on June 9, 2001, it was declared as a National Sacred Site under the State of San Luis Potosí's Natural Protection Act. First Majestic Silver Corp. still decided to purchase mineral rights on November 13, 2009, with 80% of their interest within

1394-615: The Army of the Three Guarantees of Agustín de Iturbide (Ejercito de las Tres Garantias de Iturbide), who at the time was emperor of Mexico. They submitted to his demand, as there was no way to resist, and thus proclamation of Independence of San Luis Potosí was declared. The first Constitution of San Luis Potosí was then written on October 16, 1826, and was in effect until 1835 when Congress proclaimed it centralist. At this point, local legislatures disappeared and state governors were appointed by

1476-468: The Battle of Antón Lizardo The ships were sent to New Orleans, along with the now imprisoned General Marin, depriving the conservatives of an attack force and the substantial artillery, guns, and rations that they were carrying onboard for delivery to Miramón. Miramón's effort to besiege Veracruz was abandoned on 20 March, and he arrived back in Mexico City on April 7. The conservatives also suffered defeats in

1558-483: The McLane-Ocampo Treaty , which would have granted to the United States perpetual transit and extraterritorial rights in Mexico. This treaty was denounced by conservatives and some liberals, with Juárez countering that the territorial losses to the United States had occurred under the conservatives. With the liberal victory, Juárez's government was unable to meet foreign debt obligations, some of which stemmed from

1640-472: The Otomi and Chichimeca tribes. These indigenous groups were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Although many indigenous people died during Spanish colonization, Huasteco groups still live, along with Pame and Náhua peoples. In 1592, gold and silver deposits were discovered, which triggered the establishment of the state. Spanish miners established the first town known as “San Luis de Mezquitique”, modern location of

1722-446: The Real de Minas potosino has driven the industrial engines in the state of San Luis Potosí, and as such, nowadays basic metallurgy still has the largest contribution within the gross domestic product of the entity. The main metals and products extracted across mines are zinc, copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury, manganese, and arsenic. Other major industries following the mining lead are in

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1804-564: The Second Mexican Empire . After achieving independence in 1821, Mexico was alternatively governed by both liberal and conservative coalitions. The original Constitution of 1824 established the federalist system championed by the liberals, with Mexican states holding sovereign power and the central government being weak. The brief liberal administration of Valentín Gómez Farías attempted to implement anti-clerical measures as early as 1833. The government closed church schools, assumed

1886-612: The Three Years' War ( Spanish : Guerra de los Tres Años ), and the Mexican Civil War , was a complex civil conflict in Mexico fought between Mexican liberals and conservatives with regional variations over the promulgation of Constitution of 1857 . It has been called the "worst civil war to hit Mexico between the War of Independence of 1810-21 and the Revolution of 1910-20." Following

1968-575: The 17th and 18th centuries, Franciscans , Augustinians , and Jesuits arrived in the area and settled, then began to build churches and other buildings, many of which are still standing and have been turned into museums and universities. In mid-1821, after the Independence of Mexico , General Jose Antonio Echavarri intimidated and threatened the Mayor and the City Council to surrender the city of San Luis to

2050-520: The Cocinera lode was said to have had a total yield of over $ 60,000,000 in the first decade of the 20th century. The State of San Luis Potosí is divided into 58 municipalities ( Spanish : municipios ), each headed by a municipal president (mayor). These are similar in function to counties . Is it so divided into four zones municipalities Altiplano (Highlands), Centro (centre), Media and Huasteca zone The state has several protected elements included in

2132-672: The Empire. While the main fighting in the Reform War was over by the end of 1860, guerilla conflict continued to be waged in the countryside. After the fall of the conservative government, General Leonardo Marquez remained at large, and in June, 1861, he succeeded in assassinating Melchor Ocampo . President Juarez sent the former head of his troops during the Reform War, Santos Degollado after Marquez, only for Marquez to succeed in killing Degollado as well. Having been influenced by Mexican monarchist exiles, and using Juarez's suspension of foreign debts as

2214-609: The Juárez law. In June, another major controversy emerged over the promulgation of the Lerdo law , named after the secretary of the treasury, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada . The law aimed at disentailing the collective ownership of real estate by the Roman Catholic Church and indigenous communities. It forced 'civil or ecclesiastical institutions' to sell any land that they owned, with the tenants receiving priority and generous terms for purchasing

