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73-721: The building is owned by the Regents of the University of California . Cloyne Court was named after Cloyne , the village in Ireland where George Berkeley was bishop. Cloyne was built in 1904 for $ 80,000 by the University Land and Improvement Company , which included several University professors, University benefactresses Phoebe Apperson Hearst and Jane K. Sather , future Regent James K. Moffit, Dr. Louis Lisser, John L. Howard, Warren Olney, Dr. Kasper Pishel, Louis Titus, John Galen Howard ,

146-528: A $ 253,750 piece of property for Carter's personal use, with the university paying $ 178,750 and Carter paying the remaining $ 75,000. Smith, who was Governor Reagan's personal lawyer and a Reagan appointee to the board, was a lawyer at the law firm representing the Irvine Company , a private real estate company. Carter was a lifetime board member of the Irvine Foundation , which has a controlling interest in

219-466: A dozen bands in a single evening, commonly using two separate stages, though sometimes as many as four: the dining room, the lib-ed room, the basement, and the courtyard. Regents of the University of California The Regents of the University of California (also referred to as the Board of Regents to distinguish the board from the corporation it governs of the same name) is the governing board of

292-492: A focus of STEM-rich Making. The evolving maker movement has generated interest for its potential role in opening up access to learning and attainment in STEM, with advocates arguing for its “democratizing effects" – with access to a makerspace, “anyone can make... anyone can change the world”. Makerspaces potentially offer opportunities for young people to engage in STEM knowledge and practices in creative and playful ways, where “learning

365-611: A fundraising strategy based on the Street Performer Protocol to build Metalab in Vienna , Austria, and became its founding director. In 2007 he and others started Hackerspaces.org, a wiki-based website that maintains a list of many hackerspaces and documents patterns on how to start and run them. As of September  2015 the community list included 1967 hackerspaces with 1199 active sites and 354 planned sites. The advent of crowdfunding and Kickstarter (founded 2009) has put

438-840: A hackerspace is determined by its members. There is a lot of variety in how hackerspaces are organised. Membership fees are usually the main income of a hackerspace, but some also accept external sponsors . Some hackerspaces in the US have 501(c) 3 status (or the equivalent in their jurisdiction), while others have chosen to forgo tax exempt status. University-affiliated hackerspaces often do not charge an explicit fee, but are generally limited to students, staff, or alumni, although visiting guests from other hackerspaces are usually welcome. Some hackerspaces accept volunteer labor in lieu of membership fees, especially from financially limited participants. In addition, some hackerspaces earn income from sponsoring and staffing high-tech flea markets , where members of

511-464: A library, a makerspace / hackerspace (a rare case where members can both hack and live in the same building), and many lectures given by guest lecturers and members themselves. A common practice is also informal visits of UC Berkeley professors at communal dinners, allowing members to get to know them through a less formal setting. An example of a UC Berkeley faculty member visiting Cloyne is popular EECS professor John DeNero, who regularly presented about

584-518: A meeting of the regents scheduled for May 28, but no record was made of this meeting. On June 9, 1868, the first two groups of regents gathered together in San Francisco for the first recorded meeting of the Board of Regents, where the appointed regents drew lots to determine the lengths of their initial terms, and then the board proceeded to elect the eight honorary regents. The "honorary" regents enjoyed

657-636: A new hackerspace in Nashua, New Hampshire , was shut down by the city after an inspection in 2011. The main issues involved ventilation of heat and toxic fumes; the space was reopened after improvements were made to the building. The difficulties with opening hackerspaces and makerspaces within non-profit organizations , such as schools and public libraries include cost, space, liability, and availability of personnel. Many makerspaces struggle to sustain viable business models in support of their missions. Hackerspace culture may have more demonstrable challenges than

730-427: A place to share resources for learning. Lately some have reconsidered their roles to include providing resources for hacking and making. Those generally call themselves Library makerspaces . For example, Chattanooga's 4th floor may have been the first use of a library as laboratory and playground for its community. The User Experience (UX) is another public laboratory and educational facility. Or according to Forbes ,

