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64-566: The windmills stand atop the South Downs with views of the Sussex Weald . They are seven miles north of the city of Brighton and Hove . As well as Jack and Jill , the roundhouse of Duncton Mill survives, located a short distance east of Jack . The mills are accessible by road at the end of Mill Lane from the A273 road where it crosses the South Downs. There is free parking in the car park beside

128-514: A cast-iron windshaft and was winded by a tailpole. Winding is now computer -controlled, with an automatic turning device installed that receives information about the wind direction from sensors mounted on the mill. The wooden brake-wheel is of clasp-arm construction, with oak arms and an elm rim. It has 104 cogs and drives a stone nut with twelve cogs. The tail wheel is of cast iron, with 130 cogs. The mill drove two pairs of millstones , arranged head and tail. The headstones are Peak stones and

192-710: A cost of £3,000 and the exterior of the mill was repainted. The owner of Jack at the time of the film was Henry Longhurst , golf broadcaster and writer. The windmills were featured in Series 3 of the Channel 4 programme "Treasure Hunt" first broadcast 31 January 1985. Hemming, Peter (1936). Windmills in Sussex . London: C W Daniel. Online version Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Sussex Weald The Weald ( / ˈ w iː l d / )

256-560: A pension from the crown and made warden of the Weald in reward for his services. The inhabitants of the Weald remained largely independent and hostile to outsiders during the next decades. In 1264 during the Second Barons' War , the royalist army of King Henry III of England marched through the Weald in order to force the submission of the Cinque Ports . Even though they were not aligned with

320-527: A road in Sussex in 1822. Her husband, the geologist Gideon Mantell sent them to various experts and this important find led to the discovery of dinosaurs. The area contains significant reserves of shale oil , totalling 4.4 billion barrels of oil in the Wealden basin according to a 2014 study, which then Business and Energy Minister Michael Fallon said "will bring jobs and business opportunities" and significantly help with UK energy self-sufficiency. Fracking in

384-402: A supporting steel framework was placed around the mill, and the remaining iron sheeting that clad the breast and sides of the mill removed. The tail of the mill was clad in plywood to keep the weather out. A trust was set up in 1995, aiming to prevent further deterioration in the condition of the mill, and to assess options for restoration. The Heritage Lottery Fund agreed in principle to support

448-469: Is a grade II* listed post mill at Herstmonceux , Sussex , England which has been restored and now operates as a working mill. The mill is open to the public on most Sundays from Easter until October. Windmill Hill Mill was built c. 1814 by William Medhurst, the Lewes millwright . It was working by wind until 1893, when it was stopped owing to a weak weatherbeam. It is the largest post mill in Sussex, and

512-521: Is a great deal of surface water: ponds and many meandering streams. Some areas, such as the flat plain around Crawley , have been utilised for urban use: here are Gatwick Airport and its related developments and the Horley -Crawley commuter settlements. Otherwise the Low Weald retains its historic settlement pattern, where the villages and small towns occupy harder outcrops of rocks. There are no large towns on

576-591: Is an area of South East England between the parallel chalk escarpments of the North and the South Downs . It crosses the counties of Hampshire , Surrey , West Sussex , East Sussex , and Kent . It has three parts, the sandstone "High Weald" in the centre, the clay "Low Weald" periphery and the Greensand Ridge , which stretches around the north and west of the Weald and includes its highest points. The Weald once

640-452: Is in working order and open to the public most Sundays between May and September. She produces stoneground wholemeal flour on an occasional basis. The vast majority of her flour is sold to visitors. It is ground from organic wheat, grown locally in Sussex . On the occasions when the wind is blowing and Jill is in operation, a guide is available to explain the process of milling. Jill Windmill

704-402: Is made from four separate pieces of timber, a feature seen in some Sussex post mills and only found in this and Argos Hill Mill today. Jack is a five-storey tower mill built in 1866 to replace Duncton Mill . Worked as a pair with Jill , Jack worked until c.1907. Unusually Jack mill has a male name — almost every other mill in the country is considered female. In 1928, while a pit