2296-627: The Liberals by the United States and the Conservatives by France, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Liberals negotiated the McLane–Ocampo Treaty with the United States in 1859. If ratified the treaty would have given the liberal regime cash, but it would have also granted the United States perpetual military and economic rights on Mexican territory. The treaty failed to pass in the U.S. Senate, but

2378-612: The Mexican General Marin who was disembarking from Havana. The United States Navy however had orders to intercept it. Miramón arrived at Medellín on 2 March, and awaited Marin's attack in order to begin the siege. The U.S. steamer Indianola had been anchored near the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa , to defend Veracruz from attack. On March 6, Marin's squadron arrived in Veracruz, and was captured by U.S. Navy Captain Joseph R. Jarvis in

2460-486: The Mexican government lost their jobs for refusing the oath. Controversy over the constitution continued to rage, and Comonfort himself was rumored to be conspiring to form a new government. On December 17, 1857, General Félix Zuloaga proclaimed the Plan of Tacubaya , declaring the Constitution of 1857 nullified, and offered supreme power to President Comonfort, who was to convoke a new constitutional convention to produce

2542-607: The Mon-Almonte Treaty. When Juárez's government suspended payments, the pretext was used to inaugurate the Second French Intervention in Mexico . During the Reform War as the military stalemate continued, some liberals considered the idea of foreign intervention. The brothers Miguel Lerdo de Tejada and Sebastián were liberal politicians from Veracruz and had commercial connections with the United States. Miguel Lerdo, Juárez's Minister of Finance, attempted to negotiate

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2624-501: The Reform laws. Regardless, the liberal government of Benito Juárez still resisted and fought the French and Mexican Imperial forces with the backing of the United States, which since the end of the American Civil War could now once again enforce the Monroe Doctrine. The French eventually withdrew in 1866, leading the monarchy to collapse in 1867. Former President Miguel Miramon and conservative general Tomas Mejia would die alongside

2706-517: The Supreme Court of Justice, Benito Juárez . Comonfort, hoping to establish a more moderate government, found himself triggering a civil war and began to back away from Zuloaga. On 11 January 1858, Comonfort resigned and went into exile. He was constitutionally succeeded by president of the Supreme Court, Juárez. Mexican states subsequently chose to side with either the Mexico City based government of Zuloaga or that of Juárez which established itself at

2788-478: The U.S. Navy still helped protect Juárez's government in Veracruz. Liberals accumulated victories on the battlefield until Conservative forces surrendered on 22 December 1860. Juárez returned to Mexico City on 11 January 1861 and held presidential elections in March. Although Conservative forces lost the war, guerrillas remained active in the countryside and would join the upcoming French intervention to help establish

2870-671: The age of 15 yield a 28% dropout rate of primary school. Children under the age of 14 years have a 4% school dropout rate. The literacy rate is about 90.8%, most of the illiterate being the older generation. There is only one major university in the state, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí (UASLP). Other higher education institutions include: Newspapers of San Luis Potosí include: Diario Regional El Mañana de Valles , El Sol de San Luis , Esto del Centro , Gran Diario Regional Zona Media El Mañana de Rioverde , La Jornada de San Luis , La Prensa del Centro , and Pulso Diario de San Luis. Ponciano Arriaga International Airport serves

2952-502: The capital San Luis Potosí . This led to Juan de Oñate being appointed as the first mayor. The State was given the name "San Luis Rey", King Saint Louis , in honor of Louis IX of France , and "Potosí" because the wealth of the state compared to the rich silver mines in Potosí , Bolivia . Settlers had hopes of rivaling the wealth of the Bolivian mine, but this was never truly accomplished. In

3034-550: The capital of San Luis Potosí (named the same) with a variety of domestic and international daily flights. Other cities such as Matehuala , Tamuin and Rioverde also have airports but they only serve domestic flights. Besides airports, the state has an extensive road network, like the rest of the country. Most of the roads are paved in urban areas and highways. Some small towns, however, have cobblestone streets. Arts and sciences Politics Sports Journalism [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