803-574: A school makerspace inside Shenzhen American International School in 2014, and SZ DIY makerspace organized a school makerspace inside Harbour School. Fab labs are spaces (part of a network initiated by MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms ) whose goal is to enable people to "make (almost) anything". They focus heavily on digital fabrication tools. There are many community art spaces share values with hackerspaces. Some, like AS220 and Haystack Mountain School of Crafts have embraced Fab lab structures to expand

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876-677: A subject position beyond the common rhetoric that Chinese citizens lack creativity. As a site of individual empowerment, hackerspace and DIY making enable people to remake the very societal norms and material infrastructures that undergird their work and livelihood. The specific tools and resources available at hackerspaces vary from place to place. They typically provide space for members to work on their individual projects, or to collaborate on group projects with other members. Hackerspaces may also operate computer tool lending libraries, or physical tool lending libraries, up to and including creative sex toys in some instances. The building or facility

949-420: A way to replace middle class engineering jobs with cheap graduate student labor. Regent Richard C. Blum , financier and husband to Sen. Dianne Feinstein, served on the board of regents' Investment Committee. Allegations of conflicts of interest have arisen because, during Blum's tenure, UC has invested hundreds of millions of dollars where he had concurrent business interests. According to an investigation by

1022-465: Is and for the making”. However, an explicit equity-agenda has been fairly absent in the maker movement, especially as it relates to sustained engagement in making. The movement remains an adult, white, middle-class pursuit, led by those with the leisure time, technical knowledge, experience, and resources to make. Even with the growth of community-based makerspaces, users of these spaces tend to be white adult men. The median salary for those involved in

1095-460: Is owned by, and leased on University of California land, only UC students are eligible as residents. Despite its size the house is student-run and student-governed. Members contribute 5 hours of workshift per week each for various tasks needed for the operation of the house: cooking, cleaning, house maintenance, gardening, etc. Since July 2005, a facility manager employed by the students and the BSC lives on

1168-636: Is rapidly expanding their makerspace resources to include engineering spaces for all undergraduate & graduate degrees as part of their new Coll curricula. Tool libraries generally lack a shared space for making or hacking things, but instead serve as a repository of tools people can borrow for use in their own respective spaces. " Repair cafés " are semipermanent places where people can come together to teach and learn how to fix things. "Repair clinics" are pop-up events without permanent facilities, though they are often sponsored by organizations such as public libraries, schools, or universities. The emphasis

1241-525: Is still the Regents of the University of California. Today, it is unusual for universities (or any other kind of corporation) to incorporate in the names of their boards, but it used to be a common practice among American universities. For example, Harvard University is still legally incorporated as the President and Fellows of Harvard College . Incorporating the university under the exact same name as its board

1314-490: Is very troubling – especially when the research is conducted at, and the technologies are developed in collaboration with, public institutions." Following the signing of the contract by the UC Regents, professors complained that BP Oil bypassed normal university hiring and tenure protocol and hired professors directly, without consulting any academic department. Opponents have also argued this and other privatization contracts are

1387-538: The Fab lab movement and implementation of similar spaces in universities around the world. Non-Fab-Lab-associated Maker and Hackerspaces are also common. Wheaton College is one school pioneering new Hacker and Maker curriculums and spaces, as is Yale University with spaces like its "CEID". Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering has also pioneered Makerist and Hacker curriculum to great success. The Bioengineering Department at

1460-582: The Irvine Company . In 2007, the Board of Regents signed the EBI contract , a $ 50 million university privatization contract funded by the BP oil company. The contract gave financial control over all clean energy research at UC Berkeley to BP , with $ 15 million directed towards proprietary research allowing the oil company able to keep around a third of the patents produced by the academic employees while also financially controlling all other clean energy research upon

1533-542: The Sacramento News & Review , conflict-of-interest dealings by the UC Board of Regents accelerated in the years prior to the 2008 recession. Beginning in 2003, "[M]embers of the board of regents benefited from the placement of hundreds of millions of university dollars into investments, private deals and publicly held enterprises with significant ties to their own personal business activities, while simultaneously increasing