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768-475: Is owned by Mid Sussex District Council. Jill is a post mill with a two-storey roundhouse. She has four Patent Sails and is winded by a five blade fantail mounted on the tailpole. The windshaft is wooden, with a cast iron poll end dated 1831. Jill has two pairs of millstones , arranged Head and Tail. The compass arm Tail Wheel shows evidence of having been used as a Brake Wheel at some time. The main Post of Jill

832-527: Is specifically a West Saxon form; wold is the Anglian form of the word. The Middle English form of the word is wēld , and the modern spelling is a reintroduction of the Old English form attributed to its use by William Lambarde in his A Perambulation of Kent of 1576. In early medieval Britain, the area had the name Andredes weald , meaning "the forest of Andred", the latter derived from Anderida ,

896-512: Is unique in that it is fitted with Hammond's Patent Sweep Governor, a feature previously fitted to Jack Mill, Clayton . After work by wind had ceased, milling was continued by means of a steam-powered mill set up in the roundhouse. Neve, the Warbleton millwright was responsible for the fitting-out of the roundhouse as a power mill. The mill stood derelict for many years with major structural faults, including both side girts being broken. In 1994,

960-639: Is used as the name for various open rolling upland areas in the North of England, including the Yorkshire Wolds and the Lincolnshire Wolds , although these are, by contrast, chalk uplands. The Cotswolds are a major geographical feature of central England, forming a south-west to north-east line across the country. 51°00′N 0°24′E  /  51°N 0.4°E  / 51; 0.4 Windmill Hill Mill, Herstmonceux Windmill Hill Mill

1024-579: The Anglo-Saxon conquest of Sussex when the native Britons (whom the Anglo-Saxons called Welsh ) were driven from the coastal towns into the recesses of the forest for sanctuary,: A.D. 477. This year came Ælle to Britain, with his three sons, Cymen, and Wlenking, and Cissa , in three ships; landing at a place that is called Cymenshore . There they slew many of the Welsh; and some in flight they drove into

1088-471: The Battle Abbey for the disloyalty of its tenants. In the first edition of On The Origin of Species , Charles Darwin used an estimate for the erosion of the chalk, sandstone and clay strata of the Weald in his theory of natural selection . Charles Darwin was a follower of Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and decided to expand upon Lyell's theory with a quantitative estimate to determine if there

1152-467: The Domesday Book ; however Goudhurst's church dates from the early 12th century or before and Wadhurst was big enough by the mid-13th century to be granted a royal charter permitting a market to be held. Before then, the Weald was used as summer grazing land, particularly for pannage by inhabitants of the surrounding areas. Many places within the Weald have retained names from this time, linking them to

1216-505: The Forest of Arden . The Weald was used for centuries, possibly since the Iron Age , for transhumance of animals along droveways in the summer months. Over the centuries, deforestation for the shipbuilding, charcoal, forest glass , and brickmaking industries has left the Low Weald with only remnants of that woodland cover. While most of the Weald was used for transhumance by communities at

1280-555: The Straits of Dover , and includes the Boulonnais of France . Many important fossils have been found in the sandstones and clays of the Weald, including, for example, Baryonyx . The famous scientific hoax of Piltdown Man was claimed to have come from a gravel pit at Piltdown near Uckfield . The first Iguanodon was identified after the fossil collector and illustrator Mary Ann Mantell supposedly unearthed some fossilised teeth by

1344-707: The Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . In extent it covers about 85 miles (137 km) from west to east, and about 30 miles (48 km) from north to south, covering an area of some 500 square miles (1,300 km ). The eastern end of the High Weald, the English Channel coast, is marked in the centre by the high sandstone cliffs from Hastings to Pett Level ; and by former sea cliffs now fronted by