3116-576: The central government. This situation lasted until the promulgation of the 1857 Constitution . The state's participation in the Mexican–American War in 1846–1847 gave it the name "San Luis de la Patria", which translates into English, Saint Louis of the Homeland , for having contributed important leaders and ideas during the struggle with the United States. During the Reform War , state involvement

3198-564: The colonization and establishment of Mexico, there was a constant flow of Spanish immigrants. There have also been large influxes during instabilities in Spain, such as during the Spanish Civil War. Besides Spanish people, there is also a significant population of descendants of Italian immigrants, especially in cities such as Rio Verde and Cerritos. Most of the European peoples have arrived through

3280-476: The community-held land they cultivated. The law sought to undermine the economic power of the Church and to force create a class of yeoman farmers of indigenous community members. The law was envisioned as a way to develop Mexico's economy by increasing the number of indigenous private property owners, but in practice the land was bought up by rich speculators. Most of the lost indigenous lands community lands increased

3362-518: The conservative government was recognized swiftly by Spain and France. Neither conservatives nor liberals ever had official foreign troops as part of their respective armed forces. The conservative government signed the Mon-Almonte Treaty with Spain that promised to pay the Spanish government indemnities in exchange for aid. The liberals also sought foreign support from the United States. Mexico signed

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3444-402: The conservatives and some liberals, the European press, and even members of Juarez's cabinet. The issue was rendered moot when the U.S. Senate failed to approve the treaty. Miramón was preparing another siege of Veracruz, leaving the conservative capital of Mexico City on February 8, leading his troops in person along with his war minister, hoping to rendezvous with a small naval squadron led by

3526-547: The conservatives. He resigned from the presidency and even began to lead skirmishes against the Zuloaga government, but after he was abandoned by most of his loyal troops, Comonfort left the capital on January 11, 1858, with the constitutional presidency having passed to the President of the Supreme Court, Benito Juárez . The Conservative government in the capital summoned a council of representatives that elected Zuloaga as president, and

3608-478: The constitution too radical and likely to trigger a civil war. The Lerdo Law forced the sale of most of the Church's rural properties. The measure was not exclusively aimed at the Catholic Church, but also Mexico's indigenous peoples , which were forced to sell sizeable portions of their communal lands. Controversy was further inflamed when the Catholic Church decreed excommunication to civil servants who took

3690-463: The diplomatic corps in Mexico to end the conflict. Juárez flatly refused Degollado's call to resign, since Juárez saw that as turning over Mexico's future to European powers. A French invasion and the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire followed almost immediately after the end of the Reform War, and key figures of the Reform War would continue to play roles during the rise and fall of

3772-618: The end securing benefits to Mexico without actually concluding the treaty. In early December as the tide of war had clearly turned to the liberals, Juárez signed the Law for the Liberty of Religious Worship on December 4, the final step in the liberals' program to disempower the Roman Catholic Church by allowing religious tolerance in Mexico. General González Ortega approached Mexico City with reinforcements. The decisive battle took place on December 22, at Calpulalpan . The conservatives had 8,000 troops and

3854-535: The federal system of protected areas administered by the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP): It also has a declared place Ramsar site (n. Ref 1766, declared in 2008), Arrochas y Manantiales de Tanchachín . In addition, it has 12 other natural areas protected by state competition managed by the SEGAM (Secretariat of Ecology and Environmental Management): In 1996, Minera San Xavier (MSX),

3936-403: The hostile soldiers from shooting Juárez, an event now memorialized by a statue. As rival factions struggled to control the city, Juárez and other liberal prisoners were released on agreement after which Guadalajara was fully captured by conservatives by the end of March. Conservatives took the silver mining center of Zacatecas on 12 April. Juárez reconstituted his regime in Veracruz, embarking from

4018-685: The industrialization of the state. The state lies mostly on the Mexican Plateau , with the exception of the eastern part of the state, where the tableland breaks down into the tropical valley of the Tampaon River (which continues flowing northwestward until it becomes the Pánuco River , which divides San Luis Potosí from the north-eastern state of Tamaulipas ). The surface of the plateau is comparatively level, with some low mountainous wooded ridges. The Sierra Madre Oriental runs north and south through