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1606-513: The University Students' Cooperative Association (today BSC) for $ 125,000. That year, 15 men occupied the new co-op house alongside the previous residents, whom the USCA had agreed to not displace but rather to allow to continue to live in the residence. Cloyne originally housed all men who often held dances and dined with the women of nearby Stebbins Hall and Hoyt Hall , both all-female co-ops at

1679-538: The University of California (UC), a state university system in the U.S. state of California . The Board of Regents has 26 voting members, the majority of whom are appointed by the governor of California to serve 12-year terms. The regents establish university policy; make decisions that determine student cost of attendance, admissions, employee compensation, and land management; and perform long-range planning for all UC campuses and locations. The regents also control

1752-429: The University of Pennsylvania 's School of Engineering and Applied Science combines their educational lab space with an open Bio-MakerSpace in their George H. Stephenson Foundation Educational Laboratory & Bio-MakerSpace (or Biomakerspace or BioMaker Space), encouraging a free flow of ideas, creativity, and entrepreneurship between Bioengineering students and students throughout the university. William & Mary

1825-607: The governor , Lieutenant Governor , Speaker of the State Assembly , State Superintendent of Public Instruction , President and Vice President of the Alumni Associations of UC, and president of the University of California. The Board also has two non-voting faculty representatives and two non-voting Staff Advisors. The incoming student Regent serves as a non-voting Regent-designate from the date of selection (usually between July and October) until beginning their formal term

1898-466: The California state auditor found that regent Edwin W. Pauley, who owned Pauley Petroleum, personally profited when university officials steered $ 10.7 million dollars into one of his company's business deals. In 1970, the California state auditor investigated regent William French Smith and regent Edward Carter for conflict of interest dealings. The actions investigated included the joint purchase of

1971-426: The Regents are non-voting participants who may be assigned as representatives to certain committees. Non-voting participants who are assigned as representatives to Regents' committees. In its early years, UC had thirteen Honorary Regents, with eight elected in 1868. "Honorary Regents" were full board members, with the word "Honorary" simply denoting their manner of selection (that is, they were elected to serve on

2044-661: The Regents by the Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff of the Regents of the University of California, which shares an office building with the UC Office of the President in Oakland . The Board of Regents has been the subject of various corruption scandals throughout the university's long history. The board's first scandal surfaced in 1874. By June 1872, regent Samuel Merritt had become

2117-484: The agreement that Cloyne would dramatically change. From Fall 2014, Cloyne became the substance-free house of the BSC system. Prior members were forced to leave, but one member was allowed to stay after appeal. Cloyne is the largest non-apartment style property in the BSC, the largest housing co-op organization in North America . Cloyne houses 140 UC Berkeley students (119 during summer), mostly undergraduates. Because it

2190-500: The amount of detail that flowed upwards to the regents. The majority of the board (18 Regents) is appointed via nomination by the governor of California and confirmation by the California State Senate to 12-year terms. One student Regent is selected by the board to represent the students for a one-year term through a hiring process that is conducted by the board. The remaining 7 Regents are ex officio members . They are

2263-416: The architect of the building and James M. Pierce, the later owner of the hotel. The building, described as a "high-class, modern apartment house," originally contained 32 suites, each with bath, that were not connected by common hallways, but rather were paired onto private stairways to the first floor public areas. Each section was separated by heavy brick firewalls with automatic fireproof doors and each suite

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2336-849: The board by the other board members, instead of being appointed by the governor). Some were then appointed to another term, following their term as Honorary Regent, by the governor. One (Tompkins) was re-elected. Hackerspace A hackerspace (also referred to as a hacklab, hackspace , or makerspace ) is a community-operated, often "not for profit" ( 501(c)(3) in the United States), workspace where people with common interests, such as computers , machining , technology , science , digital art , or electronic art , can meet , socialize , and collaborate . Hackerspaces are comparable to other community-operated spaces with similar aims and mechanisms such as Fab Lab , men's sheds , and commercial "for-profit" companies. In 2006 Paul Böhm came up with