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1408-866: The Weald Clay . The Wealden Group is overlain by the Lower Greensand and the Gault Formation, consisting of the Gault and the Upper Greensand . The rocks of the central part of the anticline include hard sandstones, and these form hills now called the High Weald . The peripheral areas are mostly of softer sandstones and clays and form a gentler rolling landscape, the Low Weald . The Weald–Artois Anticline continues some 40 miles (64 km) further south-eastwards under

1472-695: The long tunnel near Balcombe and the Ouse Valley Viaduct . Tributaries of the River Ouse provided some assistance in the building of now-closed East Grinstead - Lewes and the Uckfield -Lewes lines. The principal main-line railway to Hastings had to negotiate difficult terrain when it was first built, necessitating many sharp curves and tunnels; and similar problems had to be faced with the Ashford-Hastings line. Several long-distance footpaths criss-cross

1536-404: The 17th century, but wild breeding populations have recently returned in the Weald, following escapes from boar farms. The Weald has been associated with many writers, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. These include Vita Sackville-West (1892–1962), Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) and Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936). The setting for A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories

1600-407: The High Weald in lime green (9a). The Low Weald , the periphery of the Weald, is shown as darker green on the map (9), and has an entirely different character. It is in effect the eroded outer edges of the High Weald, revealing a mixture of sandstone outcrops within the underlying clay. As a result, the landscape is of wide and low-lying clay vales with small woodlands ( "shaws" ) and fields. There

1664-496: The Low Weald, although Ashford , Sevenoaks and Reigate lie immediately on the northern edge. Settlements tend to be small and linear, because of its original wooded nature and heavy clay soils. The Weald is drained by the many streams radiating from it, the majority being tributaries of the surrounding major rivers: particularly the Mole , Medway , Stour , Rother , Cuckmere , Ouse , Adur and Arun . Many of these streams provided

1728-620: The Pevensey and Romney Marshes on either side. Much of the High Weald , the central part, is designated as the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Its landscape is described as one of rolling hills, studded with sandstone outcrops and cut by streams to form steep-sided ravines (called gills); small irregular-shaped fields and patches of heathland, abundant woodlands; scattered farmsteads and sunken lanes and paths. Ashdown Forest , an extensive area of heathland and woodland occupying

1792-478: The Roman name of present-day Pevensey . The area is also referred to in early English texts as Andredesleage , where the second element, leage, is another Old English word for "woodland", represented by the modern leigh . The adjective for "Weald" is "wealden". The Weald is the eroded remains of a geological structure, an anticline , a dome of layered Lower Cretaceous rocks cut through by weathering to expose

1856-579: The Sun had been burning for less than a million years, and put the outside limit of the age of the Earth at 200 million years. Based on these estimates he denounced Darwin's geological estimates as imprecise. Darwin saw Lord Kelvin's calculation as one of the most serious criticisms to his theory and removed his calculations on the Weald from the third edition of On the Origin of Species . Modern chronostratigraphy shows that

1920-741: The Weald Clays were laid down around 130 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous. The Weald begins north-east of Petersfield in Hampshire and extends across Surrey and Kent in the north, and Sussex in the south. The western parts in Hampshire and West Sussex, known as the Western Weald , are included in the South Downs National Park . Other protected parts of the Weald are included in

1984-643: The Weald measured 120 miles (193 km) or longer by 30 miles (48 km) in the Saxon era, stretching from Lympne , near Romney Marsh in Kent, to the Forest of Bere or even the New Forest in Hampshire. The area was sparsely inhabited and inhospitable, being used mainly as a resource by people living on its fringes, much as in other places in Britain such as Dartmoor , the Fens and

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2048-535: The Weald": The game of cricket may have originated prior to the 13th century in the Weald . The related game of stoolball is still popular in the Weald, it was originally played mainly by women's teams, but since the formation of the Sussex league at the beginning of the 20th century it has been played by both men and women. Several other areas in southern England have the name "Weald", including North Weald in Essex , and Harrow Weald in north-west London . "Wold"