4100-463: The influence of the Nortes , which deliver significant amounts of rain. The rainfall, however, is uncertain at the western and northern regions, and much of the state does not have major rivers. The soil is fertile and in favorable seasons large crops of wheat, maize, beans and cotton are grown on the uplands. In the low tropical valleys, sugar, coffee, tobacco, peppers and fruit are staple products. Livestock

4182-495: The interior, losing Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí before the end of April. Degollado was sent into the interior to lead the liberal campaign since their enemies had now exhausted their resources. He appointed José López Uraga as Quartermaster General Uraga split his troops and attempted to lure out Miramón to isolate him, but in late May Uraga then committed the strategic blunder of attempting to assault Guadalajara with Mirámon's troops behind him. The assault failed and Uraga

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4264-418: The liberals 16,000. Miramon lost and retreated back towards the capital. Another conservative war council agreed to surrender. The conservative government fled the city, and Miramón himself escaped to European exile. Márquez escaped to the mountains of Michoacan. The triumphant liberals entered the city with 25,000 troops on January 1, 1861, and Juárez entered the capital on January 11. After Zuloaga's coup,

4346-470: The liberals' overthrow of the dictatorship of conservative Antonio López de Santa Anna , liberals passed a series of laws codifying their political program . These laws were incorporated into the new constitution. It aimed to limit the political power of the executive branch, as well as the political, economic, and cultural power of the Catholic Church . Specific measures were the expropriation of Church property; separation of church and state ; reduction of

4428-496: The most representative language is Nahuatl , followed by Huasteco . The native people of the state include the Huastec and Pame peoples . According to the 2020 Census, 44.8% of San Luis Potosí's population identified as Indigenous, 8.2% Afro-Mexican , and 39.1% Spanish descent and 7.9% mix/other. Concerning immigrants and people of European ancestry, 63% of the population has some form of European roots, mostly from Spain. During

4510-491: The name. The Club Deportivo Potosino also hosts the San Luis Open , an annual ATP Challenger Tour tennis tournament that has counted with the presence of many international top athletes such as Óscar Hernández Pérez , Leonardo Mayer , Dick Norman , Paul-Henri Mathieu , amongst others. San Luis Potos%C3%AD It is located in eastern and central Mexico and is bordered by seven other Mexican states: Nuevo León to

4592-565: The north and led a liberal coalition in the interior headquartered in the town of Celaya . On March 10, 1858, liberal forces under Anastasio Parrodi , governor of Jalisco , and Leandro Valle lost the Battle of Salamanca , which opened up the interior of the country to the conservatives. Juárez was in Jalisco's capital Guadalajara at this time, when on 13-15 March part of the army there mutinied and imprisoned him, threatening his life. Liberal minister and fellow prisoner Guillermo Prieto dissuaded

4674-509: The north; Tamaulipas to the north-east; Veracruz to the east; Hidalgo , Querétaro and Guanajuato to the south; and Zacatecas to the north-west. In addition to the capital city, other major cities in the state include Ciudad Valles , Matehuala , Rioverde , and Tamazunchale . In pre-Columbian times, the territory now occupied by the state of San Luis Potosí contained parts of the cultural areas of Mesoamerica and Aridoamerica . Its northern and western-central areas were inhabited by

4756-456: The possibility of a constituent congress. Negotiations broke down and hostilities resumed on the 12th after which Degollado was routed at the Battle of Las Vacas . On December 14, 1859, Melchor Ocampo signed the McLane–Ocampo Treaty , which granted the United States perpetual rights to transport goods and troops across three key trade routes in Mexico and granted Americans an element of extraterritoriality . The treaty caused consternation among

4838-558: The power of the Mexican Army by elimination of their special privileges ; strengthening the secular state through public education; and measures to develop the nation economically. The constitution had been promulgated on 5 February 1857 was to come into force on 16 September 1857. Predictably there was fierce opposition from Conservatives and the Catholic Church over its anti-clerical provisions, but there were also moderate liberals, including President Ignacio Comonfort , who considered

4920-452: The presidency passed on to the liberal caudillo Juan Alvarez . Juan Álvarez assumed power in November, 1855. His cabinet was radical and included the prominent liberals Benito Juárez , Miguel Lerdo de Tejada , Melchor Ocampo , and Guillermo Prieto , but also the more moderate Ignacio Comonfort. Clashes in the cabinet led to the resignation of the radical Ocampo, but the administration