2409-688: The board in June 1874 and in October refunded $ 867 of his lumber company's profits to the university. In 1965, free-speech movement activist Marvin Garson responded to a call by the California Federation of Teachers to "investigate the composition and operation of the Board of Regents." He produced a 19-page report documenting prior cases of corruption, concluding that, "taken as a group, the Regents are representatives of only one thing—corporate wealth." In 1970,

2482-462: The board of regents Investment committee, while also reducing the funds within the UC endowment that might have otherwise been used to cover costs related to the operations of the university. In May 2017, The San Francisco Chronicle reported that the Regents had been hosting costly dinner parties using university funds. Only after extensive public outcry, university leadership released a statement saying

2555-541: The board) met an additional 11 times, and the university budget was excruciatingly detailed. The result was that the board collectively supervised every aspect of university affairs—no matter how trivial or minor. One sign of the regents' unusually extreme level of micromanagement during this period was that it was seen as a major milestone when acting UC President Martin Kellogg gained the power in 1891 to independently hire janitors (as long as he reported on what he had done at

2628-547: The building came from Merritt's own lumber company." The San Francisco Evening Post broke the story on January 6, 1874, and two days later, the California State Assembly 's public building committee launched an investigation which held hearings through March 3 of that year. The committee concluded that Merritt had profited financially from providing an inferior building to the university at an exorbitant cost: $ 24,000 over its reasonable value. Merritt resigned from

2701-542: The campus. The contract likewise allowed BP oil to construct a building on the UC Berkeley campus with entire floors that only BP employees are allowed to enter. Before the signing of the contract, a number of environmental organizations, including Greenpeace penned a letter to the regents, which was read during the regents meeting on November 2, 2007, which stated "The prospect of giant carbon polluters directing research related to and gaining control of key energy technologies

2774-411: The chair of the board's building committee and initiated planning for the original College of Letters building (later known as North Hall). Although the board also passed a resolution that same month prohibiting self-dealing with respect to construction of campus buildings, the winning bid was ultimately submitted by Merritt's preferred contractor, Power and Ough, "and much of the lumber and cement for

2847-659: The concept of fully open makerspaces within its agencies as of 2015 , the first of which (SpaceShop Rapid Prototyping Lab) resides at NASA Ames Research Center . In general, hackerspaces function as centers for peer learning and knowledge sharing , in the form of workshops, presentations, and lectures. They usually also offer social activities for their members, such as game nights and parties. Hackerspaces can be viewed as open community labs incorporating elements of machine shops , workshops , and/or studios where hackers can come together to share resources and knowledge to build and make things. Many hackerspaces participate in

2920-427: The concept of learning by doing and peer-to-peer learning processes as opposed to formal modes of learning; sharing, solidarity and cooperation”. Hackerspaces have also been described as physical manifestations of the peer production principles. Large opportunity gaps in science and engineering ( STEM ) persist for youth growing up in poverty, and in particular for African American and Latino youth, and have become

2993-547: The cost of university attendance." Additionally, the investigation found that some members of the regents’ investment committee, individuals who are also "Wall Street heavy hitters," modified long-standing UC investment policies, specifically, steering away from investing in more traditional instruments (such as blue-chip stocks and bonds) toward largely unregulated and risky "alternative" investments, such as private equity and private real-estate deals. These changes in UC investment policy brought personal gain to individual members of

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3066-547: The current members of that board could not be held liable in their individual capacities for the torts of the corporation. The current Board of Regents is a "policy board," as a result of reforms unanimously adopted from 1957 to 1960 at the instigation of UC President Clark Kerr . Before Kerr's reforms, the regents operated as an "administrative board" (in Kerr's words) for almost a century. The board met 12 times per year and its finance committee (with full authority to act on behalf of