2112-479: The Weald, and it is well-mapped recreationally, covered by routes from: Neither the thin infertile sands of the High Weald or the wet sticky clays of the Low Weald are suited to intensive arable farming and the topography of the area often increases the difficulties. There are limited areas of fertile greensand which can be used for intensive vegetable growing, as in the valley of the Western Rother . Historically

2176-414: The Weald. Sir Winston Churchill , British statesman and a prolific writer himself, did much of his writing at his country house, Chartwell , near Westerham , which has extensive views over the Weald. The view from the house was of crucial importance to Churchill; he once remarked, "I bought Chartwell for that view." In the early 21st century, Tunbridge Wells Borough Council promoted "Seven Wonders of

2240-594: The additional presence of large amounts of timber for making charcoal for fuel, the area was the centre of the Wealden iron industry from then, through the Roman times , until the last forge was closed in 1813. The index to the Ordnance Survey Map of Roman Britain lists 33 iron mines, and 67% of these are in the Weald. The entire Weald was originally heavily forested. According to the 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ,

2304-489: The area of cereals grown has varied greatly with changes in prices, increasing during the Napoleonic Wars and during and since World War II . About 60% of the High Weald farmed land is grassland, with about 20% being arable. The Weald has its own breed of cattle, called the Sussex , although the breed has been as numerous in Kent and parts of Surrey. Bred from the strong hardy oxen, which continued to be used to plough

2368-509: The area would be required to achieve these objectives, which has been opposed by environmental groups. Prehistoric evidence suggests that, following the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, the Neolithic inhabitants had turned to farming, with the resultant clearance of the forest. With the Iron Age came the first use of the Weald as an industrial area. Wealden sandstones contain ironstone , and with

2432-455: The base and 13 feet (3.96 m) diameter at the curb. The present owners have lived at the windmill since 2012. The Mill House and Granary were built for them by architect Sarah Featherstone of Featherstone Young in 2016. The Granary retains the historical beams and original footprint of the 18th century granary, while the Mill House is a reconfiguration of Henry Longhurst's house. Together,

2496-613: The boar in Hampstead . In 1216 during the First Barons' War , a guerilla force of archers from the Weald, led by William of Cassingham (nicknamed Willikin of the Weald), ambushed the French occupying army led by Prince Louis near Lewes and drove them to the coast at Winchelsea . The timely arrival of a French fleet allowed the French forces to narrowly escape starvation. William was later granted

2560-403: The buildings connect Jack and Jill windmills on a straight axis, opening up views throughout the site. References for above:- In summer 1973, Jack and Jill became cinema stars when Universal Pictures made the film The Black Windmill . Actors featured in the film included Michael Caine , Janet Suzman , Donald Pleasence and Joss Ackland . New sweeps were fitted to Jack for the film, at

2624-426: The clay soils of the Low Weald longer than in most places, these red beef cattle were highly praised by Arthur Young in his book Agriculture of Sussex when visiting Sussex in the 1790s. William Cobbett commented on finding some of the finest cattle on some of the region's poorest subsistence farms on the High Weald. Pigs, which were kept by most households in the past, were able to be fattened in autumn on acorns in

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2688-472: The edge of the Weald, several parts of the forest on the higher ridges in the interior seem to have been used for hunting by the kings of Sussex . The pattern of droveways which occurs across the rest of the Weald is absent from these areas. These areas include St Leonard's Forest , Worth Forest, Ashdown Forest and Dallington Forest . The forests of the Weald were often used as a place of refuge and sanctuary. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates events during

2752-486: The extensive oak woods. In his novel Memoirs of a Fox-hunting Man , the poet and novelist Siegfried Sassoon refers to "the agricultural serenity of the Weald widespread in the delicate hazy sunshine". Viticulture has expanded quite rapidly across the Weald, where the climate and soil is well suited to the growing of grapes, with over 20 vineyards now in the Wealden district alone The Weald has largely maintained its wooded character, with woodland still covering 23% of