5002-459: The property of the Catholic church, and suppressed the monasteries and convents, the sale of which provided the liberal war effort with new funds, though not as much as had been hoped for since speculators were waiting for more stable times to make purchases. Miramón met the liberal forces in November at which a truce was declared and a conference was held on the matter of the Constitution of 1857 and

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5084-512: The protected land. The company's current methods includes open pit mining and leaching through cyanide , using two kilograms of NaCN per tonne of ore. While open pit mining itself removes entire habitats and landscapes, the addition of sodium cyanide (with a mean lethal dose of only 0.2 grams) is potentially lethal. In April 2010 the company also opened a new cyanidation plant in Coahuila , Mexico, where it has started producing 3,500 tons of cyanide

5166-453: The revolts following independence resulted in a great decline in that industry. The area around Real de Catorce has some of the richest silver mines in the country. Other well-known silver mining districts are Peñón Blanco , Ramos and Guadalcázar . The development of Guadalcazar dates from 1620 and its ores yield gold , copper , zinc and bismuth , as well as silver. In the Ramos district,

5248-605: The right to make clerical appointments to the Catholic Church, and shut down monasteries. The ensuing backlash would result in Gómez Farías's government being overthrown and conservatives established a Centralist Republic in 1835 that lasted until the outbreak of the Mexican–American War in 1846. In 1854 there was a liberal revolt, known as the Plan of Ayutla against the dictatorship of Santa Anna . A coalition of liberals, including Benito Juárez , then governor of Oaxaca, and Melchor Ocampo of Michoacán overthrew Santa Anna, and

5330-516: The sectors of chemicals, foods, beverages, tobacco, and textiles. The services sector, also known as tertiary, is second regarding contribution to the state's income with a 21%, followed by commerce, hotels and restaurants with 18%. These combined activities employ 51% of the economically active population or EAP. Agriculture has been a traditional activity, sometimes still practiced in the Huasteca region. Currently, even if it contributes very little to

5412-479: The size of large landed estates, haciendas . The Constitution of 1857 was promulgated on February 5, 1857, and it integrated both the Juárez and the Lerdo Laws. It was meant to take into effect on September 16. On March 17 it was decreed that all civil servants had to publicly swear and sign and oath to it. The Catholic Church decreed excommunication for anyone that took the oath, and subsequently many Catholics in

5494-400: The southern and southeastern portion of the state. The northern and central portion of the state, including the capital, lie on an interior drainage basin which does not drain to the sea. The mean elevation is about 1,800 m (6,000 ft), ensuring a mostly temperate climate. The state lies partly within the arid zone of the north, while the southern half receiving more rainfall through

5576-459: The state GDP, it nevertheless employs as much as 20% of the EAP of the entity. The main agricultural products grown on Potosí soil are maize , beans , barley , sugar cane , oranges , coffee , sour lemon , prickly pear , and mango . Livestock activities are focused on raising sheep, cattle, and pigs. The state is also a contributor to the large automotive industry of Mexico. General Motors now has

5658-449: The state of Veracruz to the East. Nonetheless, due to its relative isolation, the state is one of the nine states in Mexico which report high rates of migration into the United States between the years of 2000 to 2008. The average schooling rate for those over 15 years of age lies at 7.7 years of education, considerably lower than the 8.1 found nationally. The same portion of those older than

5740-642: The state, and separates the Mexican Plateau from the Gulf Coastal Plain to the east. The Sierra Madre Oriental is home to the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests . The easternmost portion of the state lies on the Gulf Coastal Plain, and covered by the Veracruz moist forests . The eastern part is included in the region commonly referred to as "La Huasteca". The Tampaón river and its tributaries drain

5822-543: The states of Mexico proclaimed their loyalties to either the conservative Zuloaga or liberal Juárez governments. The Reform War had now begun. President Juárez and his ministers fled from Mexico City to Querétaro . General Zuloaga, knowing the strategic importance of the Gulf Coast state of Veracruz, tried to win over its governor, Gutierrez Zamora , who however affirmed his support for the government of Juárez. Santiago Vidaurri and Manuel Doblado organized Liberal forces in