3139-734: The extent to which they can be easily used, by anybody, as often or as seldom as desired, for the accomplishment of a purpose chosen by the user”. From a justice perspective, the open access is important because many makerspaces are pay-to-play. Examples of community-based making spaces include GET City and Mt Elliot , both in Michigan. Universities around the world have at different rates embraced educational possibilities of these spaces. Makerspaces provide colleges and universities with an inspirational environment where innovative connections between technology and curriculum can be utilized for experiential teaching and learning activities MIT has pioneered

3212-596: The first public library to open a MakerSpace is the Fayetteville Free Library. In response to the misogyny allegedly shown by the brogrammer culture that sees hackerspaces as "male" spaces, Seattle Attic was founded in the summer of 2013, as the first Feminist Hackerspace in the United States. They were soon followed by Double Union , in San Francisco. Their founding came as a result of The Ada Initiative, and their AdaCamp conferences. Which has also led to

3285-406: The following July 1. The vast majority of the Regents appointed by the governor historically have consisted of lawyers, politicians and businessmen. Over the past two decades, it has been common that UC Regents appointees have donated relatively large sums of money either directly to the governor's election campaigns or indirectly to party election groups. Administrative support is provided to

3358-496: The following sentence: "The general government and superintendence of the University shall vest in a Board of Regents, to be denominated the 'Regents of the University of California,' who shall become incorporated under the general laws of the State of California by that corporate name and style." The Organic Act described three groups of regents: six ex officio regents , eight appointed regents, and eight "honorary" regents. To expedite

3431-934: The formation of FouFem in Montreal , the Mz Baltazar's Laboratory, a start-up organization and feminist hackspace in Vienna, the Anarchafeminist Hackerhive in San Francisco, the Hacktory in Philadelphia and the Miss Despionas in Tasmania, Australia, and myriad others. Some public schools in the US now also include hackerspaces. The first high school to open a true MakerSpace was in Sebastopol, California , and middle schools followed

3504-570: The formation of the university, the Organic Act authorized the governor to unilaterally select the eight appointed regents after the end of the current legislative session and allowed them to assume office immediately without the consent of the state senate . Governor Henry Huntly Haight announced his selections in May 1868. On May 23, a notice was published in the San Francisco Examiner of

3577-695: The general public may buy and sell new and used equipment and supplies. There is a loose, informal tradition at many hackerspaces of welcoming visitors from other similar organizations, whether across town or internationally. Free exchange of ideas, skills, and knowledge are encouraged, especially at periodic gatherings sometimes called "build nights", "open door" or "open house" days. Makerspaces are increasingly being included as learning spaces in schools, learning commons , and other educational facilities. Hackerspaces are widely defined on hackerspaces.org as “community-operated physical places, where people can meet and work on their projects”. The exact functioning of

3650-919: The hackerspace occupies provides physical infrastructure that members need to complete their projects. In addition to, most hackerspaces provide electrical power , computer servers , and networking with Internet connectivity. Well-equipped hackerspaces may provide machine tools , sewing , crafting , art fabrication , audio equipment, video projectors , game consoles , electronic instrumentation (such as oscilloscopes and signal generators ), electronic components and raw materials for hacking, and various other tools for electronics fabrication and creating things. Specialized large-format printers , 3D printers , laser cutters , industrial sewing machines , CNC machine , or water jet cutters may be available for members to use. Some hackerspaces provide food storage and food preparation equipment, and may teach courses in basic or advanced cooking. The individual character of

3723-455: The hotel from the investors and managed it from its opening in 1904 until 1914. The family continued operating the hotel until it was sold in 1946. The services and hospitality at Cloyne Court were always highly complimented by the many visitors who had the pleasure of staying at the hotel. Registered compliments in the hotel guest book include: Cloyne Court was sold by the Pierce family in 1946 to

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3796-444: The incorporation of participants’ cultural knowledge and practices, a focus on new literacies; and valuing multiple iterations and failing-forward; and 4) Expanding the outcomes of making to include agency, identity, and the after-life of maker projects. Cutting across these areas are specific attention to gender and computer science, indigenous epistemologies and maker activities, and how makerspaces may ground STEM-rich making in