2816-517: The highest sandy ridge-top at the centre of the High Weald, is a former royal deer-hunting forest created by the Normans and said to be the largest remaining part of Andredesweald . There are centres of settlement, the largest of which are Horsham , Burgess Hill , East Grinstead , Haywards Heath , Tonbridge , Tunbridge Wells , Crowborough ; and the area along the coast from Hastings and Bexhill-on-Sea to Rye and Hythe . The geological map shows

2880-759: The layers as sandstone ridges and clay valleys. The oldest rocks exposed at the centre of the anticline are correlated with the Purbeck Beds of the Upper Jurassic . Above these, the Cretaceous rocks, include the Wealden Group of alternating sands and clays – the Ashdown Sand Formation , Wadhurst Clay Formation , Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation (collectively known as the Hastings Beds ) and

2944-506: The main post on 7 September 2004. The sails were fitted to the mill between 24 November and 3 December 2005. On 19 November 2014 the Heritage Lottery Fund announced the grant of £80,800 for restoration of machinery and sweeps to grind flour. On 5 November 2015, the full patent sweeps turned again for the first time in 120 years. Windmill Hill Mill is a post mill on a two-storey roundhouse. She has four patent sails carried on

3008-524: The mills. Duncton Mill was built in 1765. It was owned by Viscount Montague and leased for 99 years. Duncton Mill was demolished in 1866, leaving the roundhouse to be used as a store. Duncton Mill was a post mill with a single storey roundhouse, four Common sails . It was winded by hand and had two pairs of millstones . The Head Wheel from Duncton Mill was used as the Brake Wheel in Jack when that mill

3072-468: The more sedate, but busy A21 trunk road to Hastings is still beset with traffic delays, despite having had some new sections. Five railways once crossed the Weald, now reduced to three. Building them provided the engineers with difficulties in crossing the terrain, with the hard sandstone adding to their problems. The Brighton Main Line followed the same route as its road predecessors: although it necessitated

3136-478: The original communities by the addition of the suffix " -den ": for example, Tenterden was the area used by the people of Thanet . Permanent settlements in much of the Weald developed much later than in other parts of lowland Britain, although there were as many as one hundred furnaces and forges operating by the later 16th century, employing large numbers of people. In the 12th century, the Weald still extended so far that citizens of London could hunt wild bull and

3200-624: The overall area (one of the highest levels in England) and the proportion is considerably higher in some central parts. The sandstones of the Wealden rocks are usually acidic, often leading to the development of acidic habitats such as heathland , the largest remaining areas of which are in Ashdown Forest and near Thursley . Although common in France , the wild boar became extinct in Great Britain by

3264-533: The power for the watermills , blast furnaces and hammers of the iron industry and the cloth mills. The M25 , M26 and M20 motorways all use the Vale of Holmesdale to the north, and therefore run along or near the northern edge of the Weald. The M23 / A23 road to Brighton , uses the western, narrower, part of the Weald where there are stream headwaters, crossing it from north to south. Other roads take similar routes, although they often have long hills and many bends:

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3328-410: The rebellious barons, the Weald's natives – mostly operating as archers – opposed the royalist advance, using guerrilla warfare . Even though they were unable to stop the army, their attacks inflicted substantial losses on the royalists. In retribution, King Henry ordered the execution of any Weald archers who were captured alive, for instance beheading 300 after a local shot his cook. The king also fined

3392-483: The restoration work. English Heritage funded the study to produce an application for lottery funds to restore the mill. A detailed study of the mill was made in the summer of 2000. IJP Millwrights of Binfield Heath were contracted to restore the mill. A grant of £570,000 towards a total restoration cost of £770,000 was made in December 2001, this being the biggest single Lottery grant to an individual windmill. The mill

3456-519: The tailstones are French Burrs. The body of the mill is 21 feet 3 inches (6.48 m) long and 12 feet 3 inches (3.73 m) wide, the largest surviving post mill by floor plan in the United Kingdom. It is 50 feet 10 inches (15.49 m) high to the roof, the second tallest post mill in England. The roundhouse is 22 feet 6 inches (6.86 m) in diameter and has