5904-427: The strategic port of Veracruz . Initial choices for one side or the other often shifted over time. The first year of the war was marked by repeated conservative victories, but the liberals remained entrenched in the nation's coastal regions, including their capital at the port of Veracruz , which gave them access to vital customs revenue that could fund their forces. Both governments attained international recognition,

5986-464: The tide turning to liberal victories, Juárez rejected the McLane-Ocampo Treaty in November, while the treaty had previously been rejected in the U.S. Senate May 31 and not ratified. Juárez had secured recognition from the U.S. government with the opening of negotiations with the United States, rejected outright sale of Mexican territory to the United States, and received aid from the U.S. Navy, in

6068-531: The troops in person along with his minister of war. Aguascalientes and Guanajuato had fallen to the liberals. Liberal troops in the West were led by Degollado and headquartered in Morelia , which now served as a liberal arsenal. The conservatives fell ill with malaria , endemic in the Gulf Coast, and abandoned the siege of Veracruz by March 29. Liberal General Degollado made another attempt on Mexico City in early April and

6150-463: The west coast port of Manzanillo , crossing Panama, and arriving in Veracruz on May 4, 1858, making it the liberal capital. Juárez made Santos Degollado the head of the Liberal armies, who went on to defeat upon defeat. Miramón defeated him in the Battle of Atenquique on 2 July. On 24 July, Miramón captured Guanajuato , and San Luis Potosi was captured by the conservatives on 12 September. Vidaurri

6232-434: Was cut off from the rest of the country. Guadalajara was surrounded by 17,000 liberal troops while the conservatives in the city only had 7000. The conservative commander Castillo surrendered without firing a shot and was allowed to leave the city with his troops. General Leonardo Márquez was routed on 10 November, attempting to reinforce General Castillo without being aware of his surrender. Miramón on November 3 convoked

6314-479: Was defeated at the Battle of Ahualulco on 29 September. By October the conservatives were at the height of their strength. The liberals failed to take Mexico City on 14 October, but Santos Degollado captured Guadalajara on 27 October, after a thirty days siege that left a third of the city in ruins. This victory caused consternation at the conservative capital, but Guadalajara was taken back by Márquez on 14 December . The failure of Zuloaga's government to produce

6396-481: Was routed in the Battle of Tacubaya by Leonardo Márquez . Márquez captured a large amount of war materiel and gained infamy for including medics among those executed in the aftermath of the battle. On April 6, the Juárez government was recognized by the United States during the Buchanan administration. Miramón unsuccessfully attempted to besiege Veracruz in June and July. On July 12, the liberal government nationalized

6478-581: Was still determined to pass significant reforms. On November 23, 1855, the Juárez Law , named after the Minister of Justice, substantially reduced the jurisdiction of military and ecclesiastical courts which existed for soldiers and clergy. Further dissension within liberal ranks led to Alvarez's resignation and the more moderate Comonfort becoming president on December 11, who chose a new cabinet. A constituent congress began meeting on February 14, 1856, and ratified

6560-482: Was taken prisoner. Miramón was routed on August 10, in Silao , which resulted in his commander Tomás Mejía being taken prisoner, and Miramón retreated to Mexico City. In response to the disaster, Miramón resigned as president to seek a vote of confidence. The conservative junta elected him president again after a two days interregnum. By the end of August, liberals were preparing for a decisive final battle. The Mexico City

6642-555: Was very prominent, and during the French Intervention in 1863, the city of San Luis Potosí became the capital of the country under the order of President Benito Juárez . During the regime of Maximilian, San Luis became an important location. The city was held by the Imperialists until late 1866. In that year, the telegraph line was opened between San Luis Potosí and Mexico City, which opened up communication lines and helped begin

6724-754: Was well known for its gold and silver mines, so there are two gold bars on the left and two silver bars on the right. The blue and yellow backgrounds represent night and day, respectively. The current governor, as of 2021, is Ricardo Gallardo Cardona of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico . The State has a unique position within the country, since it is located in between three major cities; Mexico City , Monterrey , and Guadalajara , and near four major ports; Tampico , Altamira , Manzanillo , and Mazatlán . Its varied climate patterns and territory along with extensive communications networks enabled it to maintain attractive business environments. Traditionally,

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