3869-491: The investment of UC's endowment, and they supervise the making of contracts between UC and private companies. The structure and composition of the Board of Regents is laid out in the California Constitution , which establishes that the University of California is a "public trust" and that the regents are a "corporation" that has been granted the power to manage the trust on the public's behalf. The constitution grants

3942-656: The joys of data for many semesters. The house is known for its murals covering many of its internal walls. Murals have been made through years by members residing in the house. Cloyne has played a notable role in the Bay Area music scene. The bands No Doubt , Elliott Smith , Green Day , Operation Ivy , The Offspring , Rancid , Primus , 24-7 Spyz , Save Ferris , Skankin' Pickle , The Mr. T Experience , Two Gallants , Blüchunks and Rilo Kiley played at Cloyne before becoming well known. The house also hosted several lesser-known bands during its many events, presenting as many as

4015-510: The lived experiences and wisdom of youth of color and their families and communities. One emerging area of studies examines the production of an equitable culture in making, including in-depth longitudinal cases of youth makers in community settings, how youth and community co-design for equitable learning opportunities and outcomes. Hackerspaces can run into difficulties with building codes or other planning regulations, which may not be designed to handle their scope of activities. For example,

4088-550: The maker movement in the US is $ 103,000, with 97% of those who go to Maker Faires having college degrees (and 70% have graduate degrees). Only 11% of the contributions to Make Magazine (the periodical credited with launching the Maker Movement) are female. Thus, as the maker movement has become formalized, the powerful knowledge and practices of communities of color or of low-income communities have not yet become central to its discourse. Emerging research has begun to address how

4161-509: The maker movement might address equity concerns broadly. There is recent research in this area, which is challenging the field to consider new directions in the design of maker spaces, in maker space programming and pedagogies, and in how to make sense of the outcomes of making. These include: 1) Expanding what counts as making; 2) Design of makerspaces that foster an open, flexible and welcoming atmosphere to youth; 3) Maker space programs and pedagogies that support an equitable culture of making,

4234-466: The next meeting of the regents). Another example is that until 1901, replacements for lost diplomas required the approval of the regents. At Kerr's encouragement, the Board of Regents cut down on the number of meetings, delegated powers and responsibilities to the university president and the campus chancellors, delegated more power to the Academic Senate, simplified the UC budget, and greatly reduced

4307-433: The premises to help with day-to-day operations of the house. Every weekday and on Sundays members cook a communal dinner, and on Saturdays there is a communal brunch. House's council, house's governing body where all members democratically make decisions pertaining the house, meets every Sunday. As the academic theme house of the BSC system, Cloyne has an increased number of studious spaces and lectures, including study rooms,

4380-405: The range of media represented in their spaces to include digital fabrication tools. There are also community-based makerspaces focused on open-access to allow community members to address community-based problems. For example, to share resources and access to critical manufacturing equipment. Makerspaces could also be seen as spaces for the co-production of convivial tools that “foster conviviality to

4453-426: The regents broad institutional autonomy , giving them "full powers of organization and government." According to article IX, section 9, subsection (a), "the regents are "subject only to such legislative control as may be necessary to insure the security of its funds and compliance with the terms of the endowments of the university". Section 11 of the Organic Act establishing the University of California begins with

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4526-493: The same authority and privileges as the first two groups of regents; the term "honorary" referred only to their method of selection. As required by Section 11, the Board of Regents proceeded to form a corporation denominated the Regents of the University of California on June 12, 1868, and filed the certificate of incorporation on June 18, 1868 with the California Secretary of State . The corporation's official name today

4599-406: The space varies from place to place and is determined by its members and while there is no blueprint or set of guidelines to create a hackerspace, they generally follow a “hacker ethic”, which “include freedom, in the sense of autonomy as well as of free access and circulation of information; distrust of authority, that is, opposing the traditional, industrial top-down style of organization; embracing