3520-474: The wood that is called Andred'sley. Until the Late Middle Ages the forest was a notorious hiding place for criminals. Settlements on the Weald are widely scattered. Villages evolved from small settlements in the woods, typically four to five miles (six to eight kilometres) apart; close enough to be an easy walk but not so close as to encourage unnecessary intrusion. Few of the settlements are mentioned in

3584-438: Was being dug for a water tank, an Anglo-Saxon skeleton was discovered. It was later removed to the British Museum . Jack was owned by barrister Jolyon Maugham for several years. Jack is a five-storey tower mill with a domed cap. He carries four Patent Sails and was winded by a five blade fantail. There was a stage at first floor level. It is believed that Jack was built by the millwright Cooper, of Henfield . In 1873, Jack

3648-462: Was built. Jill is a post mill originally built in Dyke Road, Brighton , in 1821. It was known as Lashmar's New Mill and was built to replace Lashmar's Old Mill . In 1830, the Windshaft broke, bringing the sails crashing to the ground. A painting by Nash dated 1839 and an engraving in the Handbook to Brighton (1847) show her to have had a roof mounted Fantail , similar to the arrangement still found on Icklesham windmill . Lashmar's New Mill

3712-416: Was commenced. Jill ground flour again in 1986. During the Great Storm of 1987 , Jill ’s brakes had been applied prior to the storm’s arrival, but the extreme winds were able to turn the sails, overcoming the brakes and generating friction which set the mill on fire. Some members of the Windmill Society were able to get to the mill and save her by carrying water up the hill to put the fire out. Today, Jill

3776-424: Was covered with forest and its name, Old English in origin, signifies "woodland". The term is still used, as scattered farms and villages sometimes refer to the Weald in their names. The name "Weald" is derived from the Old English weald , meaning "forest" (cognate of German Wald , but unrelated to English "wood"). This comes from a Germanic root of the same meaning, and ultimately from Indo-European . Weald

3840-413: Was dismantled during November and December 2003, and taken in sections to IJP's workshops. Modern millwrighting techniques, including CAD were used in the assessment of the structure of the mill in preparation for the rebuild. It was found that one of the quarterbars in the trestle would need to be replaced due to damage done by Death Watch Beetles . The rebuilt frame of the mill was lifted back onto

3904-441: Was enough time in the history of the Earth to uphold his principles of evolution. He assumed the rate of erosion was around one inch per century and calculated the age of the Weald at around 300 million years. Were that true, he reasoned, the Earth itself must be much older. In 1862, William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) published a paper "On the age of the sun's heat", in which – unaware of the process of solar fusion – he calculated

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3968-430: Was fitted with Hammond's Patent Sweep Governor, a feature also fitted to the post mill at Herstmonceux , which was also run by the Hammonds. Jack had three pairs of millstones, and room for a fourth pair. All machinery below windshaft level has been removed. In 1966, Jack was fitted with new sails as he was to appear in a film. Jack is 44 feet (13.41 m) to the curb, 22 feet 8 inches (6.91 m) diameter at

4032-399: Was inspired by Ashdown Forest , near Milne's country home at Hartfield . John Evelyn (1620–1706), whose family estate was Wotton House on the River Tillingbourne near Dorking , Surrey, was an essayist, diarist, and early author of botany, gardening and geography. The second half of E. M. Forster's A Room with a View takes place at the protagonist's family home, "Windy Corner", in

4096-511: Was the most southerly of the three Dyke Road post mills. In 1852 she was moved to Clayton by a team of horses and oxen. The site is now Belmont—a short street of Grade II-listed villas. The working life of the mills ended in 1906 and in 1908 Jill was damaged in a storm. She lost her fantail and sails over the years until in 1953 restoration was carried out by E Hole and Son, the Burgess Hill millwrights , funded by Cuckfield Rural District Council. In 1978, restoration of Jill to working order

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