4672-835: The spaces themselves. For more, see: Maker Culture#Criticisms. In 2009, Johannes Grenzfurthner published the much debated pamphlet "Hacking the Spaces", that dealt with exclusionist tendencies in the hackerspaces movement. Grenzfurther extended his critique through lectures at the 2012 and 2014 Hackers on Planet Earth conferences in New York City. Over the years, many hackerspaces have grown significantly in membership, operational budgets, and local media attention. Many have also helped establish other hackerspaces in nearby locations. A lot of places share values similar to those purported by hackspaces, whether or not they use that nomenclature. A few examples follow: Public Libraries have long been

4745-623: The status quo "from within". The first hackerspace in China, Xinchejian , opened in Shanghai in 2010. Thereafter a network of hackerspaces emerged, nourishing an emerging maker culture. By designing open technologies and developing new businesses, Chinese makers make use of the system, make fun of it, altering it and provoking it. DIY makers often bring and align contradictory ideas together, such as copycat and open source, manufacturing and DIY, individual empowerment and collective change. In doing so, they craft

4818-568: The time. In 1972, Cloyne Court became a co-ed house. In 1970, the USCA was forced to sell the property to the Regents of the University of California, upon the threat of an eminent domain acquisition by the University, in exchange for a peppercorn lease, most recently renewed in July 2005. The building was named a City of Berkeley Landmark in 1982, and placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. On December 21, 2008, Cloyne Court

4891-591: The tools required to build hackerspaces within reach of an even wider audience. For example, Bilal Ghalib (who had previously worked on a hackerspace documentary) and others used such tools to bring the hackerspace concept to the Middle East . Worldwide, a large number of hackerspace or makerspace facilities have been founded. Nicole Lou and Katie Peek reported that from 2006 to 2016 the number of active or planned spaces increased to 1,393, fourteen times as many as in 2006. The US federal government has started adopting

4964-558: The trend. For example, White Hill Middle school in Fairfax, California has now opened up their own MakerSpace with a class called "Makers and Hackers". In 2018 Penketh High School became the first school to have a school makerspace in the United Kingdom. "Spark" was designed for students and the community being the first of its kind in the UK. In Shenzhen, China SteamHead makerspace organized

5037-615: The university would no longer fund these dinners. The eighteen appointed regents are appointed by the governor of California to serve 12-year terms. The student regent is appointed by the board of regents to serve for a 2 year term, 1-year voting. Student Regent: The Ex officio regents serve on the board of regents by virtue of holding positions elsewhere. Ex officio regents: The following positions do not carry voting abilities or regent status. Regents-designate are non-voting participants who are scheduled to transition to full board membership at later date. Faculty Representatives to

5110-557: The use and development of free software , open hardware , and alternative media . They are often physically located in infoshops , social centers , adult education centers, public schools, public libraries, or on university campuses , but may relocate to industrial or warehouse space when they need more room. Most recent studies of hackerspace in China—where Internet access is heavily censored—suggest that new businesses and organized tech conferences there serve to intervene in

5183-590: Was closed temporarily for earthquake renovations. It reopened at the beginning of the Fall 2009 semester. Cloyne's reputation for its party and rules-free culture became a problem for the entire organization when in 2010 John Gibson, then a 21-year-old resident, suffered extensive brain damage and lapsed into a coma, reportedly as a result of a cocaine overdose , in his room. A lawsuit followed his hospitalization, his family claiming his fellow housemates failed to call 911 in time to assist him. The BSC settled with his family with

5256-474: Was just as confusing in the 19th century as it is today. In an 1894 wrongful death case, the plaintiffs did not understand this; they sued 16 regents individually, which forced the Supreme Court of California to analyze Section 11 and the June 18, 1868 certificate to hold that the original members of the Board of Regents had properly formed a corporation as a legal entity distinct from themselves. Therefore,

5329-445: Was wired for telephone. In 1911, the music room (today called lib-ed room) was added to the building, directly opposite the main entrance, which hosted numerous lectures and music recitals. The building was one of a rare few to survive the devastating 1923 Berkeley fire , remarkable also because the building is made of redwood and all of the buildings had (and still have) wood shake siding and roofs. Pierce and his family purchased

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